中国周边大陆架的划界方法与问题

中国在黄海大陆架上覆水体的水深很浅 ,没有任何天然分界线。基本上 ,可以期待运用一份衡平考量因素 (equitableconsiderations)的清单 ,逐项按照科学证据 ,加以考虑 ,完成最终的衡平划界安排。在东中国海地区 ,冲绳海槽既深且长 ,而且还在扩张之中 ,已经将东海大陆架明显区分成了两个部分。琉球大陆架位在海槽东边。日本为了在东海大陆架上取得较有利的地位 ,始终坚持对钓鱼台列屿享有主权 ,这是违背历史证据的说法。在南中国海地区 ,国际社会对于相关问题始终有着若干误会。中国在南海U形线内的水域享有历史性权利 ;其他一些国家也有其历史性水域。除非正视国际法、否认领土主权的时效取得、将南海分为三个层级来看待 ,否则衡平划界将很难完成。

DETERMINATION OF SOUTH CHINA SEA MONSOON ONSET AND EAST ASIAN SUMMER MONSOON INDEX

Results of the definition of South China Sea summer monsoon onset date and East Asian summermonsoon index in recent years are summarized in this paper. And more questions to be resolved are introducedlater.

RESEARCH ON SYSTEM OF FLOOD DISASTER CONTROL AND REDUCTION SUPPORTED BY GIS IN MEDIUM AND SMALL BASINS

Southeast China coastal areas belong to subtropical monsoon climatic zone, thus easily affected by floods resulted from typhoons and rainstorms. Since the areas of river basins are small, rivers flood regulation capacities are low, and therefore flood hazard is grave. In this paper, taking the Yongjiang basin in southeast China as an example, the approaches and methods of geographic information system(GIS) applied to flood disaster control and reduction research on small basin are explored. On GIS help the rainfall runoff calculation model and the river channel flood routing model are developed. And the evaluating flood submerged area and the damage assessment models are built supported by digit elevation models. Lastly the decision support system on GIS supported for flood control in research basin has been set up. This greatly improves flood proofing decision making capacities in river basin, and provides valuable information and a mode for flood prevention and reduction in the medium and small basin. Meanwhile, the research indicates that technologies of GIS provide a powerful tool for flood disaster control.

Warming over the North Pacific can intensify snow events in Northeast China

The variation of winter snowfall intensity over Northeast China and its relationship with the autumn North Pacific SST are investigated for the period 1960–2012. An upward trend is apparent for the winter snowfall intensity over Northeast China during the last half-century, coinciding with an increasing autumn SST over the North Pacific. Their interannual correlation coefficient reaches up to 0.58 for the past five decades, and 0.42 after their trends are removed. Further analyses indicate that the warming SST during autumn may persist into winter. Correspondingly, large parts of East Asia and the North Pacific are dominated by an anticyclonic anomaly, which can induce an anomalous southeasterly over Northeast China, weaken the northerly wind, then warm the surface, increase the water vapor content and intensify snowfall events. Thus, the autumn North Pacific SST can be considered as a key predictor for winter snowfall events over Northeast China. Results from leaveone-out cross-validation and independent validation both show a significant correlation and a small RMSE between prediction and observation. Therefore, the autumn SST over the North Pacific is suggested as a potential predictor for winter snowfall intensity in Northeast China.

Formation of the modern current system in the East China Sea since the early Holocene and its relationship with sea level and the monsoon system

