有“理”能使鬼推磨 道是“无情”却有情──兼谈中国鬼戏中“业报”观念的两重性

中国鬼戏中大多数公案剧往往以戏曲舞台为“道德法庭”，以幻想中的冥官和理想中的清官为这特别法庭的法官，以“业报”为原则而惩恶赏善。众多的鬼戏中，神鬼均被描写得十分清廉，戏曲中的阴曹地府为以们提供了讲理的地方，只要有理在握，即可得到阴司的支持和帮助。理想中的神祗和清官对恶者无情，但对善良的人们和受欺凌的弱者却充满同情。鬼戏中惩恶赏善的类型有：为受冤者报仇雪恨，使不该死而死者还魂，使善者增寿，使善者子孙通达富贵，使善兽转世为人，使善者升天等。鬼戏所张扬的业报思想大多表达了戏剧作家的憎爱情感，体现了广大民众的良好愿望，但也确实包含了一些消极方面的问题。

印度教与印度种姓制度

印度种姓制度不仅是一种特有的社会分工形式 ,它同时也是一种印度教的教阶制度。它被古印度的婆罗门经书赋予宗教上的“神圣”起源 ,又从印度教的神、哲学中获得了一种玄秘的“合理性”证明 ,且切合于印度教宗教生活方式的实际需要 ,以此能够在印度社会中长久地存在下来。

A Survey Report about the General Situation of the Students in Adult Higher Medical Education

This survey was implemented, so that the general situation of the students in adult higher medical education is more accurately and comprehensively known, and also adult education and teaching work can be developed in a targeted way. 193 students attending adult education junior college participated in this survey, and the surveyed details included the general situation of student sources, the ideological trends, and the degree of the cognition on the majors, the degree of the recognition on teaching, the employment concept, and the problems in the current jobs. By a statistical analysis, a foundation is further laid for the effective work of adult higher medical education.

“惺惺汉，皮囊扯破，便是骷髅”──从吴镇画骷髅说起

“惺惺汉，皮囊扯破，便是骷髅”──从吴镇画骷髅说起丁若木吴镇（１２８０－１３５４），字仲圭，自号“梅花道人”、“梅沙弥”。嘉兴（今属浙江）人。能诗、善书画，尤擅水墨山水，为元四大家之一。他曾画过骷髅，并以《沁园春》题其画。其词曰：漏泄元阳，爷娘搬贩，...