孟加拉湾与赤道东印度洋水交换的季节变化特征

文章利用海洋再分析产品及卫星遥感资料等分析了赤道东印度洋与孟加拉湾经向盐交换的季节变化特征, 估算了孟加拉湾湾口6°N 断面的年均淡水输运量.盐通量计算结果表明孟加拉湾与赤道东印度洋的盐交换过程主要由海流控制, 湾口东西两侧过程基本相反.西南季风期（东北季风期）西侧为向北（南）的盐通量, 东侧为向南（北）的盐通量.湾口经向淡水输运量的分析表明, 断面上层在4~10 月湾内向湾外输运淡水; 在11 月-次年3 月则相反.年均经向淡水输运量的分析表明, 在整个深度层次上由孟加拉湾向赤道东印度洋输运淡水, 断面年均淡水输运量为1.0×10^5m3·s^-1.

季风转换期东印度洋的赤道流系结构和水文特征

基于2013-04夏季风转换期间航次观测数据,对赤道东部印度洋3支东向强流及其水文特征进行分析。结果表明,沿赤道在表层存在Wyrtki急流,在温跃层深度存在赤道潜流,它们携带着阿拉伯海的高盐水向东输运,81°E断面上,核心流量分别为4.76Sv和12.18Sv;南赤道逆流核心在5°S附近,核心流量7.4Sv,并伴有高盐特性。

赤道东印度洋和孟加拉湾障碍层厚度的季节内和准半年变化

利用2002-2015年ARGO网格化的温度、盐度数据,结合卫星资料揭示了赤道东印度洋和孟加拉湾障碍层厚度的季节内和准半年变化特征,探讨了其变化机制。结果表明,障碍层厚度变化的两个高值区域出现在赤道东印度洋和孟加拉湾北部。在赤道区域,障碍层同时受到等温层和混合层变化的影响,5-7月和11-1月受西风驱动,Wyrtki急流携带阿拉伯海的高盐水与表层的淡水形成盐度层结,同时西风驱动的下沉Kelvin波加深了等温层,混合层与等温层分离,障碍层形成。在湾内,充沛的降雨和径流带来的大量淡水产生很强的盐度层结,混合层全年都非常浅,障碍层季节内变化和准半年变化主要受等温层深度变化的影响。上述两个区域障碍层变化存在关联,季节内和准半年周期的赤道纬向风驱动的波动过程是它们存在联系的根本原因。赤道东印度洋地区的西风(东风)强迫出向东传的下沉(上升)的Kelvin波,在苏门答腊岛西岸转变为沿岸Kelvin波向北传到孟加拉湾的东边界和北边界,并且在缅甸的伊洛瓦底江三角洲顶部(95°E,16°N)激发出向西的Rossby波,造成湾内等温层深度的正(负)异常,波动传播的速度决定了湾内的变化过程滞后于赤道区域1~2个月。

赤道东印度洋次表层高盐水的年际变化

本文利用2010—2019年东印度洋海洋学综合科学考察基金委共享航次数据、Argo(array for real-time geostrophic oceanography)和简单海洋再分析数据(simple ocean data assimilation,SODA),研究了赤道东印度洋次表层高盐水(subsurface high salinity water,SHSW)的年际变化,并探讨了其形成机制。仅限于春季的观测资料显示,来自阿拉伯海的高盐水位于东印度洋赤道断面次表层70~130m深度处,且具有显著的年际变化。基于月平均SODA资料的研究结果表明,不同时期SHSW盐度异常的变化趋势存在显著差异,2010—2015年趋势比较稳定,而2016—2019年则呈现出显著的上升趋势。通过对SHSW的回归分析表明,风场和次表层纬向流是控制该高盐水年际变化的主要因子。进一步的分析表明,赤道印度洋的东风异常导致水体向西堆积,产生东向压强梯度力,进而激发出次表层异常东向流,最终引起SHSW盐度异常升高。此动力关联在印度洋偶极子事件中尤为显著,这进一步反映了赤道东印度洋SHSW的年际变化受到印度洋偶极子的调制。

Comparisons of the temperature and humidity profiles of reanalysis products with shipboard GPS sounding measurements obtained during the 2018 Eastern Indian Ocean Open Cruise

It is important to be able to characterize the thermal conditions over the equatorial Indian Ocean for both weather forecasting and climate prediction. This study compared the equatorial eastern Indian Ocean (EEIO) temperature and relative humidity profiles from three reanalysis products (JRA-55, MERRA2, and FGOALS-f2) with shipboard global positioning system (GPS) sounding measurements obtained during the Eastern Indian Ocean Open Cruise in spring 2018. The FGOALS-f2 reanalysis product is based on the initialization module of a sub-seasonal to seasonal prediction system with a nudging-based data assimilation method. The results indicated that:(1) both JRA-55 and MERRA2 were reliable in characterizing the temperature profile from 850 to 600 hPa, with a maximum deviation of about <0.5℃. Both datasets showed a large negative deviation below 825 hPa, with a maximum bias of about 2℃ at 1000 hPa and 1.5℃ at 900 hPa, respectively.(2) JRA-55 showed good performance in characterizing the relative humidity profile above 850 hPa, with a maximum deviation of < 8%, while it showed much wetter conditions below 850 hPa. MERRA2 overestimated the relative humidity in the middle to lower troposphere, with a maximum deviation of about 15% at 925 hPa.(3) The FGOALS-f2 reanalysis product more accurately reproduced the temperature profile in the marine atmospheric boundary layer over the EEIO than that in JRA-55 and MERRA2, but showed much wetter conditions than the GPS sounding observations, with a maximum deviation of up to 20% at 600 hPa. Future applications of GPS sounding datasets are discussed.

