Ontogeny and Metamorphic Patterns of Female Reproductive Organs of Ephedra sinica Stapf (Ephedraceae)

Ontogeny and metamorphic. development of female reproductive organs in Ephedra sinica Stapf were surveyed. At the end of April, female cones began to initialize from the vegetative buds. Pollination occurred in mid-May and seeds matured at the beginning of July. The ontogenetic pattern of female reproductive organs of E. sin ca is basically similar to that of E. distachya L. The foliar nature of the outer envelope of the ovule in Ephedra is corroborated. Reduction of ovule number as a tendency of speciation in the genus is substantiated by the occurrence of tri-ovulate cones coupled with comprehensive characters of the genus. The metamorphic patterns as well as the leaf nature of the outer envelope indicate that female cones of Ephedra are compound while the female reproductive units of the ovulate cone have been reduced from secondary reproductive shoots similar to those of cordaites by phylogenetic transformation, fusion and reduction. Each fertile bract together with its axillary female reproductive unit composed the Bract Scale and Seed Scale Complex of Ephedra.

Ontogenetic Changes in Meristic Measurements of Silver Carp and Bighead Carp

The study analyzed 30 exterior meristic characters for 255 silver and bighead carp samples of 1- to 5-year-old collected from the National Primary Breeding Farm at Laojianghe Lake at the Middle Reach of the Yangtze River. Multivariate analysis was performed. In silver carp, the Euclidean distance was the greatest between the 1-year-old group and other age groups. Silver carp individuals were correctly classified at 98.0% accuracy with a discriminant function established by discriminant analysis based on meristic measurements. Similarly, bighead carp had the greatest distance between 1- to 2-year-old group and other age groups. Individuals of bighead carp were correctly classified at 90.7% accuracy by the discrimination function. The data showed that morphological transformation occurred during the life history of silver and bighead carp development. Eighteen meristic measurements showed highly significant differences, while four showed a significant difference between the two silver carp groups. Ten parameters decreased, while twelve measurements increased during development. In bighead carp, fourteen parameters were significantly different, while three parameters were significantly different between the two groups. Twelve parameters were significantly decreased and another five were increased during development. The results suggest allometric growth should be taken into account when identifying species, analyzing population differences and establishing germplasm standards based on morphology.

Control of In Vitro Regeneration of Individual Reproductive and Vegetative Organs in Dracaena fragrans cv. massangeana Hort. Regularities of the Direct Regenerationof Individual Organs In Vitro

Various individual organs (tepal, flower bud, inflorescence branch, inflorescence, adult vegetative bud and juvenile vegetative bud) were directly regenerated respectively by callus in Dracaena fragrans cv. massangeana Hort. During the regeneration of these individual organs some regularity phenomena were observed. Firstly, the kind range of the individual organs, which are directly regenerated in vitro, is in close relationship to the differentiated stages of the organs used for explant excision during plant ontogeny. The explants excised from the epigeous organ that is differentiated at some stage (stage A) during plant ontogeny must be able to separately regenerate all of those individual epigeous organs: ones differentiated slightly later than the stage A, ones differentiated at the stage A and all ones differentiated earlier than the stage A. Secondly, within this range which kind of organ is regenerated depends on the exogenous auxin concentrations in medium. With the gradual increase of 2,4-D concentration from 0.005 mg/L to 0.5 mg/L, the kinds of regenerated organs will change by the order as follows: vegetative bud, inflorescence, inflorescence branch, flower bud, tepal. These regularities will be able to be used for inducing the direct regeneration of a given epigeous organ in angiosperms.