The Okinawa Trough is a natural laboratory for the study of air-sea interaction and paleoenvironmental change. It has been demonstrated that present offshore export of particles in the bottom nepheloid layer occur primarily with downwelling from the northeast winter monsoon, which is inhibited by a transverse circulation pattern in summer. This current system was very different during the Last Glacial Maximum owing to low sea level （-120 m） and exposure of a large shelf area. We collected sediment core Oki01 from the middle Okinawa Trough during 2012 using R/V Kexue No. 1 to elucidate the timing and cause of the current system transition in the East China Sea. Clay mineral, dry density, and elemental （Ti, Ca） composition of core Oki01 was analyzed. The results indicate that clay minerals derived mainly from the Huanghe （Yellow） and the Changjiang （Yangtze） Rivers during 16.0-11.6 ka, and the modem current system in the East China Sea formed beginning in the early Holocene. Therefore, mixing of East China Sea continental shelf, Changjiang River and partially Taiwan Island sediment are the major contributors. The decrease of log（Ti/Ca） and alternating provenance since the early Holocene indicate less sediment from the East China in summer because of resistance of the modern current system, i.e., a ＂water barrier＂ and upwelling. Conversely, sediment delivery persists in winter and log（Ti/Ca） indicates the winter monsoon signal since the early Holocene. Our evidence also suggests that sediment from Taiwan Island could be transported by the Kuroshio Current to the middle Okinawa Trough, where it mingles with winter monsoon- induced export of sediment from the Changjiang River and East China Sea continental shelf. Although the present research advances understanding of the evolutionary history of paleoenvironmental change in the Okinawa Trough, more sediment cores should be retrieved over wide areas to construct a larger scenario.

Two new records of Spiochaetopterus Sars, 1856 (Chaetopteridae, Polychaeta) from Chinese waters

The present paper records two chaetopterid species, S piochaetopterus koreana and S. sanbanzensis not reported previously from China Seas. S piochaetopterus koreana is distributed in the Yellow, East China and South China Seas. Sp iochaetopterus sanbanzensis is widely distributed in the muddy benthic environment of the Yellow Sea. Detailed descriptions and illustrations of each species are provided.

Impact of climatic change on sea surface temperature variation in Subei coastal waters,East China

Sea surface temperature （SST） variation in the Subei coastal waters, East China, which is important for the ecological environment of the Yellow Sea where Enteromorphaprolifera blooms frequently, is affected by the East Asian winter monsoon （EAWM）, El Nifio-Southem Oscillation （ENSO）, and Pacific Decadal Oscillation （PDO）. In this study, correlations between climatic events and SST anomalies （SSTA） around the Subei （North Jiangsu Province, East China） Coast from 1981-2012 are analyzed, using empirical orthogonal function （EOF） and correlation analyses. First, a key region was determined by EOF analysis to represent the Subei coastal waters. Then, coherency analyses were performed on this key region. According to the correlation analysis, the EAWM index has a positive correlation with the spring and summer SSTA of the key region. Furthermore, the Nifio3.4 index is negatively correlated with the spring and summer SSTA of the key region 1 year ahead, and the PDO has significant negative coherency with spring SSTA and negative coherency with summer SSTA in the key region 1 year ahead. Overall, PDO exhibits the most significant impact on SSTA of the key region. In the key region, all these factors are correlated more significantly with SSTA in spring than in summer. This suggests that outbreaks ofEnteromorpha prolifera in the Yellow Sea are affected by global climatic changes, especially the PDO.

Evaluation of Energy Use and Environmental Efficiency in China＇s A statistical analysis by province based on the SBM model

The world today is .faced with the critical challenge of developing industries .for both high technological efficiency and possibly less impact on resources and the environment. This paper employs the Slacks-based measure （SBM） to conduct an empirical analysis of China＇s industrial environmental efficiency between 1998 and 2008. We.found a slight decline in SBM nationwide due to the combined effects of resource^environmental constraint as well as technological progress. From a static perspective, there is a clear disparity in coordination among regions, particularly between western regions and eastern coastal regions. From a dynamic perspective, there is limited change in the coordination of industries with natural resources and the environment in coastal and central regions, but a marked decline in the northeast and western regions. This contrast can be traced to the .following reasons： the capital-intensive structure of the economy and the high proportion of large industrial enterprises that restrict the improvement of SBM environmental efficiency. Higher living standards, indigenous innovation, acquisition of new technologies, and foreign direct investment will be conducive to industries＇synchronous development with natural resources and the environment.

