南方丘陵生态区玉米生产现状及发展对策

我国南方饲料粮一般约占粮食总产的30％,经济发达地区高达40％～50％。人畜混粮十分普遍,每年用作饲料的稻谷约1200万t,而作为饲料之王的玉米产量不及粮食总产1％,因此随着农业产业结构的调整,南方省市扩种玉米已成必然趋势。

西南山地丘陵生态区主要玉米自交系SSR遗传多态性及其与杂种优势的关系

选用遍布玉米全基因组的SSR引物 ,检测西南山地丘陵生态区主要玉米自交系的遗传多态性 ,以此估算自交系间DNA分子遗传距离并进行聚类分析 ,将 119个自交系划分为 14个类群 ,与自交系的亲缘关系具有较好的一致性。西南山地丘陵生态区的地方种质资源中 ,蕴藏着丰富的遗传变异 ,不能将其简单地划入任何杂交优势群。再从不同及相同类群中选取相互间遗传距离呈梯状分布 ,全国大面积推广杂交种的 9个亲本自交系 ,组配成 36个完全双列杂交组合 ,测定杂交种籽粒产量及其一般配合力和特殊配合力。简单相关、多元回归和通径分析表明 ,虽然杂交种的平均单株籽粒产量及其特殊配合力 ,与亲本自交系间分子遗传距离相关不显著 ,但亲本自交系间分子遗传距离通过父本自交系一般配合力对平均单株籽粒产量的间接作用较大 ,平均单株籽粒产量与母本自交系一般配合力、父本自交系一般配合力和双亲自交系间分子遗传距离的多元回归关系达极显著水平 ,可以此预测杂交种 75 %的产量变异。

沂蒙丘陵生态区烤烟化学成分与感官质量的相关分析

为明确沂蒙丘陵生态区蜜甜焦香型烤烟化学成分对感官质量的影响,选取2020年山东潍坊、临沂、日照产烟区176份典型代表性烤烟样品(包括下部烟X2L、X3L、X2F、X3F,中部烟C2F、C3F、C2L、C3L,上部烟B2F、B3F、B2L、B3L),进行常规化学成分及感官质量指标的统计分析及相关性分析。简单相关分析显示,燃烧性与总烟碱和两糖差分别呈显著和极显著负相关关系,与淀粉、还原糖和钾含量分别呈显著和极显著正相关关系;灰分与还原糖和氯、两糖差均表现为极显著负相关关系,与淀粉呈极显著正相关关系;刺激性与氯呈显著负相关关系。典型相关分析显示,总烟碱与浓度、劲头呈正相关,氮碱比与浓度、劲头呈负相关,氯与刺激性、余味呈负相关。综上,总烟碱、氮含量、氯含量是影响沂蒙丘陵生态区烤烟感官质量的关键因素。

鲁西南丘陵生态区菜田蜗牛发生规律与防治技术

通过研究菜田蜗牛的形态特征、生活习性、发生特点、以及影响其发生的因素,提出了控制菜田蜗牛的五字"控、诱、隔、护、灭"防治技术。

南岭丘陵生态区-焦甜醇甜香型主产区烤烟外观特征研究

【目的】为明确焦甜醇甜香型主产区烤烟外观特征(区域、质量)及其用途。【方法】选取江西赣州、吉安、抚州,湖南郴州、永州及安徽皖南等6个烤烟主产地的C2F样品,进行外观特征和常规化学成分及感官质量指标的统计分析。【结果】(1)烟叶突出的外观特征为红、柔、糙、燥。(2)烟叶越柔软,则总糖、还原糖、糖碱比相对越高,总氮、烟碱相对越低;烟叶油分越多,则淀粉相对越高,钾相对越低。(3)烟叶外观特征与感官质量关系较密切,叶尖叶基身份差越小,则焦甜香、焦香就越明显,香气质越好,而醇甜香越弱;烟叶油分越多,则焦甜香就越明显,香型越显著,香气越沉溢,浓度越大,香气质越好,烟气越细腻柔和圆润,而醇甜香越弱;此外,烟叶身份越适中,则香气质越好、香气量越足。【结论】“红、柔、糙、燥”可快速反向判定烟叶产地,叶尖叶基身份差、油分、柔韧性可作为影响或反映焦甜醇甜香型主产区烤烟质量风格的关键外观特征指标,可在一定程度上用于辅助判定焦甜醇甜香型主产区烟叶主要质量风格,研究结果有助于烟叶原料采购和配方使用等。