Development and Ultrastructure of the Phloem Ganglion in Bamboo Node

The development, cytological characters and ultrastructure of phloem ganglion in the nodal region of Phyllostachys edulis (Carr.) H. de Lehaie, a most economically important bamboo, were investigated and the possible physiological function of this special structure was proposed. The phloem ganglion derived directly from procambium is situated at the sites where the vascular bundle forks and is present in pairs. The phloem ganglion is spindle_like in appearance and usually consists of 4 to 6 layers. Two kinds of cells in the ganglion could be distinguished. In the middle, there are two layers of filiform cells with pointed ends so that there are no normal sieve plates. Nevertheless, there are many pits on the lateral wall of the filiform cells. The other type of cells located at both ends of the spindle which possess an intermediate form between the filiform cell and the normal sieve tube. The walls of these cells towards the filiform cells are strongly convex forming a special sieve plate. Ultrastructure study showed that cells in the ganglion are connected by enriched plasmodesma. During early differentiation, the paramural body and the ingrowth of cell wall could be observed. It indicates that the cells of phloem ganglion have the character of transfer cells. The organelles in the mature cells are mainly plastids with abundant accumulation of proteins of crystalline structure. The above_mentioned results suggest that the physiological function of the phloem ganglion is closely related with substance transport.

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备课是上课的根本,备好课才能上好课。文章针对备好课提出了具体的措施,旨在提高课堂教学效率和教学质量。

Significance of the Expression of CyclinD1 and Ki67 Antigen in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

Objective: To detect the expression of cyclinD1 and Ki67 in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and their correlation with the biological behaviors and prognosis. Methods: 56 cases of biopsy specimens of NPC which had been embedded with para?n in 1996 in our hospital were collected and immunostained with cyclinD1 and Ki67 monoclonal antibodies by means of the streptavidin peroxides method. The patients were followed up periodically, and then their biological behaviors and prognosis were statistically analyzed. Results: The percentage of cyclinD1 and Ki67 positive cells in the NPC specimens ranged from 0–54% and 0–31% respectively. The staining was nuclear. Of the 56 cases, 30 cases (56.6%) highly expressed cyclinD1 or Ki67 HPI and 26 cases (46.4%) lowly expressed cyclinD1, while only 16 cases (28.6%) showed Ki67 HPI (high proliferated index) and 40 cases (71.4%) showed Ki67 LPI (low proliferated index). Patients who lowly expressed cyclinD1 or highly expressed Ki67 had a higher radiosensitivity and a better prognosis. Conclusion: CyclinD1 and Ki67 immunohistochemical staining is considered to be useful, not only as an independent factor of radiosensitivity and prognosis respectively, but also as a means of determining the optimum treatment for each individual patient with NPC.

Ontogenetic development in the morphology and behavior of loach(Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) during early life stages

Loach （Misgurnus anguillicaudatus） is a commercially important fish in China and an ideal aquaculture species. However, culturists experience high larval and juvenile mortality during mass production. To provide insight into ways to improve larviculture techniques, we describe the morphological characteristics and behavior of loach during the larval and early juvenile stages. Yolksae larvae ranged from 2.8 to 4.0 mm body length （BL） between days 0 to 4; preflexion larvae ranged from 3.6 to 5.5 mm BL between days 4 to 6; flexion larvae ranged from 4.8 to 8.1 mm BL between days 5 and 14; and post-flexion larvae ranged from 7. l to 15.7 mm BL between days 11 to 27; the minimum length and age of juveniles was 14.1 mm BL and 23 d, respectively. Loach are demersal from hatch through to the early juvenile stages. A suite of morphological characteristics （e.g., external gill filament and ventral mouth opening） and behavioral traits have developed to adapt to demersal living. We observed positive allometric growth in eye diameter, head length, head height, and pectoral fin length during the early larval stages, reflecting the priorities in the development of the organs essential for survival. Our results provide a basis for developing techniques to improve the survival of larval and juvenile loach during mass production.

Covariation between personalities and individual differences in coping with stress:Converging evidence and hypotheses

In the past decade there has been a profusion of studies highlighting covariation between individual differences in stress physiology and behavioural profiles, here called personalities. Such individual differences in ways of coping with stress are relevant both in biomedicine, since different personalities may experience a different stress and disease vulnerability, and in behavioural ecology, since their adaptive value and evolutionary maintenance are the subject of debate. However, the precise way in which individual stress differences and personalities are linked is unclear. Here we provide an updated overview of this covariation across different species and taxa, consider its functional significance and present working hypotheses for how behavioural and physiological responses to stress might be causally linked, affecting life-history traits such as dispersal and life-span [Current Zoology 56 （6）： 728-740, 2010].

