英国19世纪过速城镇化及其引发的社会问题

自18世纪后期到19世纪中期,英国最先实现传统意义上的城镇化进程,即人口城镇化,并持续高速发展到20世纪初。在这一过程中,英国城市规模和新兴城镇数量迅速扩增,农业经济迅速转变为工商业经济,乡村人口占绝对多数快速转变为城镇化人口占绝对优势。但是,快速城镇化也使城镇中的社会问题迅速凸显并长期困扰英国。反思当时英国政府机构的治理能力、城镇基础设施的承受能力,以及当时社会的观念意识,其城镇化显然过速了,造成城镇住房、就业、教育、治安、公共卫生等各方面问题长期难以有效解决。认真剖析英国19世纪这些城镇问题形成的原因,总结其城镇治理的经验教训,可以为我国当前的城镇化提供有益的启示和借鉴。

西方学术界关于“New Medievalism”的三个论域

"New Medievalism"是西方学术三个论域的支撑性话语,但其汉译因论域不同而有所不同。在历史学论域,"New Medievalism"一词,汉译应为"新中世纪学"。新中世纪学就是后现代中世纪学,采用后现代的学术视角来研究中世纪,新中世纪学全面解构了传统中世纪史的知识体系,呈现出后现代的学理面貌,与传统中世纪史有着代际性差异。在政治学论域,"New Medievalism"应汉译为"新中世纪化"。"新中世纪化"在后现代的语境中,表征民族国家的终结和形态学意义上的中世纪附会,而非本体论范畴的中世纪归来。在公共性论域,"New Medievalism"应汉译做"新中世纪性"。"新中世纪性"(New Medievalism)作为反启蒙思想的表征,获得了反理性、反科学、反现代性的界定。

民俗学的实践问题

20世纪民俗学在其学科起步之时,提出＂学问救世＂的目标,并以＂经世济民＂为标榜,像宫本常一这样的实践派民俗学者辈出。此外,众多的民俗学者在学校、博物馆等文化公共机构展开与社会密切关联的活动。但是,随着20世纪50年代学院派向民俗学的渗透,这种实践性的目标和活动受到了轻视。在这样的情况下,为了20世纪民俗学的21世纪化,福田氏指出了民俗学的实践的必要性。

Intelligent manufacture adapts to agile manufacture production mode in the 21st century

The paper describes the characteristics of the intelligent manufacturing system and production mode in the 21st century in the information age, therefore draws a conclusion that the intelligent manufacturing system adapts to agile manufacture (AM for short) production mode in the 21st century.

Response of Cultural Lake Eutrophication to Hemp-retting in Quidenham Mere of England in Post-Medieval

To study the influence of human activity on natural lake, chironomid fauna change in the 700-560cm lake sediment in Quidenham Mere of England associated with chironomid inferred TP presented that the lake experienced a whole eutrophication process due to human hemp-retting in Post-Medieval based on the history record and pollen analysis, which was confirmed by mollusc and ostracod analysis. However, the response of chironomid and mollusc to retting was the strongest with ostracod a little behind. It proved that cultural eutrophication existed in history and could be recovered by itself despite of some long-term unachievahle destroy. And it was most important for external nutrient to be cut off during lake restoration even in ancient times.

Application of Stone as a Roofing in the Reconstruction and Construction

In architecture, in the past, different materials were used for covering of the buildings. The selection of the type of roofing depended on the purpose and size of the building; thus all the churches, administrative buildings and important medieval buildings were originally covered with stone or lead slabs as the final roofing material. The tendency of return of stone as an authentic roofing in the reconstruction of medieval buildings and churches, as well as the introduction of stone as a roofing on the new buildings in protected historic cores, is possible only if fulfilled modem principles and requirements of the physics of construction. The application of modem principles of double ventilated roofs and the use of stone as a roofing enables the restoration and preservation of the original appearance of medieval buildings, as well as the preservation and conservation of existing frescoes that have been present for centuries in these facilities. It also enables a successful reconstruction of a large number of medieval buildings. In this way it has been given a contribution to the preservation of old medieval buildings as the improvement of world cultural heritage.

Exiled Chemists of the Spanish Civil War＇s Footprint in Mexico

The focus of this article will be centered on five Spanish chemists who were refugees in Mexico after the Civil War and provided a strong drive in developing Mexican chemistry. Their names are： Antonio Madinaveitia Tabuyo, Jos6 Giral Pereira, Modesto Bargall6 Ard6vol, Francisco Giral Gonz^ilez, and Jos6 Ignacio Bolivar Goyanes. This article starts with the panorama of science in Europe （mainly Spain） and in Mexico from the end of the 19th Century to the beginning of the 20th century. It is also included the development of chemistry in Germany in the 19th century. The paper includes a short out line of these scientists＇ work in Europe, as well as focusing on their contributions to the development of Chemistry in Mexico, in the areas of Organic, Inorganic, Physical and Pharmacy. A conclusion is the importance of their contribution to Mexican chemistry through two institutions： the National University and the National Polytechnic Institute.

