李大钊在东城地区的建党实践

1921年中国共产党成立前后,以李大钊为代表的北大先进分子,开展了一系列党的思想建设和组织建设 的活动,培养了一批卓越的领导者,为中国共产党的创建做出了重要贡献。而这些工作又是以李大钊为代表的革命先驱 们组织和领导北大等进步学生开展学习和宣传马克思主义等活动逐步完成的。此外,李大钊同志还积极投身东城域内早 期基层党组织的建立,为中国共产党的成立积蓄宝贵力量。早期党组织的筹建和中国共产党的建立,也极大地增强李大 钊促进国共合作的信心。这些努力对北京东城地区、北方地区,乃至全国革命运动产生的各种直接、间接影响。

鄂尔多斯盆地陇东城壕地区长7油层组致密油储层微观特征

通过全岩分析、铸体薄片、扫描电镜、场发射扫描电镜、压汞等试验，对鄂尔多斯盆地陇东城壕地区长7油层组致密油储层微观特征进行了系统分析。结果表明，该区致密油储层粒度细，填隙物含量高，以伊利石等黏土矿物为主；储层孔喉结构复杂，以溶孔为主，残余粒间孔次之；储层孔隙、喉道半径小，致密程度高。不同物性储层的孔隙半径相差不大，但喉道半径差异较大，而喉道大小是决定渗透性差异的关键。储层微观特征差异成因分析表明，沉积、成岩作用是影响孔隙结构差异的最主要控制因素，最优储层为砂质碎屑流沉积形成的砂体，浊流沉积次之。

Vulnerability and Sustainable Development Mode of Coal Cities in Northeast China

In this study, by carrying on the spot investigation to the seven coal cities in Northeast China and interview-ing with the local authority and the residents, the authors definite the vulnerability that is closed to exposure, sensitiv-ity and resilience, and set up vulnerability model of coal cities in Northeast China. At the same time, the authors broadly illustrate how the components of natural-social-economic system act in the coal area, so as to probe the ways to reduce vulnerability more effectively, such as preferential national policy and so on. Furthermore, the article studies the relationship between vulnerability and sustainable development. Vulnerability is a spatio-temporal function of sus-tainable development. The regional sustainable development refrains the spiral ascending of vulnerability. And the re-gional vulnerability and sustainable development appear in turn. Then the article analyzes the natural vulnerability, so-cial vulnerability and economic vulnerability of coal cities in Northeast China. At last, combing vulnerability model and situation of coal cities in Northeast China, the authors put forward regional technology innovation mode, multi-dimension structure transformation mode, attracting investment mode and recycling economy mode to reduce vulnerability.

Effects of Forest Type and Urbanization on Carbon Storage of Urban Forests in Changchun, Northeast China

Rapid urbanization has led to dramatic changes in urban forest structures and functions, and consequently affects carbon(C) storage in cities. In this study, field surveys were combined with high resolution images to investigate the variability of C storage of urban forests in Changchun, Northeast China. The main objectives of this study were to quantify the C storage of urban forests in Changchun City, Northeast China and understand the effects of forest type and urbanization on C storage of urban forests. The results showed that the mean C density and the total C storage of urban forests in Changchun were 4.41 kg/m2 and 4.74 × 108 kg, respectively. There were significant differences in C density among urban forest types. Landscape and relaxation forest(LF) had the highest C density with 5.41 kg/m2, while production and management forest(PF) had the lowest C density with 1.46 kg/m2. These differences demonstrate that urban forest type is an important factor needed to be considered when the C storage is accurately estimated. Further findings revealed significant differences in different gradients of urbanization, and the mean C density decreased from the first ring(6.99 kg/m2) to the fourth ring(2.87 kg/m2). The total C storage increased from the first ring to the third ring. These results indicate that C storage by urban forests will be significantly changed during the process of urbanization. The results can provide insights for decision-makers and urban planners to better understand the effects of forest type and urbanization on C storage of urban forests in Changchun, and make better management plans for urban forests.