沂蒙丘陵生态区蜜甜焦香烤烟外观特征及与烟叶品质的关系

为明确沂蒙丘陵生态区蜜甜焦香型特色烟叶的外观识别特征,对取自山东潍坊、日照、临沂等3个烤烟主产地的C2F样品的外观区域特征和外观品质特征进行了评价,与我国其他香型区烟叶进行了比较,并分析了其与常规化学成分及感官质量的关系。结果表明,该区烟叶外观特征为:底色白略偏灰,厚度多为中等,蜡质感弱-中,叶片稍脆硬,叶面叶背色差为小-中,叶尖叶基身份差多为小,光泽亮偏暗,叶面组织较细腻偏粗糙,颜色橘黄,成熟为主,结构尚疏松-疏松,身份多为中等,油分有-,色度中。与其他香型区烟叶相比,底色、柔韧性、叶面组织和光泽为该区烟叶的主要识别指标。相关及逐步回归分析表明,烟叶厚度越厚,则钾、氮碱比、钾氯比及糖碱比越低,烟碱和氯越高,烟叶蜜甜香韵、青香香韵及蜜甜焦香型越明显,香气状态越悬浮,浓度越大,而木香香韵、焦甜香韵及焦香香韵越弱;叶面组织越粗糙,则香气质越好,香气量越足,烟气越细腻柔和。可见,底色白略偏灰、质地稍脆、组织较细腻偏粗糙、光泽亮偏暗为识别该区特色烟叶的主要外观特征,厚度为影响该区烟叶化学成分和感官风格的关键指标,叶面组织为影响烟叶感官品质的关键指标。

南方红壤丘陵生态脆弱区耕地利用集约度变化及其驱动因素

本文利用能值理论和GIS测算2009—2020年南方红壤丘陵生态脆弱区耕地利用集约度的时空变化特征,并利用地理探测器进一步探讨驱动因素。研究表明:研究期内区域耕地利用总集约度的变化趋势为上升—下降—再上升,其中,劳动力、农药、化肥集约度下降,农业机械集约度上升—下降—上升,农膜集约度上升;研究区耕地利用集约度总体西南部高,西北部低;复种指数对研究区的独立影响程度最大,高达2.31,各因子的交互作用均大于独立影响。

南方丘陵生态脆弱区生态文明区划探讨——以长汀县为例

生态文明建设是以尊重和维护生态环境为前提,以人与自然、人与社会良性循环、全面发展、持续繁荣为核心,旨在寻求生态、经济的双赢。以长汀县作为南方丘陵生态脆弱区生态文明建设研究实例,融合主体功能区划理念及方法,从生态经济文明、生态社会文明、生态环境文明、生态文化文明和生态制度文明方面选取评价指标,考虑南方丘陵生态脆弱区的生态敏感性,并结合农户调查意见划分生态文明管制区。结果表明,长汀县生态文明管制区可分为生态文明重点管护区、核心发展区、综合治理区、集中修复区;生态文明建设的政策重心应倾向于农户生计变化,加强农业专业化,发展绿色产业,实现绿色产业市场竞争优势和持续发展优势,促使生态效益凸显、持久,最终实现生态、经济的双赢。

小兴安岭山地丘陵生态维护保土区水土流失防治途径及水土保持技术体系

小兴安岭是我国东北重要的生态屏障,近年来水土流失问题逐渐凸显。在系统分析小兴安岭山地丘陵生态维护保土区的水土流失现状、水土保持现状和水土流失危害基础上,提出了该区的水土流失防治途径和水土保持技术体系,希望为该区水土流失综合防治提供理论依据。

胶东丘陵区冬小麦生育期低温冷害预警模型研究

以30年(1979～2009)的冬小麦产量和生育期温度资料为依据,分析冬小麦生长发育期旬均温的变化规律及其与相对气象产量的关系,确立冬小麦生育期可能出现的低温风险。结果表明:胶东丘陵生态区冬小麦生育期间,两个旬均温对相对气象产量的影响显著,分别为1月中旬均温和3月上旬均温,相关系数分别为-0.44和0.37;模型中的温度因子类型共有5个,模型的相关也达到了极显著水平。

The runoff characteristics and harmonic analysis of the soil moisture dynamics in Robinia pseudoacacia stand

