高黎贡山赧亢东白眉长臂猿食土行为的季节性变化研究

食土行为,也被称为食土癖,是许多哺乳动物都有的一种行为,即有选择的食用土壤。食土行为普遍存在于在植食性脊椎动物和灵长类中,通常被认为是中和植物中的次生代谢产物如酚类化合物、单宁、生物碱等对动物造成的不适功能,也有可能是用于补充身体所需的必要微量元素。但是该行为在猿类中很少见报道,本研究通过对高黎贡山一群东白眉长臂猿的一个年周期的研究发现,在长臂猿中也存在食土行为。通过对其季节性行为的分析,我们发现在果实匮乏的季节,其食土的频次更高,而在果实充足的季节,食土频次较低。本文讨论了猿类存在食土行为可能的原因。

云南高黎贡山东白眉长臂猿鸣声声谱研究

选取在云南高黎贡山赧亢、板场和保山市隆阳区太保公园中录制的东白眉长臂猿3组鸣声,用cool edie pro 2.0软件进行原始数据文件处理,再通过Raven pro 1.4软件进行声谱分析,得到图形化文件.据声谱分析结果,东白眉长臂猿二重唱中,雄性的鸣叫序列包括开始音节、重复音节和调节音节;调节音节根据第二个音节的频率变化分为强调音节和弱调音节.雌性的鸣唱序列分为重复音节和激动鸣叫,其激动鸣叫又可分为成功的激动鸣叫和失败的激动鸣叫.比较东白眉长臂猿与东、西黑冠长臂猿的鸣声,发现雌性东白眉长臂猿能够发出黑冠长臂猿雌性个体没有的重复音节.此外,雌性东白眉长臂猿失败的激动鸣叫的出现频率非常高,在一次完整的二重唱中都会存在雌性东白眉长臂猿失败的激动鸣叫,而东黑冠长臂猿的二重唱中没有.

云南高黎贡山赧亢东白眉长臂猿的鸣叫及其行为

为探讨东白眉长臂猿的鸣叫功能,于2007年春、秋季和2008年春季对分布在高黎贡山赧亢的1♀1♂(成体)1幼的家群和独猿(1♀,成体)跟踪观察,记录其鸣叫频次及行为。研究结果表明,家群年间鸣叫时间和频次差异性显著(p=0.05)。三个季节比较,以2008年春季家群的持续鸣叫时间最长。导致这种情况的原因有三,首先是2007年春季家群需要保护幼猿,所以减少鸣叫;其次,2008年幼猿死亡后家群中雌性个体发情和交配准备导致鸣叫频次和持续时间增加;再次,2008年春季家群和独猿的相对距离较近,导致春季长臂猿鸣叫时间和频次较高。秋季家群成功的二重唱频次高于春季,其二重唱行为更多地支持加强群内雌雄配对关系假说,而非空间和资源防卫假说。群间的合唱还与家群的警戒和防御有关;对雌性独猿而言,长时间对家群的尾随和回应性鸣叫,其功能含义还需深入研究验证。

高黎贡山赧亢东白眉长臂猿活动区秋季潜在可选果实食物研究

为保护东白眉长臂猿及其生境提供有效合理的依据,调查和研究了东白眉长臂猿秋季潜在果实食物,从而可以提供预案,防止突发自然灾害引起的常规食物不足,威胁东白眉长臂猿生存。研究采取野外观察与实验室分析相结合的方法,对高黎贡山赧亢东白眉长臂猿活动区的果实进行鉴定和测定。涉及的内容有果实和果树类型,果实的颜色、大小、形状和有无防护物,p H值、含水量、蛋白质、脂肪、灰分、Ca、P。在测定时,每项成分测定均做平行实验,求取平均值。采用Microsoft Excel 2003和SPSS 17.0软件分析数据,采用独立样本t检验分析食源果实和非食源果实数据。东白眉长臂猿只利用藤本果和乔木果,喜食浆果和梨果,颜色偏重于紫黑色和红色,对大小没有特别的要求,但食源果实中聚集生长的小果实居多(56.14%)。共测定了活动区的30种果实。比较本次测定的果实特征和东白眉长臂猿食源果实特征,匍匐酸藤子(Embelia procumbens)、八月瓜(Holbelia latifolia)和肉轴胡椒(Piper ponesheense)等3种与其食源果实最为接近,很有可能会成为东白眉长臂猿潜在可选果实。