Conceptualizing and Measuring Economic Resilience of Resource-based Cities： Case Study of Northeast China

This paper develops a conceptual model and an indicator system for measuring economic resilience of resource-based cities based on the theory of evolutionary resilience and the related concepts of persistence, adaptation, and transformation. Nineteen resource-based cities in Northeast China were analyzed using the indicator system. The results showed that Liaoning and Jilin provinces had higher economic resilience than Heilongjiang Province. Panjin, Benxi, and Anshan in Liaoning Province were the top three cities, while Shuangyashan and other coal-based cities in Heilongjiang Province ranked last. Metals-and petroleum-based cities had significantly higher resilience than coal-based cities. The differences in persistence, adaptability, transformation, and resilience among resource-based cities decreased since the introduction of the Northeast Revitalization Strategy in 2003. Forestry-based cities improved the most in terms of resilience, followed by metals-based and multiple-resource cities; however, resilience dropped for coal-based cities, and petroleum-based cities falling the most. The findings illustrate the importance and the way to develop a differentiated approach to improve resilience among resource-based cities.

Observed Climate Change in East China during 1961-2007

By using in situ daily observations in East China during 1961-2007 and NCEP reanalysis data, the methods of statistical analyses, urban minus rural and observation minus reanalysis, it is revealed that the observed climate change and surface warming in East China were mainly induced by urbanization. The results show that East China has experienced two warmer periods of 1930s and 1980s in the past century; from 1951 to 2007, the regional mean temperature increased at a rate of 0.14℃ per decade; heat waves happened in urban center more frequently, and local climate showed a warming and dry trend; there was no significant linear trend in regional mean precipitation in the past 50 years. Urbanization was a crucial element for the regional warming; about 44% of the warming was due to heat island effect in the mega city.

Cartography of Air Pollution in an Industrial City in North-Eastern Algeria by Using Two Indexes： Poleotolerance Index and Atmospheric Purity Index

Of all the methods of studies on bio-estimation of air pollution by lichen flora, the authors cannot justify a choice of one method over another. Consultation of previous work by researchers has allowed us to compare these methods and to better understand their strengths and limitations. Under the terms of estimating the pollution, these methods are classified into three categories. Some are qualitative, quantitative and others are finally some indirect methods. The methods used to assess the overall air pollution relative value for each station studied. As part of our work, the authors have chosen a quantitative approach based on the combination of two methods. They are based on pollution indices obtained from mathematical formulas based on various parameters related to the lichen flora. They are represented by the I.P. （index poleotolerance） and the I.A.P. （index of atmospheric purity） and these two indices allowed us to map of global air pollution in the city of Skikda and petrochemical industry as well as peri-urban areas （Haddaiek, Hamadi Krouma, Hamrouche Hamoudi, Larbi Ben M＇Hidi）. The authors have identified areas of iso-pollution around different emission centers represented by the largest petrochemical area, traffic and households in urban areas of Skikda, Hamadi Krouma, Hamrouche Hamoudi and Larbi Ben M＇Hidi.

The Protection and Suggestion of the East Asian Maritime Cultural Routes Heritage

It is of great practical significance to study and protect the East Asian Maritime Cultural Routes Heritage. This is conducive to a profound understanding of the spirit of the East Asian region, especially traditional Chinese marine culture, and the maintenance of peace and order in East Asia and the world as a whole. But at present, some problems increase the difficulty for the protection of East Asian Maritime Cultural Routes Heritage, for example, improper development and utilization in the process of urbanization, imperfection of the management mechanism, multiplicity of the ownership of the estate. Propose to carry out a survey of the East Asian Maritime Cultural Routes Heritage as soon as possible, build regional integration cooperation mechanism, improve the marine cultural heritage protection technology, perfect the relevant laws and regulations.