Monitoring Soil Salt Content Using HJ-1A Hyperspectral Data: A Case Study of Coastal Areas in Rudong County, Eastern China

Hyperspectral data are an important source for monitoring soil salt content on a large scale. However, in previous studies, barriers such as interference due to the presence of vegetation restricted the precision of mapping soil salt content. This study tested a new method for predicting soil salt content with improved precision by using Chinese hyperspectral data, Huan Jing-Hyper Spectral Imager(HJ-HSI), in the coastal area of Rudong County, Eastern China. The vegetation-covered area and coastal bare flat area were distinguished by using the normalized differential vegetation index at the band length of 705 nm(NDVI705). The soil salt content of each area was predicted by various algorithms. A Normal Soil Salt Content Response Index(NSSRI) was constructed from continuum-removed reflectance(CR-reflectance) at wavelengths of 908.95 nm and 687.41 nm to predict the soil salt content in the coastal bare flat area(NDVI705 < 0.2). The soil adjusted salinity index(SAVI) was applied to predict the soil salt content in the vegetation-covered area(NDVI705 ≥ 0.2). The results demonstrate that 1) the new method significantly improves the accuracy of soil salt content mapping(R2 = 0.6396, RMSE = 0.3591), and 2) HJ-HSI data can be used to map soil salt content precisely and are suitable for monitoring soil salt content on a large scale.

The Different Effects of Sea Surface Temperature and Aerosols on Climate in East Asia During Spring

In this study, we used the NCAR CAM3.0 model to study the climate effects of both decadal global Sea Surface Temperature(SST) changing and the increasing aerosol concentration in East Asia in boreal spring. In the decadal SST changing experiment, a prominent sea surface cyclone anomaly occurred west of the Northwest Pacific warming SST. The cyclone anomaly is conductive to anomalous rising motion and more rainfall over the Northwest Pacific and southeast coast areas of China, but less rainfall in central China. Caused by the only aerosol concentration increasing, the change of climate in East Asia is totally different from that induced by the regime shift of SST around 1976/77 with the same model. The sulfate and black carbon aerosol concentrations were doubled respectively and synchronously in East Asia(20?–50?N, 100?–150?E) to investigate the climate effects of these two major aerosol types in three experiments. The results show that, in all three aerosol concentration changing experiments, the rainfall during boreal spring increases in North China and decreases in central China. It's worth noting that in the DTWO experiment, the rainfall diminishes in central China while it increases in the north and southeast coast areas of China, which is similar to observations. From the vertical profile between 110?E and 120?E, it is found that sulfate and black carbon aerosols first change the temperature of lower troposphere owing to their direct radiative effect, and then induce secondary meridional circulation anomaly through the different dynamic mechanisms involved, and at last generate precipitation and surface temperature anomalous patterns mentioned above.

Impact of assimilating Taiwan＇s coastal radar radial velocity on forecasting Typhoon Morakot (2009) in southeastern China using a WRF-based EnKF

This study explores for the first time the impact of assimilating radial velocity(Vr)observations from a single or multiple Taiwan's coastal radars on tropical cyclone(TC)forecasting after landfall in the Chinese mainland by using a Weather Research and Forecasting model(WRF)-based ensemble Kalman filter(EnKF)data assimilation system.Typhoon Morakot(2009),which caused widespread damage in the southeastern coastal regions of the mainland after devastating Taiwan,was chosen as a case study.The results showed that assimilating Taiwan's radar Vr data improved environmental field and steering flow and produced a more realistic TC position and structure in the final EnKF cycling analysis.Thus,the subsequent TC track and rainfall forecasts in southeastern China were improved.In addition,better observations of the TC inner core by Taiwan's radar was a primary factor in improving TC rainfall forecast in the Chinese mainland.