高黎贡山赧亢东白眉长臂猿春秋季日能量获取研究

营养和能量的收支平衡是非人灵长类的生存基础。2007年12月及2008年4月,在高黎贡山赧亢生境走廊带采集东白眉长臂猿的食物样品。分析每种食物干样的粗蛋白、脂肪、纤维、总碳水化合物、灰分、钙和磷的含量。野外于2007-2008年春、秋季以焦点动物取样法观察同一家群（1♀1♂）东白眉长臂猿,记录日取食量相关数据。根据日摄取营养的量,参照预测代谢能公式计算日能量获取。研究结果表明,东白眉长臂猿不同食物种类及类型干样的营养成分存在变化。t-检验结果表明,春、秋季嫩叶干样的粗蛋白含量,果实干样的钙、磷含量差异性均显著,但东白眉长臂猿季节间日能量需求差异性均不显著。季节间果实、嫩叶的日能量百分比存在变化,季节间单位果、叶鲜重提供的能量也存在变化。分析显示,获取食物营养及能量的变化是东白眉长臂猿对环境变化的调节;季节间日取食量多少与食物质量低高的合理搭配使得日能量获取在季节间趋向于平衡。

东阳东白茶

东阳产茶历史悠久，早在汉代，东阳东白山区就已产茶，唐宋以来久负盛名，明朝东白名茶列入御前贡品。

提高机制东白春芽品质的三点措施

提高机制东白春芽品质的三点措施徐巧英（浙江省东阳市农业局３２２１００）东白春芽产于浙江省东阳市东白山，唐陆羽《茶经》就已有东白春芽的记载，历史悠久。该茶一向为手工制作，并以质优、形美而享有盛誉。自１９９４年开始，我们进行了机制加工方面的探索，但总存在...

东白山茶场生产现状与发展思路

通过对东白山茶场生产状况的分析,提出该茶场调整产品结构,争创名牌,搞活机制,加大科技投入等发展思路。

玉米新品种 东白501 东单72 FNL80

东白501辽辽宁东亚种业有限公司2002年以自选系F12为母本、自选系K0325为父本杂交组配而成的玉米单交种。母本来源于铁7922×(沈5003×辽轮753)

基于16S rRNA基因白眉长臂猿属物种鉴定研究

分子生物学作为重要的辅助手段是物种分类和物证鉴定常用的方法之一。高黎贡白眉长臂猿(Hoolock tianxing)于2017年从东白眉长臂猿(H.leuconedys)中分离出来,独立成种,但两者幼体的形态学特征并不明显,形态鉴别较难。本研究基于16S rRNA基因对3个白眉长臂猿属物种(样品分别标记为B1、B2、B3)进行物种鉴定。BLAST比对结果显示,B1与东白眉长臂猿(GenBank:KY250071.1)的同源性为100%,B2与天行长臂猿(KY250070.1)的同源性为100%,B3与东白眉长臂猿(KY250074.1)的同源性为99.61%。系统发育树分析显示:B1、B3与东白眉长臂猿的聚为一支,B2与4条天行长臂猿的序列聚为一支,支持率达100%。综上,B1、B3为东白眉长臂猿,B2为天行长臂猿。本次研究为16S rRNA基因在灵长类物种鉴定和野生动物司法鉴定上提供参考。

Observation and Comparision on Morphological Characteristics of the Seed-like Fruits of Salvia shandongensis and Its Relatives

