贸易强度与东亚经济波动协同性研究述评

目前对贸易强度与东亚经济波动协同性关系的研究主要有两种观点,一是产业内贸易为主的贸易模式促进东亚经济波动的协同性,从而东亚地区适合成立货币联盟;二是认为东亚地区贸易的加强更多表现为产业间贸易,生产的专业化会导致经济波动的非对称性,从而东亚地区不是最优货币区。

A phylogeny of the Tylototriton asperrimus group (Caudata: Salamandridae) based on a mitochondrial study: suggestions for a taxonomic revision

A phylogenetic hypothesis for the Asian newts of the Tylototriton asperrimus group was generated using data from two mitochondrial fragments including COI and the ND1-ND2 regions. Four distinct clades （A, B, C, D） were resolved with high nodal support within this monophyletic group. Clade A included T. asperrimus, T. hainanensis, T. notialis, ＂T. vietnamensis＂, and two unnamed salamander populations from Vietnam. Clade A, constituted the sister group of clades B ＋ C. Newly identified clade C likely represents a new cryptic species. Clade C was the sister group of T. wenxianensis. The true 7： vietnamensis exclusively constituted clade D. Our results bring into question some previous taxonomic decisions, and a revision is required. This study illustrates the necessity to include samples from type localities in taxonomic studies, and highlights the importance of fine-grained geographical sampling.

Effects of Bt-transgenic Rice on Cold Resistance of Oriental Migratory Locust

In this study, the Bt-transgenic and non-transgenic rice were fed to three generations of oriental migratory Iocust, respectiveIy under Iaboratory conditions so as to investigate the effects of Bt-transgenic rice on coId resistance of oriental migratory Iocust. The supercooIing point and freezing point of oriental migratory Iocust was de-termined using supercooIing point meter. The resuIts showed that the supercooIing points of fourth instar Iarvae, fifth instar Iarvae, male aduIts and female aduIts, which were al fed with Bt-transgenic rice, were -5.89, -7.59, -6.64 and -6.79, respectiveIy. There were no significant differences between treatment and controI groups.

Clinical utility,safety and tolerability of capsule endoscopy in urban Southeast Asian population

AIM:Capsule endoscopy has demonstrated its clinical utility in the evaluation of small bowel pathology in several Western studies.In this prospective study,we aimed to determine the clinical utility,safety and tolerability of capsule endoscopy in the evaluation of suspected small bowel disease in an urban Southeast Asian population. METHODS:We used the given (M2A) capsule endoscopy system in 16 consecutive patients with suspected small bowel pathology.In 9 patients the indication was obscure gastrointestinal bleeding,while in 6 patients it was to determine the extent of small bowel involvement in Crohn's disease.One patient underwent capsule endoscopy for evaluation of chronic abdominal pain.Patient's tolerability to the procedure was evaluated by standardized questionnaires and all patients were reviewed at one week to ensure that the capsule had been excreted without any adverse events. RESULTS:Abnormal findings were present in 8 patients (50%).The cause of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding was determined in 5 out of 9 patients.Findings included 2 cases of angiodysplasia,2 cases of jejunal ulcers and 1 case of both angiodysplasia and jejunal ulcer.One patient had small bowel erosions and loci of erythema of doubtful significance. Ileal lesions were diagnosed in 2 out of 6 patients with Crohn's disease.Capsule endoscopy was well tolerated by all patients.One patient with Crohn's disease had a complication of capsule retention due to terminal ileum stricture.The capsule eventually passed out spontaneously after i month. CONCLUSION:Our study,which represented the first Asian series,further confirms the diagnostic utility,safety and tolerability of wireless capsule endoscopy.

