项羽溃围路线考略——兼谈垓下古战场方位

楚汉相争,自秦灭后日趋激烈。从汉王元年(公元前206年)至五年,大小百余战,互有胜负,垓下之战决定了楚灭亡之命运。项羽败于垓下,死于乌江,已为史学界所公认,但垓下、乌江在何处?项羽突围逃走路线如何了史学界历有争论。弄清这条路线,对于研究秦汉史和地方史,不无禅益。要寻觅项羽溃围路线,务必首先确定垓下古战场的方位。

再析项羽不死于乌江

司马迁在撰写《项羽本纪》时,给读者留下一个谜,＂自刎乌江＂和＂身死东城＂前后的不一致具有很大的阐释性,以往学者讨论诸多。1985年《光明日报》发表了一篇安徽定远中学教师的文章,题目是《项羽究竟死于何地？》。他指出项羽在东城自刎,一时间引起热议,但是这种观点并没有被接受。所以时隔20年后,冯其庸先生作文再次论证。冯其庸认为项羽不死于乌江,而是死于东城。洋洋洒洒三万言进行论证。

The Crustal Velocity Structure Inference of Epicenter of the M8(1/2) Earthquake at Tancheng,Shandong,China,in 1668

The deep structure features around Tancheng M8 /2 earthquake occurred in 1668 have been analyzed. Based on the crustal velocity structure obtained from travel-time tomographic inversion, especially the low velocity zones in middle crust and Moho depths, the deep velocity structure distribution in the area of 34° ~ 36°N, 118° ~ 119°E is scanned along the latitude, longitude and oblique directions, and the corresponding crustal velocity profiles are obtained. By comparison, we take the area with velocity features coincident to the deep structure of the 1668 Tancheng M8/2 earthquake as the deduced epicenter, which is at 34. 8° ~35. 2°N, 118. 2° ~ 118. 7°E, and the reasonable location is 35. isN, 118. 6°E, and the focal depth is 20km.

问题解答

问:项羽是否自刎于乌江?在今何处? 答:项羽在楚汉战争中失利,自刎于乌江这段史实,《史记》和《汉书》都有记载,而且文字基本一致。先看看《史记·项羽本纪》中的有关记述。项羽在垓下(安徽灵壁东南)被汉军包围,突围后逃至东城(安徽定远东南)。汉军紧逼不放,“于是项王乃欲东渡乌江。乌江亭长檥船待,谓项王曰:‘江东虽小,地方千里,众数十万人,亦足王也。愿大王急渡。’”但是项羽认为这佯过江无颜见江东父老,于是转与汉军拼杀后自刎。

我厂应否成为该案的被告?

某市石化五厂来信询问:我厂三车间张某受车间委托,春节前到东城县采购一些海产品。张某到该县后,发现该县水产公司经营的水产品很便宜,产生倒卖发财之意,但所带现金不够,便持我厂厂办开具的证明张某身份的普通住宿介绍信。