[Objective] This study aimed to compare and analyse the morphological characteristics of the seed-like fruits between Salvia shandongensis J. X. Li et F. Q. Zhou and its relatives. [Method] The morphological characteristics of the mature seed-like fruits of Salvia shandongensis and its three congeners, S. miltiorrhiza, S. miltiorrhiza f. alba and S. bowleyana, were comparatively observed using both optical microscope and scanning electron microscope. [Result] The results showed that there were distinct differences in the shape, size and exine sculpture of the seed-like fruits of the four Danshen congeners： the seed-like fruits of S. shandongensis that were elliptical and had areolate sculpture with subquadrangular convex meshes as well as densely filamentous transverse lines were easy to be distinguished from those of S. miltiorrhiza Bge., which were broadly elliptical and had reticulate sculpture with subquadrate concave meshes. The seed-like fruits of S. bowleyana were fusiform and their ektexine had reticulate sculpture with polygonal meshes, which were slightly convex at the center, which are obviously different from those of S. shandongensis. [Conclusion] This study first accumulates data of the seed-like fruits of S. shandongensis, which provides important bases for establishing its taxonomical status and studying its germplasm. The morphological characteristics and reticulate sculpture on ektexine of the seed-like fruits S. miltiorrhiza Bge. are consistent with the previous report. The results in this study not only provide references for uncovering the genetic relationships between S. shandongensis and S. miltiorrhiza Bge., as well as the interspecific classification and identification. In addition, this study also provides new scientific proofs for the identification of Danshen species and their introduction and cultivation, genetics and breeding.

Analysis of organic acids in selected forest litters of Northeast China

Larch (Larix olgensis), Manchurian ash (Fraxinus mandshurica), Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) and White birch (Betula platyphylla) are the major planting species in northeast China. The samples of forest litters were collected from the stands of the above 4 species in Laoyeling and Jianlagou experiment stations of Maorshan Exp. Forest Farm (45?2-45?0N, 127?0-127?8E), Northeast Forestry University, in early October 2002. Quantitative analysis and qualitative analysis were carried out on the organic acids existing in freshly fallen litters (L layer) and hemi-decomposed litters (F layer) of the four forest species by using Gas Chromatogram system. A wide variety of organic acids were identified, including oxalic, malonic, fumaric, succinic, maleic, malic, citric, C16:0, C18:0, C18:1, C18:2, C18:3 and C20:0 acids. In respect of L litters of all samples, the oxalic acid content (over 30 mg/g) was the highest of the seven low-molecular-weight organic acids identified, while the content of oleic or linoleic (above 40 mg/g) was found to be highest among the six high aliphatic acids identified. As to F litters, oxalic acid content was also the highest, followed by linoleic and oleic. For the same tree species or the same forest, the kinds and contents of organic acids in L litters were more abundant than that in F litters.

Population Distribution and Dynamics of Quercus liaotungensis, Fraxinus rhynchophylla and Acer mono in Dongling Mountain, Beijing

The spatial distribution and population dynamics of Quercus liaotungensis Koidz., Fraxinus rhynchophylla Hance and Acer mono Maxim. were studied in three warm temperate deciduous forests in Dongling Mountain, Beijing. Clumped distributions appeared in most seedlings (≤0.4 m), short saplings (0.4-1 m) and tall saplings (1-2 m). Random distributions appeared in adults of Q. liaotungensis in Plot 1, F. rhynchophylla in Plot 3. The LSD method was used to discern the differences of different aged population. The class distribution of Q. liaotungensis was nearly a reverse-J shape for Plot 1 and Plot 3, suggesting that the population regenerates continuously. The age-structures of F. rhynchophylla and A. mono in Plot 1 and the test results indicated that they would increase continuously. In Plot 2, the class distribution and the test results showed that all populations would not regenerate continuously.