Characteristics of Some Heavy Metals in Acid Sulfate Topsoils, Eastern Australia

Forty-five acid sulfate topsoil samples (depth < 0.5 m) from 15 soil cores at 11 locations along the New South Wales coast, Australia, were selected to investigate the chemical behavior of Zn, Mn, Cr, Co and Pb in these soils. The amount of HCI-extractable Mn was much smaller than the mean value of the total Mn documented for other soils. This may be attributed to enhanced mobilization of Mn from the soils under the extremely acidic and seasonally flooded conditions encountered in the investigated soils. The pH-dependency of soluble Zn and Mn was strongly affected by the availability of acid reactive Zn and Mn compounds. There were fairly good relationships between soluble Zn and acid reactive Zn compounds, and between soluble Mn and acid reactive Mn compounds. Soluble Zn and soluble Mn concentrations were important controls on exchangeable Zn and Mn concentrations, respectively. In contrast to the suggestion by other authors that adsorption of Co was closely associated with Mn oxides present in soils, the exchangeable Co in the investigated acid sulfate soils was not clearly related to the abundance of Mn minerals. In addition to the fact that there are few Mn minerals present in the soils, this might also be because the availability of canon exchange sites on the crystal surfaces of Mn oxides was reduced under extremely acidic conditions.

Pyogenic liver abscesses associated with nonmetastatic colorectal cancers: An increasing problem in Eastern Asia

AIM: To elaborate the clinicopathologic features of colorectal cancer-related pyogenic liver abscess (PLA). METHODS: Reported cases of colorectal cancer-related PLAs were collected from the literature published up to October 2011 and evaluated for their clinicopathologic features. Data of collected cases included demographics, clinical presentation, microbial findings and treatment. Categorical variables were compared by 2 analysis and continuous variables were evaluated using Student's t test. RESULTS: A total 96 cases of colorectal cancer-related PLA were collected from the previous literature. Most patients (60%) were male and 40% cases occurred in the age group of 61-70 years. Apart from some special types of PLA, there were significant differences in the microbiological spectrum between Eastern Asia and non-Eastern Asian countries, which implied different risk factors and courses of the disease. Gram negative bacteria especially Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneu- moniae ) PLA was predominant in Eastern Asia (80.0%) in contrast to non-Eastern Asian countries (P < 0.01). Meanwhile, most of the Eastern Asian patients exhibited smaller size of liver abscess and atypical presentation. Sigmoid colon and rectum (72.73%) were the main sites of tumor in Eastern Asian patients, whereas tumor sites were uneven among most of the non-Easter Asian PLA patients. CONCLUSION:K. pneumoniae PLA was strongly associated with colorectal cancer, especially those occurring in sigmoid colon and rectum, in elderly Eastern Asian male patients.

Plastic-Flow Waves (“Slow-Waves") and Seismic Activity in Central-Eastern Asia

The results inferred from experiments with analogue models carried out previously have shown that two types of plastic-flow waves, “fast-waves" and “slow-waves", are induced in the lower lithosphere (including the lower crust and lithospheric mantle) under driving at plate boundaries and both of them are viscous gravity waves formed by the superposition of major and subsidiary waves. The major waves are similar to solitary waves and the subsidiary waves are traveling waves. The plastic-flow waves in the lower lithosphere control seismic activities in the overlying seismogenic layer and result in the distribution of earthquakes along the wave-crest belts. “Fast-waves" propagated with velocities of orders of magnitude of 100～102km/a have been verified by wave-controlled earthquake migration, showing the “decade waves" and “century waves" with the average periods of 10.8 and 93.4 a, respectively, which originate from the Himalayan driving boundary. According to the recognition of the patterns of the belt-like distribution of strong earthquakes with M S≥7.0, it is indicated further in this paper that the “slow-waves" with velocities of orders of magnitude of 100～101 m/a also originated under compression from the Himalayan driving boundary. Strong earthquakes with M S≥7.0 are controlled mainly by subsidiary waves, because the major waves with a duration of up to 106 a for each disturbance cannot result in the accumulation of enough energy for strong earthquakes due to the relaxation of the upper crust. The subsidiary waves propagate with an average wave length of 445 km, velocities of 0.81～2.80 m/a and periods of 0.16～0.55 Ma. The wave-generating time at the Himalayan driving boundary is about 1.34～4.59 Ma before present for the “slow-waves", corresponding to the stage from the Mid Pliocene to the Mid Early-Pleistocene and being identical with one of the major tectonic episodes of the Himalayan tectonic movement. It is shown from the recognition of the wave-controlled belts of strong earthquakes that two optimal patterns of wave-crest belts originated simultaneously from the eastern and western segments of the Himalayan arc, respectively. The overlap of wave-crest belts of these two systems is responsible for the relative concentration of energy and forms the seismic-energy-background zones for strong earthquakes with M S≥7.0.