Robinia pseudoacacia stands act as a typical ecological protection forest in hilly semi-arid area of China. Two fields of surface runoff were separately set up in R. pseudoacacia stand and its clearcut area in the western Liaoning Province (1850-12225 E, 4024-4234 N) for measuring the characteristics of runoff and sediment as well as soil moisture dynamics. Contractive analysis of the two land types showed that there existed a significant difference in volumes of runoff and sediment between the sites of R. pseudoacacia stand and its clearcut area. The runoff volume and sediment volume in clearcut area were much bigger than those in R. pseudoacacia stand, with an increase amount of 40%-177% for runoff and 180%-400% for sediment. Hydrograph of surface runoff of typical rainfall showed that the peak value of runoff in R. pseudoacacia stand was decreased by 1.0-2.5?0-3m3s-1 compared with that in its clearcut area, and the occurring time of peak value of runoff in R. pseudoacacia stand was 10-20 min later than that in its clearcut area. Harmonic analysis of soil moisture dynamics indicated that the soil moisture in R. pseudoacacia stand was 2.3 % higher than that in clearcut area, and the soil moisture both in R. pseudoacacia stand and its clearcut area could be divided into dry season and humid season and varied periodically with annual rainfall precipitation. It was concluded that R. pseudoacacia stand plays a very important role in storing water, increasing soil moisture, and reducing surface runoff and soil erosion.

低丘林果营造技术及效益评价研究

本文对 5年生试验林进行了生长调查、产量统计、经济效益分析及水土流失观测。结果表明 ,在低丘陵生态脆弱区营造和恢复人工植被 。

Ecological Effects of Land Use Patterns in Red Soil HillyRegion

Plant biomass and biodiversity, element accumulation and return, water loss and soil erosion, and changesin soil properties were studied for up to 10 years after conversion of sparse tree-shrubby grass land into thefollowing four land use patterns: masson pine (Pznvs massonzana Lamb.) land, beautiful sweetgum (Ltq-uidambar fomosana Hance) land, vegetation reservation land, and artificial mowing land. The annualbiomass production of the masson pine land was 5060 kg ha￣-1 being 4.9, 2.1, and 6.0 times that of the beau-tiful sweetgum land, the vegetation reservation land, and the artificial mowing land, respectively. Comparedwith the background values, the number of plant species for the vegetation reservation land increased by 10species after 10 years of land utilization, while for the masson pine and the beautiful sweetgum decreased by4, and for the artificial mowing land by 9. For masson pine land, total amount of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg neededfor producing 1000 kg dry matter was only 3.5 kg, annual element return through litter was 22 kg ha￣-1, bothof which were much lower than those of the other patterns. Vegetation reservation was an effective measureto conserve soil and water and improve soil fertility in the red soil hilly region. Artificial mowing arousedserious degradation of vegetation and soil. Some measures and suggestions for management and exploitationof the red soil hilly region such as masson pine planting, closing hills for afforestation, and stereo-agricultureon one hill are proposed.

Ecological suitability evaluation for urban growth boundary in red soil hilly areas based on fuzzy theory

The fuzziness exists in spatial distribution of geographic data of land suitability evaluation processes,which makes it difficult to quantify land boundaries by using traditional binary logic-based overlay model.Aiming at this limitation,an ecological suitability evaluation analysis model was presented based on fuzzy theory and a research on urban growth boundary(UGB) of the Great-Hexi Leading District(GHLD) of Changsha was conducted.With the support of GIS,RS and MATLAB,slope,elevation,vegetation,soil productivity,soil permeability,water body and land use are selected as the input of model according to the characteristic properties of soil and terrain in red soil hilly areas.The running result of this model indicates that the ratios of highly suitable land,suitable land,moderately suitable land and unsuitable land in GHLD are 18.75%,10.31%,64.16%,6.78%,respectively.This result accords with spatial structure worked out by Space Development Strategy Planning of GHLD,Based on this result,several suggestions are made to guide UGB developments in future.