Discovery of Triploid Allium macrostemon Bunge in Laizhou City of Shandong Province

[Objective]The study was to analyze the karyotype of Allium macrostemon Bunge in Laizhou City of Shandong Province.[ Method] The root tip of A. macrostemon was pretreated with 8-hydroxyquinoline solution, fixed, dissociated and stained for preparing the glass slide to reveal the chromosome number via the microscopic examination; the sparse cells with good chromosome morphology were photographed under microscope. [ Result ]Allium macrostemon Bunge in Laizhou City introduced in this study was tdploid; its somatic chromosome number was 24 and karyotype formula was K（2n） =3x=24m（2SAT） ＋ 1Bs, thus the karyotype belongs to 1A type. One of the chromosome No. 3 contained satellite, and chromosome deletion may be existed in one of the chromosome No. 5. In addition, B chromosome was observed in some cells.[ Conclusion] This introduction of triploid A. macrostemon found in China was the first time.

Dynamic change of arborous species diversity in natural secondary forests after selective cutting on the north slope of Changbai Mountain, Northeast China

The community characteristics of natural secondary forests on the north slope of Changbai Mountain after selective cutting were investigated, and the dynamics of arborous species diversity during the restoration period of 28 years were studied. The results showed that the arborous species richness (S) had little change and kept the range of 18-22 all along, the Simpson index (D) of the secondary layer and regeneration layer and whole stand had similar trends of change, but that of the canopy layer descended slowly in initial 15 years and had little change later, and the change of diversity index was not obvious and the Shannon-Wiener index (H? fluctuated in a very small scopes (H±10%).

综合资讯

时隔17年,广州动物园再次成功繁殖长臂猿时隔17年,广州动物园再次成功繁殖国家一级保护动物长臂猿,这也是广州动物园首次成功繁殖东白眉长臂猿。11月24日,广州动物园的猿宝宝满月了。据介绍,广州动物园园内现有11只长臂猿,其中6只是东白眉长臂猿(3雄2雌1未知性别宝宝)。国内现有东白眉长臂猿数量不足50只。11月24日是猿宝宝满月的好日子。广州动物园诚邀市民奇思妙想表祝福,为出生在长臂猿日的可爱精灵取名字。可以在广1州动物园官方微博、微信、小红书、抖音留言,备注为猿宝宝起的名字,园方将通过评选的方式让猿宝宝拥有一个响亮的名字。

Behaviors of the Oriental White Stork (Ciconia boyciana) in a semi-natural enclosure

Environmental factors affect animal behavior in a variety of ways. Compared to animals in the wild, captive animals are kept in narrow enclosures, suffer higher densities and are more intensely affected by human activities. Therefore, behavioral elasticity is likely modified to some extent in captive animals, which may negatively affect the possibility of successful release of endangered species in the wild. In our study we investigated the behaviors of the Oriental White Stork (Ciconia boyciana) in a semi-natural enclosure from 15 October 2005 to 8 September 2006 in Hefei Wildlife Park, China. The behavioral data were collected by instantaneous and scan sampling methods, and we analyzed the relationships between environmental factors and their behaviors. The amounts of time spent on maintenance behavior (foraging and moving) were at similar levels for birds reproducing multibroods (Group 1), birds reproducing one brood (Group 2) and birds without reproduction (Group 3). On the other hand, the amount of time spent on elastic behavior (defensive, breeding and preening) for Group 3 was lower than that for Groups 1 and 2. The behavioral pattern of the storks exhibited marked seasonal changes, which may be a function of ambient temperature, human disturbanc, and the length of daylight, but not of wind intensity. Our results provide basic data for future conser- vation measures of this endangered species.