Investigation on the spatiotemporal complementarity of wind energy resources in China

Wind power resources are abundant in China,especially in northern China and eastern coastal areas of China.Nevertheless,wind energy has intermittent and unstable characteristics,which leads to random power output and limits the large-scale utilization of wind energy resources.It has been shown that geographically dispersed wind plants have obvious spatiotemporal offsetting effect.Power output from each individual site exhibits the power ups and downs.However,when we simulate power lines connecting sites over a certain region,the output from them changes slowly and rarely reaches either very low or full power.Hence using the spatiotemporal complementarity of wind resources effectively is highly beneficial to the smoothing of power supply.This paper investigates the spatiotemporal complementarity of wind resources in China based on the relevant data of wind energy resources,which are offered by China Meteorological Administration(CMA).

A thinned lithosphere beneath coastal area of southeastern China as evidenced by seismic receiver functions

During Mesozoic to Cenozoic time, the large-scale tectono-magmatism had strongly modified the lithosphere beneath the southeastern continent of China, leaving the present-day lithosphere as a new one evolving from the ancient lithosphere that was largely removed and replaced. But this model proposed from geochemical and petrological research is urgently in need of support from seismic observational evidence. In this paper, based on the dataset recorded by the dense stations of two NE ori- ented broadband seismic profiles deployed in the coastal area of southeastern China （SE China）, both P-wave （P-RF） and S-wave （S-RF） receiver functions were isolated. We identified Pls phase converted from the Lithosphere-Asthenosphere Boundary （LAB） in P-RFs of individual stations. Migrated Pls phase indicated a depth of 60-70 km for LAB. Inver- sions/comparisons of P-RF （Pls phase） and S-RF （Sip phase） waveforms together with Ps and Sp imaging for the crust and up- per mantle structure further confirmed this result. P-RF and S-RF migrated images exhibit that a flat LAB is positioned at the depth of 60-70 km spreading along the profile, whereas a distinct structural change of lithospheric base appears at the Min River estuary. Both Ps and PpPs migrated images of P-RFs present an abrupt Moho drop across the Min River fault from south to north, which is consistent with previous result obtained from deep seismic sounding. By taking into consideration other ge- ological and geophysical features such as locally high anomalies of crustal Poisson＇s ratios and heat flow at the Min River es- tuary, we infer that the Min River fault penetrates down to the Moho and may, furthermore, interfere in the deeper lithospheric structure.

Age and body size of Rana amurensis from northeastern China

Age and body size are two important demographic traits that determine the life history strategies of populations and species. We measured these two parameters ofRana amurensis, at a 900 m and a 500 m altitude site in northeastern China. At the two sites, age at first reproduction was 2 years for males and 3 years for females. The maximum age of males and females at the high-altitude site was 6 and 7 years, and 5 and 7 years at the low-altitude population, respectively. Females were significantly larger than males in both populations, due to greater age in both the high- and low-altitude sites, Body size of either males or fe- males did not differ significantly between populations; only males showed increased body size at the high-altitude site when age effect was statistically controlled for. The increased cline of male body size may be attributable to delayed maturation of the sex due to a shorter growing season at high altitudes

Biomass and Energy of Casuarina equisetiofolia Plantations in Southeast Coast of China

The biomass and energy production of Casuarina equisetifolia plantations aged 14 were studied in Huian County, Fujian Province, Southeast of China. The standing crop biomass was 152.60 t/ha, in which the biomass of bole was 67.02 t/ha, accounting for 43.94 % of the total, while that of root was 36.83 t/ha and 24.14 %, respectively. Net primary productivity was 10.17t/(ha.a).The range of gross caloric of components was 19.29～20.23 kJ/g, with the average 19.70 kJ/g. The standing crop energy was 2 987×10^6 kJ/ha. Net energy production was 196.8×10^6 kJ/ha, while solar energy conversion efficiency was 0.90%.