Ontogeny of the Lymphoid Organs of Japanese Flounder,Paralichthys olivaceus

Histological study on the ontogeny of the lymphoid organs, kidney, thymus and spleen of Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, from hatching to 40 d was carried out. The pronephric kidney duct appeared early in hatching although the primordial haemopoietic stem cells were observed within a week after hatching. The spleen was first seen after 8 d of hatching. The thymus appeared after 15 d, situated near the pronephric kidney. Small lymphoid cells appeared during the later phase of the post-larval stage in the sequence of thymus, kidney and spleen. During the 40 d of observations, there were no distinct inner or outer zones in thymus and no red or white pulp in spleen. These results suggest that the nonspecific defense immune system plays a very important role in the early larval stage of Japanese flounder.

Individual Variation in Growth in Sea Cucumber Apostichopus japonicus(Selenck) Housed Individually

The exceptionally large individual growth variation has been previously recognized in several sea cucumber cohorts. However, there is a lack of information regarding the mechanism of such individual differences. In this study, the sea cucumber Apostichopusjaponicus （Selenka） was reared individually in order to eliminate possible effects of social interaction, stocking density, etc. The results showed that there were substantial differences in growth among the sea cucumber individuals during the 100-day experiment. The special growth rate of the sea cucumber individuals differed by up to three folds （from 0.40% to 1.01%）, and the coefficient of variation in body weight increased from 12.04% to 40.51%. The final wet body weight, food intake and food conversion efficiency for each sea cucumber were generally positively correlated with their initial wet body weight （P〈0.05）. Energy budget of the animals showed that the food energy spent on respiration was much greater （about four folds） but energy deposited for growth was much less for （initially） smaller than for larger A. japonicus. The present result implies that there are obvious genetic differences among the sea cucumber individuals, largely accounting for the individual growth variation of the cohort sea cucumber. These results will provide some basic data for promoting selective breeding and fanning of the sea cucumber.

Effect of culture methods on individual variation in the growth of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus within a cohort and family

There is substantial individual variation in the growth rates of sea cucumber Apostiehopus japonicus individuals. This necessitates additional work to grade the seed stock and lengthens the production period. We evaluated the influence of three culture methods （free-mixed, isolated-mixed, isolated-alone） on individual variation in growth and assessed the relationship between feeding, energy conversion efficiency, and individual growth variation in individually cultured sea cucumbers. Of the different culture methods, animals grew best when reared in the isolated-mixed treatment （i.e., size classes were held separately）, though there was no difference in individual variation in growth between rearing treatment groups. The individual variation in growth was primarily attributed to genetic factors. The difference in food conversion efficiency caused by genetic differences among individuals was thought to be the origin of the variance. The level of individual growth variation may be altered by interactions among individuals and environmental heterogeneity. Our results suggest that, in addition to traditional seed grading, design of a new kind of substrate that changes the spatial distribution of sea cucumbers would effectively enhance growth and reduce individual variation in growth of sea cucumbers in culture.

An improved cross entropy algorithm for steelmaking-continuous casting production scheduling with complicated technological routes

In order to increase productivity and reduce energy consumption of steelmaking-continuous casting(SCC) production process, especially with complicated technological routes, the cross entropy(CE) method was adopted to optimize the SCC production scheduling(SCCPS) problem. Based on the CE method, a matrix encoding scheme was proposed and a backward decoding method was used to generate a reasonable schedule. To describe the distribution of the solution space, a probability distribution model was built and used to generate individuals. In addition, the probability updating mechanism of the probability distribution model was proposed which helps to find the optimal individual gradually. Because of the poor stability and premature convergence of the standard cross entropy(SCE) algorithm, the improved cross entropy(ICE) algorithm was proposed with the following improvements: individual generation mechanism combined with heuristic rules, retention mechanism of the optimal individual, local search mechanism and dynamic parameters of the algorithm. Simulation experiments validate that the CE method is effective in solving the SCCPS problem with complicated technological routes and the ICE algorithm proposed has superior performance to the SCE algorithm and the genetic algorithm(GA).