近代日本女子教育的兴起—兼论东亚近代性问题—

本文聚焦明治时期日本近代女子教育的兴起,兼论东亚近代性问题。从结论来看,明治时期日本导入近代女子教育并非一步到位,经历了最初的'无心栽花'及甲午战争后大力发展两个阶段。内容也从效仿欧美的'贤母论'演变为东西合璧式的'贤妻良母主义'女子教育思想。下田歌子作为近代日本著名的女子教育家,是将政府的教育理念与民众的现实状况连接在一起的关键性人物,她针对不同阶层的女性实施了灵活多样的教育实践。务实性、妥协性及天皇制国家至上主义,是近代日本女子教育推进历程中的重要特点。与日本相较,近代中国的女子教育亦着眼于国家与民族振兴,但实践过程及特点却与日本截然相异。

Spatial distribution of display sites of Grey Peacock-pheasant in relation to micro-habitat and predators during the breeding season

Background： The destruction and fragmentation of forest in Southeast Asia is accelerating biodiversity loss, resulting in a range of management and conservation actions. For some species, a detailed understanding of microhabitat selection is critical for this, especially in the breeding season.Methods： To understand the factors that explain how specific habitats are used by the Grey Peacock-pheasant（Polyplectron bicalcaratum） in the breeding season, we used camera trapping and microhabitat sampling to assess the microhabitat selection of males. We also looked at their interaction with predators in an area of 1200 m × 1200 m at the Hua Kha Khaeng Wildl fe Sanctuary, Tha land, between January and May 2013.Results： We show that display scrapes are situated on flatter open areas with small saplings and some vines, typified by low horizontal understory density. We hypothesise that this allows a trade-off between courtship display and the avoidance of predators. Our study showed that the position of Grey Peacock-pheasant display scrapes regularly overlapped with predators within the same microhabitat. We hypothesise that the species＇ behavioural responses to temporal variation in predation risk allows them to avoid most predators.Conclusions： Particular microhabitats are required for Grey Peacock-pheasant display.They avoid predators at these places by being active when predators are not.

Does the Asian monsoon modulate tropical cyclone activity over the South China Sea?

To investigate whether the Asian monsoon influences tropical cyclone (TC) activity over the South China Sea (SCS), TCs (including tropical storms and typhoons) over the SCS are analyzed using the Joint Typhoon Warning Center dataset from 1945 to 2009. Results show an increasing trend in the frequencies of TC-all (all TCs over the SCS) and TY-all (all typhoons over the SCS), due mainly to an increase in the number of TCs moving into the SCS after development elsewhere. Little change is seen in the number of TCs that form in the SCS. The results of wavelet analysis indicate that the frequency of typhoons (TY) shows a similar oscillation as that of TCs, i.e., a dominant periodicity of 8-16 years around the 1970s for all TC activity, except for TC-mov (TCs that moved into the SCS from the western North Pacific). To examine the relationship between typhoon activity and the summer monsoon, a correlation analysis was performed that considered typhoons, TCs, and five monsoon indexes. The analysis reveals statistically significant negative correlation between the strength of the Southwest Asian summer monsoon and typhoon activity over the SCS, which likely reflects the effect of the monsoon on TC formation in the western North Pacific (WNP) and subsequent movement into the SCS. There is a statistically significant negative correlation between TY-loc (typhoons that developed from TCs formed over the SCS) and the South China Sea summer monsoon and Southeast Asian summer monsoon.