Screening and application of microsatellite markers for genetic diversity analysis of Oriental White Stork (Ciconia boyciana)

The Oriental White Stork (Ciconia boyciana) is a large and endangered waterbird in East Asia.Research on conservation genetics of this species is urgently needed.In this study,microsatellite marking technology was used for screening and analysis of genetic diversity of microsatellite markers in Oriental White Storks.A total of 36 pairs of microsatellite primers were used,of which 7 pairs came from Ciconia ciconia,12 pairs from Nipponia nippon and 17 pairs from Ardea herodias.Microsatellite loci were screened from 23 individuals of the Oriental White Stork and 11 microsatellite loci were found with high polymorphism.The number of population alleles ranged from 3 to 11,averaging 7.09.The average expected heterozygosity (H e) was 0.7816 and the average polymorphism information content (PIC) 0.7172,suggesting a relatively high genetic diversity in the population.

Age and Growth of Chub Mackerel (Scomber japonicus) in the East China and Yellow Seas Using Sectioned Otolith Samples

Although chub mackerel （Scomberjaponicus） is a primary pelagic fish species, we have only limited knowledge on its key life history processes. The present work studied the age and growth of chub mackerel in the East China and Yellow Seas. Age was determined by interpreting and counting growth rings on the sagitta otoliths of 252 adult fish caught by the Chinese commercial purse seine fleet during the period from November 2006 to January 2007 and 150 juveniles from bottom trawl surveys on the spawning ground in May 2006. The difference between the assumed birth date of 1st April and date of capture was used to adjust the age determined from counting the number of complete translucent rings. The parameters of three commonly used growth models, the von Bertalanffy, Logistic and Gompertz models, were estimated using the maximum likelihood method. Based on the Akaike Information Criterion （AIC）, the yon Bertalanffy growth model was found to be the most appropriate model. The size-at-age and size-at-maturity values were also found to decrease greatly compared with the results achieved in the 1950s, which was caused by heavy exploitation over the last few decades.

The Contribution of Opal-Associated Phosphorus to Bioavailable Phosphorus in Surface and Core Sediments in the East China Sea

To improve the burial flux calculations of bioavailable phosphorus （P） and study opal-associated P （Opal-P） in the East China Sea （ECS）, surface and core sediments were collected in the Changjiang Estuary （CE） and the south of the Cheju Island. In this study, sedimentary P was operationally divided into seven different forms using modified sedimentary extraction （SEDEX） technique： LSor-P （exchangeable or loosely sorbed P）, Fe-P （easily reducible or reactive ferric Fe-bound P）, CFA-P （authigenic carbonate fluorapatite and biogenic apatite and CaCO3-bound P）, Detr-P （detrital apatite）, Org-P （organic P）, Opal-P and Ref-P （refractory P）. The data revealed that the concentrations of the seven different P forms rank as Detr-P 〉 CFA-P 〉 Org-P 〉 Ref-P 〉 Opal-P 〉 Fe-P 〉 LSor-P in surface sediments and CFA-P 〉 Detr-P 〉 Org-P 〉 Ref-P 〉 Fe-P 〉 Opal-P 〉 LSor-P in core sediments. The distributions of the total phosphorus （TP）, TIP, CFA-P, Detr-P are similar and decrease from the CE to the south of the Cheju Island. Meanwhile, Org-P and Opal-P exhibit different distribution trends; this may be affected by the grain size and TOM. The concentrations of potentially bioavailable P are 9.6-13.0 μmol g^-1 and 10.0-13.6 μmol g^-1, representing 61%-70% and 41%？64% of the TP in surface and core sediments, respectively. The concentrations of Opal-P are 0.6-2.3 μmol g^-1 and 0.6-1.4 μmol g^-1 in surface and core sediments, ac-counting for 5.3%？19.8% and 4.2%？10.6% of bioavailable P, respectively. The total burial fluxes of Opal-P and bioavailable P are 1.4×10^9 mol y^-1 and 1.1×10^10 mol yr^-1 in the ECS, respectively. Opal-P represents about 12.7% of potentially bioavailable P, which should be recognized when studying P cycling in marine ecosystems.