SPECIAL ISSUE： ONLINE LITERATURE IN CHINA： PRESENT SITUATION AND THEORETICAL REFLECTIONS Chinese Literature＇s Transformation and Digital Existence in the New Century

The reform ignited by digital media provided strong impetus to literary transformation at the turn of century in China. The market-led rise of online literature has destroyed the balance of traditional literature and resulted in a fundamental digital readjustment of the overall literary structure. The fourth medium, with its irresistible technological force, has led to a large-scale literary shift towards ＂being digital,＂ thereby changing literary traditions of existence and expression. Such being the case, we need to clarify digital media＇s dual function of＂deconstruction＂ and ＂construction＂ in this literary shift so as to input new ideas from a different academic perspective into literary theory of the digital era, turn digital media＇s challenge to tradition into a chance for literary innovation and make the new media into a powerful driving force and effective resource for Chinese literature in the new century.

Sn precursor enables 12.4%efficient kesterite solar cell from DMSO solution with open circuit voltage deficit below 0.30 V

The limiting factor preventing further performance improvement of the kesterite(sulfide Cu2ZnSnS4(CZTS),selenide Cu2ZnSnS4(CZTSe),and their alloying Cu2Zn Sn(S,Se)4(CZTSSe))thin film solar cells is the large open-circuit voltage deficit(Voc,def)issue,which is 0.345 V for the current world record device with an efficiency of 12.6%.In this study,SnCl4 and Sn Cl2·2H2O were respectively used as tin precursor to investigate the Voc,def issue of dimethyl sulfoxide(DMSO)solution processed CZTSSe solar cells.Different complexations of tin compounds with thiourea(Tu)and DMSO resulted in different reaction pathways from the solution to the absorber material and thus dramatic differences in photovoltaic performance.The coordination of Sn^2+with Tu led to the formation of SnS,ZnS and Cu2S in the precursor film,which converted to selenides first and then fused to CZTSSe,resulting in poor film quality and device performance.The highest efficiency obtained from this film was 8.84%with a Voc,def of 0.391 V.The coordination of Sn4+with DMSO facilitated direct formation of CZTS phase in the precursor film which directly converted to CZTSSe during selenization,resulting in compositional uniform absorber and high device performance.A device with an active area efficiency of 12.2%and a Voc,def of 0.344 V was achieved from the Sn^4+solution processed absorber.Furthermore,CZTSSe/Cd S heterojunction heat treatment(JHT)significantly improved the performance of the Sn^4+device but had slightly negative effect on the Sn2+device.A champion CZTSSe solar cell with a total area efficiency of 12.4%(active area efficiency of 13.6%)and a low Voc,def of 0.297 V was achieved from the Sn^4+solution.Our results demonstrate the preformed uniform CZTSSe phase enabled by Sn4+precursor is the key for the highly efficient CZTSSe absorber.The lowest Voc,def and high efficiency achieved here shines new light on the future of CZTSSe solar cell.

Distribution and enrichment patterns of selenium in the Ediacaran and early Cambrian strata in the Yangtze Gorges area, South China

The distribution and enrichment patterns of selenium(Se) in the E-?1 strata in the Yangtze Gorges area of South China were obtained. The geochemical characteristics of the significantly and non-significantly enriched strata of Se were analyzed.The observed enrichment factor(EF, relative to the upper continental crust) and concentration coefficient(CC, relative to the similar lithology in Eastern China) both suggest that Se is the most enriched/concentrated(SeEF=26.97, SeCC=48.04) among the analyzed23 trace elements the E-?1 strata. The normalized enrichment factor(EF′, EF after Al or Th normalized) shows Se is secondly enriched(SeEF′=218.73), which is slightly lower than cadmium(CdEF′=288.46) but significantly higher than the third enriched trace element arsenic(AsEF′=97.49). Se concentrations in the E-?1 strata vary from <10.5 to 30.08 ppm with an arithmetic mean value of 1.35 ppm. Compared to the Nantuo Formation, Se increased 11.78 times in the whole E-?1 strata and the average EF values are displayed as Shuijingtuo(92.58)>Yanjiahe(54.45)>Doushantuo(24.72)>Dengying(2.48)>Shipai(1.95)>lower Tianheban(1.24)Formations. Se concentrations in the E-?1 strata are best displayed on natural logarithm normal quantile-quantile(Q-Q) plots and shown as a positive-skewed distribution pattern. The Se significantly enriched(EF>10) strata sequences mainly include the lower and upper Doushantuo member II(DST-II), top DST-III, DST-IV, the basal and upper Yanjiahe Formation, and lower and upper Shuijingtuo Formation. Geochemical characteristics indicate that Se concentrations in the significantly enriched strata were generally influenced by terrigenous detrital as well as the combined action of single or multiple factors, such as hydrotherm,volcanic debris and deep source. Moreover, pyrite and organic matter promoted the enrichment of Se in the upper DST-II, DST-IV,upper Shuijingtuo Formation and lower DST-II, upper Shuijingtuo Formation, respectively. The Se concentrations in the not significantly enriched strata(except for DST-I, middle Shuijingtuo Formation, Shipai Formation and lower Tianheban Formation)were also influenced by terrigenous detrital, but other enrichment activities(e.g., hydrothermal, volcanic debris, and deep source)were generally insignificant.