The Relationship between Smartphone Addiction and Interaction Anxiousness among College Students in Sweden

The development of mobile phone has brought great convenience to people＇s daily life, smart phone with various applications has improved the quality of life of people, but also change the people＇s behavior. As a major group of using smart phones, college students have also experienced situations in which the use of mobile phones has decreased the efficiency of learning and escaped from academic pressure. This is a quantitative research for college student in Halmstad that aims at exploring the relevance between smartphone addiction and interaction anxiousness. The sample of 123 college students using smartphone was collected and using incidental sampling method with the use of college students＇ smartphone addiction scale and interaction anxiousness scale as questionnaires to collect data. The analysis of descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, independent-sample t-test, and regression et al. was used on SPSS 23. According to the results, The smartphone addiction is not common among Swedish college students. The overall status of college students＇ interaction anxiousness is close to a moderate level. Interaction anxiousness has significant differences in gender, subject and grade. There is a significant positive correlation between smartphone addiction and interaction anxiousness. Interaction anxiousness has a certain predictive effect on smartphone addiction.

Ontogeny of rat chondrocyte proliferation:studies in embryo,adult and osteoarthritic (OA) cartilage

The aim of this work was to study the ontogeny of chondrocyte cell division using embryo, adult and osteoarthritic(OA) cartilage. We searched for mitosis phases and performed a comparative evaluation of mitotic index, basic fibro-blast growth factor b (FGFb), transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) receptors, cyclin dependent kinase (CDK1)and Cyclin-B expression in fetal, neonate, 3, 5, 8 weeks old rats and experimental OA. Our results showed that mitosisphases were observed in all normal cartilage studied, although, we found a decrease in mitotic index in relation to tissuedevelopment. No mitosis was detected in OA cartilage. We also found a statistical significant reduction in cell number inOA cartilage, compared with the normal tissue. Furthermore, FGFb and TGF-β1 receptors diminished in relation totissue development, and were very scarce in experimental OA. Western blot assays showed CDK-1 expression in allcases, including human-OA cartilage. Similar results were observed for Cyclin-B, except for 8 weeks, when it was notexpressed. Our results suggest that cell division seems to be scarce, if not absent within the OA cartilage studied.Nevertheless, the existence of factors essential for cell division leaves open the question concerning chondrocyteproliferation in OA cartilage, which is likely to be present in the early stages of the disease.

Evaluation of the individual allocation scheme and its impacts in a dynamic global vegetation model

The strategies of plant growth play an important role not only in ecosystem structure,but also in global carbon and water cycles.In this work,the individual carbon allocation scheme of tree PFTs and its impacts were evaluated in China with Institute of Atmospheric Physics-Dynamic Global Vegetation Model,version 1.0（IAP-DGVM1.0）as a test-bed.The results showed that,as individual growth,the current scheme tended to allocate an increasing proportion of annual net primary productivity（NPP）to sapwood and decreasing proportions to leaf and root accordingly,which led to underestimated individual leaf biomass and overestimated individual stem biomass.Such biases resulted in an overestimation of total ecosystem biomass and recovery time of mature forests,and an underestimation of ecosystem NPP and tree leaf area index in China.

Analysis of the psychological conditions and related factors of breast cancer patients

Sufferers of breast cancer are often plagued by various psychological problems. Mastectomy, which has a serious influence on the female sex characteristics, can bring about especially serious psychological problems. These problems affect not only the patients’ quality of life but also the beginning, development, and end of the disease. This paper reviewed the relationships between the patients’ personal factors, the disease itself, treatment factors, and other socio-psychological factors and psychological conditions so as to provide new ideas for the psychological intervention on breast cancer patients, comprehensive clinical diagnosis and treatment, and prevention and cure.

David Hume＇s Notion of Personal Identity： Implications for Identity Construction and Affective Communal Living in Africana Societies

The notion of personal identity is a topic that is widely discussed in all philosophical traditions-western, African, Asian, and Caribbean. The thread that runs through the different conceptions of personal identity is that the notion is linked with self-consciousness, whether in the metaphysical, epistemological, religious, or social contexts. In this paper, I shall focus attention on Hume＇s conception of personal identity drawing from it, and certain implications for affective communal life in Africana societies. It is a common knowledge among philosophers that Hume denies the ontological and independent existence of the self. For Hume, the self is a bundle of perception. However, in another section of the Treatise of Human Nature, Hume examines the development of what could be considered as self, placing it in a broad social context in which mirroring fellow minds have a critical role. What is significant in Hume＇s conception of personal identity is that the self is the locus of multifarious experiences and the social context in which it is placed enables us to relate the self to affective and relational construction of identity. It is then argued that this conception of identity can be used to stress the need for affection, love, compassion, sympathy, and empathy among persons, which in turn can promote societal transformation in Africana societies.