Research on the Development Model of Ecological Agriculture in Loess Hilly-Gully Region of Northern Shannxi, China

On the Loess Plateau of China, facing the vulnerable environment, local people have to try their best to guarantee the security of food, and at the same time, to control the most serious soil erosion in the world. The paper introduces two typical models of ecological agriculture: ecological agriculture with commodity and agri- culture with soil and water conservation. According to the local natural condition, the model of eco-agriculture with commodity could be characterized by the structure of “agriculture-byproduct”, “agriculture-fruit” or “agri- culture-forestry-husbandry”. The development of agriculture with soil and water conservation has decreased the soil erosion rate from 12,184 ton/km2 in 1980 to 458.4 ton/km2 in 1999, while the farmers’ income has increasingly risen. Analyses on the two models’ benefits both in terms of ecological and agricultural economy show that there is a great possibility to construct or restore good eco-environment with comprehensive control in the hilly-gully area of north Shannxi. Further more, the paper points out the potential problems of foodstuff production and stockbreeding development in forming ecological agriculture and eco-environmental restoration.

Improving Indigenous Technologies for Sustainable Land Use in Northern Mountainous Areas of Vietnam

More than 30 ethnic groups are now living in northern mountainous regions, Vietnam, mainly relying on shifting cultivation with the fallow period being shortened from time to time. Naturally, soil fertility reduces from cycle to cycle, entailing the reduction of productivity. Large areas of moderately sloping lands suitable for upland agriculture have become bare after many cultivation-fallow cycles. The soils there have been severely degraded with more toxicity, low porosity, low water retention capacity and poor floral diversity. Normally, these lands cannot be used for food crop cultivation. So farmers in uplands have to rely on slash-and-burn practices for their livelihood. As there is no more forest with good soil in medium slopes, farmers go to cut forests in watershed, high slope lands and old forests up to the mountains’ top. There are ecologically and environmentally very sensitive areas, so their destruction will inevitably cause hazardous consequences in the whole basin. Meanwhile, cultivation in these areas has low economic efficiency and sustainability because the crop yield may decrease very fast due to severe erosion as the higher the slope, the more serious erosion. Consequently living standards of highland farmers remain low and unstable. Sustainable farming on these lands in the perspective of a seriously deteriorated ecology and environmental is not an easy task. There have been many projects trying to help mountainous farmers get out of their vicious circle. However, due to different reasons, the results gained are low, and in some cases, things ceased to move after the projects phased out. During past few years, based on the farmer experiences, the Vietnam Agricultural Science Institute has cooperated with local and international partners to implement different projects in order to solve the problems by developing simple, easy and cheap cultivation technologies, which can be accepted and applied by local poor farmers for sustainable agricultural production. The first results of our activities offered good opportunities for sustain food production, improve soil health, recharge of aquifers, and enhanced household income for better rural lively hoods in the upland eco-regions of northern Vietnam.

Soil Fertility Self-development Under Ecological Restoration in the Zhuxi Watershed in the Red Soil Hilly Region of China

Current methods that utilize simple data or models to judge whether soil fertility can selfdevelop are not sufficiently rigorous. A new framework has been set up using catastrophe theory, laboratory experiment, field work, and 3S(Geographic information system, Global positioning system, and Remote sensing) to explore soil fertility catastrophe under ecological restoration, discriminate whether soil fertility can self-develop, and propose adjustment of ecological restoration measures in the Zhuxi watershed of Changting County, Fujian Province, China, which is a typical representative of the red soil hilly region of China. The results show that: 1) the soil fertility is obviously improved through the four ecological restoration measures, which impels soil fertility catastrophe. Among 89 soil samples, catastrophic soil samples and stable soil samples account for 26(29.21%) and 63(70.79%) of the samples, respectively. The four ecological restoration measures are listed in the order lowquality forest improvement > arbor–bush–herb mixed plantation > orchard improvement > closing measures according to the proportions of catastrophic soil samples. A typical soil sample in Bashilihe that can self-develop is selected as the criterion to judge the upper lobe and lower lobe of soil fertility in the process surface of the Cusp catastrophe model. Twenty-six(29.21%) were in the middle lobe, 10(11.24%) were in the upper lobe, and 53(70.79%) were in the lower lobe. The catastrophic direction of 26 catastrophic soil samples is to the upper lobe according to soil and water loss change as well as fieldwork. There is a significant positive correlation of Δ with soil and water loss change, and the lower soil and water loss relates to higher catastrophic probability. 2) Soil fertility self-development could be regionalized as "Soil fertility can self-develop" whose area was 12.74 km2(28.33%) distributed mainly in the leftmost and rightmost parts, "Soil fertility tends to self-develop" whose area was 11.63 km2(25.89%) distributed mainly in the middle part, and "Soil fertility cannot self-develop" whose area was 20.58 km2(45.78%) distributed mainly between the above two types. 3) There is no need to take ecological restoration measures and excessive human interference should be avoided in the future in regions of "Soil fertility can self-develop" and "Soil fertility tends to self-develop," and ecological restoration measures should be taken in region of "Soil fertility cannot self-develop." 4) We suggest withdrawal and implementation of ecological restoration measures should be incorporated into the evaluation criteria of ecological restoration to avoid misuse of funds.