Projected Changes in Asian Summer Monsoon in RCP Scenarios of CMIP5

Responses of the Asian Summer Monsoon(ASM) in future projections have been studied based on two core future projections of phase five of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project(CMIP5) coordinated experiments with the IAP-coupled model FGOALS_s2(the Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System Model).The projected changes of the ASM in climatological mean and interannual variability were respectively reported.Both the South Asian Summer Monsoon(SASM) and the East Asian Summer Monsoon(EASM) were intensified in their climatology,featuring increased monsoon precipitation and an enhanced monsoon lower-level westerly jet flow.Accordingly,the amplitude of the annual cycle of rainfall over East Asia(EA) is enhanced,thereby indicating a more abrupt monsoon onset.After the EA monsoon onset,the EASM marched farther northward in the future scenarios than in the historical runs.In the interannual variability,the leading pattern of the EASM,defined by the first multi-variable EOF analysis over EA,explains more of the total variances in the warmest future scenario,specifically,Representative Concentration Pathway(RCP8.5).Also,the correlation coefficients analysis suggests that the relationship between the EASM interannual variations and ENSO was significantly strengthened in the future projections,which may indicate improved predictability of the EASM interannual variations.

Colonial and Gender Discourses in Modern European Travel Writing About East Asia

This article explains how modern European travelers, particularly European women adventurers, described East Asia. Travel writings that are expected to be truthful are not free from travelers＇ own personal, cultural, social, and political experiences and perceptions. At the turn of the 19th century, Europe was dominated by colonial discourse based on Western-centered textualized or imaginary knowledge of ＂the Orient＇＇1. The imaginary texts affected European travelers. In turn, their travel writings helped substantiate and reinforce the texts. European women travelers, who were in a relatively disadvantageous situation at home, enjoyed going beyond the sexual boundaries imposed on them at home by using their assumed racial superiority in the Orient. However, their marginal position in Western society helped them ponder their own understanding of other peoples and cultures, of themselves, and of their home societies. This article traces not only the surface discourse of travelogues on East Asia, particularly on Korea, but also travel writers＇ inner worlds, focusing on differences between men and women.

Polymorphisms of alcohol dehydrogenase-2 and aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 and esophageal cancer risk in Southeast Chinese males

AIM： To evaluate the impact of alcohol dehydrogenase-2 （ADH2） and aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 （ALDH2） polymorphisms on esophageal cancer susceptibility in Southeast Chinese males.METHODS： Two hundred and twenty-one esophageal cancer patients and 292 healthy controls from Taixing city in Jiangsu Province were enrolled in this study. ADH2 and ALDH2 genotypes were examined by polymerase chain reaction and denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography. Unconditional logistic regression was used to calculate the odds ratios （OR） and 95% confidence interval （CI）.RESULTS： The ADH G allele carriers were more susceptible to esophageal cancer, but no association was found between ADH2 genotypes and risk of esophageal cancer when disregarding alcohol drinking status. Regardless of ADH2 genotype, ALDH2G/A or A/A carriers had significantly increased risk of developing esophageal cancer, with homozygous individuals showing higher esophageal cancer risk than those who were heterozygous. A significant interaction between ALDH2 and drinking was detected regarding esophageal cancer risk; the OR was 3.05 （95% CI： 2.49-6.25）. Compared with non-drinkers carrying both ALDH2 G/G and ADH2 A/A, drinkers carrying both ALDH2 A allele and ADH2 G allele showed a significantly higher risk of developing esophageal cancer （OR = 8.36, 95% CI： 2.98-23.46）.CONCLUSION： Both ADH2 G allele and ALDH2 A allele significantly increase the risk of esophageal cancer development in Southeast Chinese males. ALDH2 A allele significantly increases the risk of esophageal cancer development especially in alcohol drinkers. Alcohol drinkers carrying both ADH2 G allele and ALDH2 A allele have a higher risk of developing esophageal cancer.

Impact of Sphagneticola trilobata on Plant Diversity in Soils in South-East Viti Levu, Fiji

Wedelia （Sphagneticola trilobata （L.） Pruski） has become one of the most dominant invasive plant species in Fiji. However, the soil seed bank of its monospecific stand and its ability to reproduce by seed is relatively unknown. A soil seed bank study was undertaken in a monospecific stand ofS. trilobata in Sawani, Natavea and Wainivesi in south-east Viti Levu, Fiji in March 2012. The soil samples were collected from within 1.0 m2 quadrat taken at 10 spots in each of the study areas and spread thinly over a base of Yates Thrive Premium potting mix in seedling trays and placed in a glasshouse at Koronivia Research Station, Fiji. A total of 23, 26 and 33 plant species were found in the soil seed bank in Wainivesi, Sawani and Natavea respectively which may have succumbed to S. trilobata invasiability. There were ca. 3,800 （17%）, 2,100 （11%） and 2,600 （6%） germinable S. trilobata seeds-m-2 in the soil seed bank in Wainivesi, Sawani and Natavea areas respectively. This study has demonstrated that S. trilobata seeds may have a role in the spread of the invasive species in Fiji and movement of soil to S. trilobata free areas should be restricted.