Detection of 36 antibiotics in coastal waters using high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

Among pharmaceuticals and personal care products released into the aquatic environment, antibiotics are of particular concern, because of their ubiquity and health effects. Although scientists have recently paid more attention to the threat of antibiotics to coastal ecosystems, researchers have often focused on relatively few antibiotics, because of the absence of suitable analytical methods. We have therefore developed a method for the rapid detection of 36 antibiotic residues in coastal waters, including tetracyclines （TCs）, sulfanilamides （SAs）, and quinolones （QLs）. The method consists of solid-phase extraction （SPE） and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry （LC-MS/MS） analysis, using electrospray ionization （ESI） in positive mode. The SPE was performed with Oasis HLB and Oasis MCX cartridges. Chromatographic separation on a Cr8 column was achieved using a binary eluent containing methanol and water with 0.1% formic acid. Typical recoveries of the analytes ranged from 67.4% to 109.3% at a fortification level of 100 ng/L. The precision of the method, calculated as relative standard deviation （RSD）, was below 14.6% for all the compounds. The limits of detection （LODs） varied from 0.45 pg to 7.97 pg. The method was applied to detemaine the target analytes in coastal waters of the Yellow Sea in Liaoning, China. Among the tested antibiotics, 31 were found in coastal ＇waters, with their concentrations between the LOD and 212.5 ng/L. These data indicate that this method is valid for analysis of antibiotics in coastal waters. The study first reports such a large number of antibiotics along the Yellow Sea coast of Liaoning, and should facilitate future comprehensive evaluation of antibiotics in coastal ecosystems

A History of Personal Identification-- Growth of the Orator in Invisible Man

The notion of invisibility in Invisible Man is spoken out by the protagonist＇s growth as an orator. Rather than a recursive retrieving of his identity throughout the narrative, the invisible man reinvents his identity in his pursuit of pure persuasion. Both being terms in the Burkean system of literature rhetoric, pure persuasion, and identification become one for the unconscious purpose and the other for the symbolic action respectively in the protagonist-speaker＇s growth from an ideal emulator to speaker-audience mediator. In his identification with the audience and his ardent pursuit of pure persuasion, he paradoxically finds himself distanced from both his identity-to-be and the identity of his audience, with great division in-between. Though temporary corporation is achieved and occasional identification is resolved in the last two speeches, the protagonist only finds himself in a rhetorical context which is much more varied and more manipulative than he imagined. Such a realization renders the invisible man invisible again from the public stadium, who decides to resort to the pen for a life-long identification with the broader battlefield of racial discontinuity

＂Actual Experience＂＂ Correcting Misconceptions Through Analyzing Harriet Wilson＇s Our Nig

African-American writers during the 19th century wrote in the shadow of the prominent romance, sentimental, and domestic fiction. Harriet Wilson＇s Our Nig （1859） reflects an ＂alternative social character＂, for the female protagonist suffers racism in the free North, because she is a mulatto child. Through depicting the life of free blacks, who supposedly lives a better life than Southern slaves, Wilson exposes how she has actually lived and sensed life in antebellum America. According to Raymond Williams （2011）, there are two kinds of literary writings. The first represents the general tendency of the age, and he calls it ＂dominant social character＂; representing the majority content of both the public writing and speaking. But, another different literary writing lives in its shadow; one that usually leads the conflicts of the time. It is the ＂alternative social character＂; the literature of the victims of repression and marginalization, produced by the lower class, women, and blacks. They reflected how they were dehumanized, and exposed their suffering and abasement. They also aimed to prove individualism. The novel reveals how racism in the North could be worse than the slavery of the South. This paper shows Wilson deviation from the ＂her brethren＂ in writing her novel. It unveils significant truths concerning black women＇s status in antebellum America. It discusses how the author attempts to correct certain misconceptions through her female character