Semi-urbanization and evolving patterns of urbanization in China: Insights from the 2000 to 2010 national censuses

Based on the prefecture-level data of the 2000 and 2010 national censuses, the spatial evolution of China's semi-urbanization is analyzed in this study. The stages of urbanization are re-examined by considering semi-urbanization. Nine types of urban development are presented according to the relations between semi-urbanization and urbanization, and China's urbanization is divided into five stages, namely, high incoordination, incoordination, low coordination, coordination, and high coordination. Results show that China's semi-urbanization rate varies significantly from one area to another; its order in 2010 from the highest to the lowest value was as follows: east, middle, west, and northeast. Urbanization and semi-urbanization rates in inland cities increase much faster than those in coastal cities. In addition, semi-urbanization displays a spatial pattern similar to that of urbanization across China, with the sole exception of the northeastern region. Through a spatial autocorrelation analysis, the spatial concentration of semi-urbanization is determined to be increasing. High-value concentration areas are expanding in the coastal east, whereas low-value concentration areas are growing in the northeast. Lastly, the evolution of China's urbanization model suggests a weakening trend of coordination between urbanization and semi-urbanization over the studied decade. Semi-urbanization can be viewed as a special production of China's hukou system, which restricts the permanent settlement of migrants in cities. As such, China's semi-urbanization trend is expected to exhibit a reversed U-shaped pattern as urbanization and citizenization develop.

Sensitivity experiments of impacts of large-scale urbanization in East China on East Asian winter monsoon

By using the global atmospheric general circulation model CAM4.0 including an urban canopy parameterization scheme,the possible impacts of large-scale urbanization in East China on East Asian winter monsoon was investigated via idealized numerical experiments.Results suggest that large-scale urbanization can cause a significant warming effect in both surface temperature and air temperature near the surface over most areas of East China.Meanwhile,large-scale urbanization also alters the surface energy balance,causing evident increases in net surface long-wave radiation and sensible heat flux as well as intensified surface thermal heating to the atmosphere.Forced by the surface thermal heating anomalies induced by the large-scale urban expansion,East Asian winter monsoon circulation exhibits distinct changes.Overall,the extensive urbanization over East China will weaken East Asian winter monsoon,but intensify winter monsoon in northeast China.

Aerosol properties over an urban site in central East China derived from ground sun-photometer measurements

Sun-photometer measurements at Hefei,an urban site located in central East China,were examined to investigate the variations of aerosol loading and optical properties.It is found that aerosol optical thickness(AOT)keeps higher in winter/spring and gets relatively lower in summer/autumn.The large AOT in winter is caused by anthropogenic sulfate/nitrate aerosols,while in spring dust particles elevate the background aerosol loading and the excessive fine-mode particles eventually lead to severe pollution.There is a dramatic decline of AOT during summer,with monthly averaged AOT reaching the maximum in June and soon the minimum in August.Meanwhile,aerosol size decreases consistently and single scattering albedo(SSA)reaches its minimum in July.During summertime large-sized particles play a key role to change the air from clean to mild-pollution situation,while the presence of massive small-sized particles makes the air being even more polluted.These complicated summer patterns are possibly related to the three key processes that are active in the high temperature/humidity environment concentrating on sulfate/nitrate aerosols,i.e.,gas-to-particle transformation,hygroscopic growth,and wet scavenging.Regardless of season,the increase of SSA with increasing AOT occurs across the visible and near-infrared bands,suggesting the dominant negative/cooling effect with the elevated aerosol loading.The SSA spectra under varying AOT monotonically decrease with wavelength.The relatively large slope arises in summer,reinforcing the dominance of sulfate/nitrate aerosols that induce severe pollution in summer season around this city.

Challenges of ＂Semi-Urbanization＂ to Village Democracy in China

This article analyzes the impact of urbanization on village democracy in China. The ＂economic absorption and social exclusion＂ of semiurbanization path has attracted rural residents to cities. These people participate in the urban economy just as a factor of production （labor） without enjoying the rights that urban citizens（xfiUagers） have. This urbanization path and population mobility has had a profound influence on rural democracy in China. On the one hand, large numbers of young people have left; the traditional villages in central and western China, which are characterized by population output（ many even move with their entire families）, causing the villages to lose their political elite while the interaction chain between villagers has been shortened and social trust in the villages has been weakened, thereby giving rise to a low quality of rural democracy. On the other hand, large numbers of migrant workers have flocked into the urbanized villages in eastern China, which are characterized by population input, and these people far outnumber local residents. Migrant workers are excluded from rural democracy and the governance structure. This local citizenship based on the household registration system restricts the inclusiveness of village democracy.