Characteristics of Phosphorus in Some Eastern Australian Acid Sulfate Soils

Forty-five acid sulfatc topsoil samples (depth < 0.5 m) from 15 soil coreswere collected from 11 locations along the New South Wales coast, Australia. There was an overalltrend for the concentration of the HCl-extractable P to increase along with increasing amounts oforganic C and the HCl-extractable trivalent metals in the topsoils of some less-disturbed acidsulfate soils (pH < 4.5). This suggests that inorganic P in these soils probably accumulated viabiological cycling and was retained by complexation with trivalent metals or their oxides andhydroxides. While there was no clear correlation between pH and the water-extractable P, theconcentration of the water-extractable P tended to increase with increasing amounts of theHCl-extractable P. This disagrees with some established models which suggest that the concentrationof solution P in acid soils is independent of total P and decreases with increasing acidity. Thehigh concentration of sulfate present in acid sulfate soils appeared to affect the chemical behaviorof P in these soil systems. Comparison was made between a less disturbed wetland acid sulfate soiland a more intensively disturbed sugarcane acid sulfate soil. The results show that reclamation ofwetland acid sulfate soils for sugarcane production caused a significant decrease in theHCl-extractable P in the topsoil layer as a result of the reduced bio-cycling of phosphorusfollowing sugarcane farming. Simulation experiment shows that addition of hydrated lime had noeffects on the immobilization of retained P in an acid sulfate soil sample within a pH range3.5～4.6. When the pH was raised to above 4.6, soluble P in the soil extracts had a tendency toincrease with increasing pH until the 15th extraction (pH 5.13). This, in combination with the poorpH-soluble P relationship observed from the less-disturbed acid sulfate soils, suggests that solubleP was not clearly pH-dependent in acid sulfate soils with pH < 4.5.

中国东北近代历史与东亚的关联

近代以来东北疆界的变化,直接关系到19世纪末以来东北亚地区国际关系与大国势力博奕,进而成为直接影响东北地区社会历史发展的一个重要国际环境因素。影响东北地区社会变迁与历史发展的主要外部影响,大都来自于俄、日、朝等东亚国家,而东北地区也正是在19世纪末才开始逐渐成为在整个东北亚地区列强势力最为集中因而最具国际性或东亚性的一个热点区域。到20世纪上半叶,东北地区历史与当时的东亚史才呈现出了全面的密切关联与互动的趋势,东亚因素实际上成为影响东北地区社会历史变化的最直接外因。中国东北是从19世纪末的近代历史时期以来,才成为东亚的一个重要组成部分,才开始逐步具有东亚性并成为近代东亚地区最具有"东亚性"的一个区域。从克服一国中心主义的全球史乃至东亚史视角而言,中国东北近代史既是东亚近代史的一个重要组成部分,也在相当程度上影响着东亚地区国际关系的变化。

Interannual and interdecadal variability of East Asian monsoon and its relation to oceanic processes: a review

A key component of the East Asian climate system is seasonally varying monsoon wind. Its interannual and interdecadal variability, as we1l as underlying oceanic processes, is the subject of a recent project completed by the Chinese Academy of Sciences. A series of research progress in the areas of monsoon winds, ocean responses, upwelling and productivity has been made and reviewed by this paper.