Impacts of Indonesian Throughflow on seasonal circulation in the equatorial Indian Ocean

Impacts of the Indonesian Throughflow(ITF) on seasonal circulation in the equatorial eastern Indian Ocean are investigated using the ocean-only model LICOM by opening and closing ITF passages. LICOM had daily forcing from NCEP reanalysis data during 2000–2011. It can reproduce vertical profiles of mean density and buoyancy frequency of World Ocean Atlas 2013 data. The model also simulates well annual oscillation in the central Indian Ocean and semiannual oscillation in the eastern Indian Ocean of sea level anomalies(SLA) using satellite altimeter data, as well as the semiannual oscillation of surface zonal equatorial currents of Ocean Surface Current Analyses Real Time current data in the equatorial Indian Ocean. The wave decomposition method is used to analyze the propagation and reflection of equatorial long waves based on LICOM output. Wave analysis suggests that ITF blockage mainly influences waves generated from the Indian Ocean but not the Pacific Ocean, and eastern boundary reflections play an important role in semiannual oscillations of SLA and zonal current dif ferences in the equatorial Indian Ocean associated with ITF. Reconstructed ITF-caused SLA using wave decomposition coefficient dif ferences between closed and open ITF-passage experiments suggest both Kelvin and Rossby waves from the first baroclinic mode have comparable contributions to the semiannual oscillations of SLA diff erence. However, reconstructed ITFcaused surface zonal currents at the equator suggest that the first meridional-mode Rossby wave has much greater contribution than the first baroclinic mode Kelvin wave. Both reconstructed sea level and zonal currents demonstrate that the first baroclinic mode has a greater contribution than other baroclinic modes.

Analysis of Equatorial Currents Observed by Eastern Indian Ocean Cruises in 2010 and 2011

Hydrographic and direct current measurements were made in the Eastern Equatorial Indian Ocean in May 2010 and April 2011 as part of the Eastern Indian Ocean Cruises(EIOC) organized by the South China Sea Institute of Oceanology(SCSIO).Analyses of the shipdrift Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler(ADCP) data indicate that the equatorial currents observed in May 2010 are characterized by a strongly eastward surface current(Wyrtki Jets,WJs) with a maximum velocity of 0.9 m s 1,while that observed in April 2011 is weak and without a consistent direction.The strongly eastward WJ transports the surface water eastward,resulting in a deeper upper mixed layer,as shown in the temperature and salinity profiles.However,it was found that the Equatorial Undercurrent(EUC) in the Eastern Indian Ocean is strong in April 2011 and weak in May 2010.The EUC was located approximately at the position of the thermocline,and it had higher salinity(up to approximately 35.5 psu) than the upper and lower waters.

Climate variability and predictability associated with the Indo-Pacific Oceanic Channel Dynamics in the CCSM4 Coupled System Model

An experiment using the Community Climate System Model(CCSM4), a participant of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase-5(CMIP5), is analyzed to assess the skills of this model in simulating and predicting the climate variabilities associated with the oceanic channel dynamics across the Indo-Pacific Oceans. The results of these analyses suggest that the model is able to reproduce the observed lag correlation between the oceanic anomalies in the southeastern tropical Indian Ocean and those in the cold tongue in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean at a time lag of 1 year. This success may be largely attributed to the successful simulation of the interannual variations of the Indonesian Throughflow, which carries the anomalies of the Indian Ocean Dipole(IOD) into the western equatorial Pacific Ocean to produce subsurface temperature anomalies, which in turn propagate to the eastern equatorial Pacific to generate ENSO. This connection is termed the "oceanic channel dynamics" and is shown to be consistent with the observational analyses. However, the model simulates a weaker connection between the IOD and the interannual variability of the Indonesian Throughflow transport than found in the observations. In addition, the model overestimates the westerly wind anomalies in the western-central equatorial Pacific in the year following the IOD, which forces unrealistic upwelling Rossby waves in the western equatorial Pacific and downwelling Kelvin waves in the east. This assessment suggests that the CCSM4 coupled climate system has underestimated the oceanic channel dynamics and overestimated the atmospheric bridge processes.

Why does the IOD-ENSO teleconnection disappear in some decades?

Lag correlations between sea surface temperature anomalies （SSTA） in the southeastern tropical Indian Ocean （STIO） in fall and Nifio 3.4 SSTA in the eastern equatorial Pacific in the following fall are subjected to decadal variation, with positive correlations during some decades and negative correlations during others. Negative correlations are smaller and of shorter duration than positive correlations. Variations in lag correlations suggest that the use of the Indian Ocean Dipole （IOD） as a predictor of the E1 Nifio- Southern Oscillation （ENSO） at a lead time of one year is not effective during some decades. In this study, lag correlations between IOD and ENSO anomalies were analyzed to investigate why the IOD-ENSO teleconnection disappears during decades with negative correlations. Anomalies induced by the IOD in the equatorial Pacific Ocean during decades with negative correlations are still present, but at a greater depth than in decades with positive correlations, resulting in a lack of response to oceanic channel dynamics in the cold tongue SSTA. Lag correlations between oceanic anomalies in the west Pacific warm pool in fall and the equatorial Pacific cold tongue with a one-year time lag are significantly positive during decades with negative correlations. These results suggest that oceanic channel dynamics are overwhelmed by ocean- atmosphere coupling over the equatorial Pacific Ocean during decades with negative correlations. Therefore, the Indonesian throughflow is not effective as a link between IOD signals and the equatorial Pacific ENSO.