Physical Land Suitability Assessment for the Large Cardamom Amomum subulatum Roxb.Cultivation in Hills of Kathmandu Valley

Nepal is one of the top three exporters of larger cardamom （Amomum subulatum Roxb.） in the world market contributing largely to the Nepalese economy. Sub-Himalayan range of hilly area of eastern Nepal is popular for large cardamom cultivation. Being similar phytogeographical and ecological setting, cultivation has begun in hills of Kathmandu Valley however land suitability needs to be evaluated with reference to specific need of the crop. Kathmandu is a valley with alluvial bottom and altitudinal range between 1200 and 2730m above sea level having cool to warm temperate climatic range. Varieties of aspects and slope gradient have potentiality for the large cardamom cultivation. Aim of the study was set to categorize available land area in the range of suitability for large cardamon cultivation on the basis of physical characteristics of the land and ecological need of crop. Land evaluation methodology has been designed along with site specific amendment in FAO framework （1976）. Land use map in scale of 1：25 000 was used in geographic information system environment. Suitability was done through map overlaying methods. Aim of the study was set to categorize available land area in the range of suitability categories for large cardamom cultivation based on physical characteristics of the land matching with ecological need of crop. Analysis of data shows that altitudinal range at uplands of Kathmandu Valley and annual average rainfall and temperature are found to be within suitability range for Amomum subulaturn cultivation. Sandy loam soil, slightly acidic in nature with gentle sloping land of about 5-8° provides highly suitable condition. Result showed that more than one-third of total land area above 1800 m of altitude is suitable. Selectively, of the total area, 5% are north facing slope, 13% gentle slopes are highly suitable. 16% lands with north east orientation are moderately suitable. Most of the land areas which are marginaly suitabile for vegetable and cereal crops are highly suitable for large cardamom. Hills of northern boundary hills found to be suitable due to more rainfall distribution pattern compared to southern boundary hills. Therefore, land evaluation also identifies limitations and input requirements for sustainable production.

Assessment of Soil Erosion in Mountain Watershed Ecosystems in Tirana-Region

Land erosion is an increasing problem that is seriously affecting our country in recent years. In many areas of our country, mountainous and hilly territories suffer major erosion in both surface and depth, where the solids are deposited in the flat parts of the country, thus leading to a higher content of gravel in agricultural land and filling of the sewage networks. The phenomenon of erosion is greater in the vicinity of residential areas where damages are larger and more sensitive. One of the most vulnerable in our country in terms of soil erosion is the district of Tirana. This study had the main goal to define and categorise of erosion rates in natural environments of the forest economies of the Tirana, the rate of recovery of vegetation, slope and rainfall index, which will serve as information and guidance on the land use by farmers, communes and the state regulatory officials, depending on the ownership of these woodland surfaces.

Uses of Invasive Alien Plant Species in Rema-Kalenga Wildlife Sanctuary of Bangladesh

An exploratory survey was conducted on the uses and role of invasive alien species(IAS) to local livelihoods in the Rema-Kalenga Wildlife Sanctuary in the northeastern hilly region of Bangladesh.Vegetation was sampled in 50 quadrates,each 10 m×10 m,and 25 line transects,each 50 m×20 m,through a combination of random and systematic sampling.Group discussions were also arranged with fifty local inhabitants(17 % of the total inhabitants) to learn the various uses of IAS.A total of 17 alien plant species belonging to 10 different families,of which Leguminosae constitutes the highest number(5 species),include tree(53%) followed by herb(12%),shrub(12%) and others(weed,climber and palm).The majority of the identified species were found to be used for fuel,followed by timber production,medicinal or curative uses,fodder,and many others.In addition to providing various forest products,alien tree species planted in forest plantation help provide many vital ecosystem services such as soil amelioration through nitrogen fixation.It is true that the alien species have some negative impacts on local ecosystems,and not all of them are harmful.Therefore,a national programme must be initiated to distinguish the harmful from the harmless species and to identify the uses and impacts of the former and latter.