Where Shall We Two Meet, in East or in West： When Po-shen Lu＇s The Witch Sonata Psalm of Macbeth Encounters With William Shakespeare＇s Macbeth

By using tai-yu （min-nan-hua, Taiwan Residents local language） to stage William Shakespeare＇s Macbeth, Po-shen Lu produced an experimental performance in the southern part of Taiwan in 2003. When producing Antigone in 2001, Lu was challenged by his critics in three aspects： （1） the tradition of tai-yu theatre of Tainan Jen Theatre and that of Western plays, （2） audience reception in Taiwan, and （3） the advantages and disadvantages of integrating tai-yu with Western classic texts. In spite of these criticisms on his theatrical productions, Lu has continued helping Tainan Jen Theatre transform into a professional theatrical troupe since he became an artistic director in 2002. By analyzing how and why Lu staged his The Witch Sonata--Psalm of Macbeth in the socio-historical context of intercultural adaptation, I propose to re-revaluate Lu＇s artistic contribution to the theatrical development in the southern part of Taiwan. I would argue that Lu is not only challenging Taiwan Residents reading of Shakespeare but also exploring the possibilities of tai-yu＇s theatricality, in a view to bringing new life to Taiwan＇s intercultural theatre.

Methodological Issues and Applications in Economic Evaluation of Alternative Livestock Diseases Control Strategies： The Case of the CBPP Quarantine Line in North-Eastern Kenya

Contagious bovine pleuro-pneumonia （CBPP） is one of the endemic and life-threatening livestock diseases in the arid and semi-arid land areas （ASALs） of Kenya, which justify the case for the control of livestock diseases to avoid the spread of such diseases from the ASALs to the rest of the country, and a CBPP control quarantine line （CQL） that to help prevent the spread of CBPP from the ASALs of North-eastern Kenya to the rest of the country has been in existence since the colonial （pre-1963） times in Kenya. However, the livestock keepers in the ASALs view the CQL as an impediment to their main source of livelihoods because it entails livestock movement restrictions, thus constraining unfettered livestock marketing. Available literature shows that there is a dearth of information on the economics of livestock diseases control in Kenya in terms of its impacts on social welfare. Employing the CQL as a case study, this study shows that an application of analytic techniques that combine disease risk analysis and conventional cost-benefit modelling that incorporates some aspects that are specific to livestock diseases and their control strategies can generate indices of economic impacts of livestock diseases control on social welfare. The study finds that the livestock keepers and traders in Kenya do not consider CBPP a major problem to warrant livestock movement restrictions, yet the official records of the veterinary authorities indicate that CBPP is a major threat to the cattle industry in Kenya. Annually, the government spends substantial resources on the CQL operation and maintenance and also on CBPP surveillance and monitoring to contain the CBPP menace in Kenya. This study shows that such expenditures are economically and socially justifiable. Nevertheless, the study finds some operational inefficiencies in the enforcement of the CQL requirements. The authors, therefore, undertake an evaluation of alternative CBPP control strategies and conclude that it would be more cost effective to shift the CQL from its current location to the international borders of the arid districts, provided that this action is preceded by adequate CBPP control preparatory measures, as described in the paper.

伪满洲国教科书与“产业开发”的关联性--以“第二期满洲产业开发”和“新学制”为重点

2004年之后,日本文部科学省先后批准《日本殖民地、占领地的'新教育'》《日本殖民地、占领地教育与'近代化'基础研究》《日本殖民地、占领地教科书与'近代化'和'产业开发'基础研究》等多项重大课题,期望得到日本占领推动了殖民地、占领地的教育发展和现代化,促进了经济发展和社会进步的结论,达到美化侵略的目的。日方多次向笔者求购伪满教科书,并邀请笔者访日讲学。本文是笔者在日本殖民地教育史研究会第20次报告会上做的'特别讲演',从'学制改革'与'产业开发'同步进行、'新学制'与其他时期教科书之比较、'新学制'教科书实业教育内容概观三个方面,直言不讳地指出伪满洲国教育与'产业开发'(经济掠夺)存在'关联性'。最后用一系列反问句,揭示伪满洲国教育与'产业开发'的关联性就是教育与侵略战争的关联性,也就是侵略战争对教育的支配性。其出发点和目的不是所谓'满洲国'而是日本,当时的获利者和最终的受害者也是实行军国主义政策的日本。演讲得到绝大多数与会学者的高度认同和热烈赞扬。