“中势”应成为发展战略的核心范畴之一

“中势”是笔者提出的发展战略中的一个新范畴。它是经济、政治、军事、外交、 社会、文化、生态、环境等方面现存的中间状态，包括国家范围的宏观中势、省市范围的中 观中势、单位范围的微观中势三个层次。中势应与优势和劣势并提、并重、并行，中势应成 为发展战略理论和实践中三足鼎立的核心范畴之一。我们确立中势范畴具有主观必要性和客 观必然性。因为，实际工作存在着详摆优势、略述劣势、不知中势的认知片面性；发展战略 理论目前还没有明确提出中势范畴；现实中客观存着大量中势；没有中势范畴将会对现实产 生诸多危害；确立了中势范畴才能使发展战略具有全面性和科学性。中势与优势和劣势相比 具有如下特性：量大面广以至于普遍存在于世界的五大系统之中；性质重要以至于导致了一 条靠近中势而不是靠近优势和劣势的发展轨迹；中势具有长期的影响力和作用力；中势具有 可进为优势和可退为劣势的双向转化性。上述四大特征决定了中势具有重要性。同时，确立 中势范畴还具有可行性，这表现在指导思想、理论研究、媒体宣传、实际工作、硬件软件等 方面均可行。

“势中见理”--宋代交椅的风雅变迁

目的站在宋代设计思维方式的研究角度,以理势思想中的“势中见理”关系为研究脉络,对宋代交椅形制的变迁进行了深入分析,旨在揭示宋代社会、文化、艺术的发展轨迹,探索传统思想下的宋代美学设计思维。同时为家具史研究、艺术史研究和文化遗产保护提供有益的参考和借鉴。方法采用历史文献研究、文化分析和比较研究的方法,一方面,梳理了宋代交椅的演变过程及发展趋势,以交椅的式样、造型、风格、构件为切入点,对宋代交椅形制进行了详尽研究;另一方面,从坐姿、礼制、架势、工巧的角度分析了交椅在使用、等级、表现、技法上所呈现的变迁之“势”。结论在文人士大夫自主意识较强的时代氛围下,统治阶级的观念、文人阶层的审美、市民群众的实用、梓人群体的技艺,四者结合构成了宋代交椅“经世致用”“托物言志”“道本器末”“尚巧达善”的审美造物思维方式。

观势以明理——关于中国哲学史上对规律问题的探讨研究

为探讨中国古代思想家探索和认识规律的过程， 本文首先阐述了历史上思想家对“势”认识和把握的历程，认为历史上的思想家正是从对“势”的认识中去理解事物的运动变化发展。最后，本文从关于理势关系的思想中得出“势中见理”、“观势即能明理”的结论，认为古人是在事物运动变化的趋势处。

分子中单电子作用势研究甲酰胺分子内质子转移反应

质子转移反应是一种常见且重要的化学反应,但反应过程中分子界面上的电子密度和成键情况却鲜为关注.通过分子中单电子作用势PAEM和分子形貌理论对甲酰胺分子内的质子转移反应过程进行研究.结果表明,等PAEM值图能够判断化学键形成或断裂的位置,同时也证实在过渡态时,质子与甲酰胺的O和N原子皆有成键作用.分子形貌展示了质子转移过程中界面上电子密度极值的变化情况.还利用键临界点处的Dpb定量化描述成键的强弱.总体来说,PAEM和分子形貌展示了甲酰胺分子内质子转移过程中成键和分子形状与界面上电子密度的变化情况,为其他质子转移反应机制的研究奠定理论基础.

Morphological changes of silver and bighead carp in the Yangtze River over the past 50 years

Multivariate analysis was adopted to analyze 30 morphometrical characteristics of 121 one-year-old juvenile silver carp （Hypophthalmichthys molitrix） and bighead carp （Aristichthys nobilis） bred during the 1950s （＂the former population＂） and 2008 （＂the current population＂） and collected from the middle reach of the Yangtze River. The average discriminant accuracies of the former and current silver and bighead carp population were 94.2% and 98.0%, respectively. Discriminant analysis also revealed that significant differences in morphology occurred between the former and current populations of both carp in overall characteristics. One-way analysis of variance indicated that between former and current populations, silver carp showed highly significant differences （P0.01） in twelve of their characteristics and significant differences （P0.05） in eight of their characteristics, while bighead carp showed highly significant differences （P0.01） in eight of their characteristics and significant differences （P0.05） in eight of their characteristics. Six head morphology variables of the current silver and bighead carp were significantly or highly significantly larger than the former populations; fourteen characteristics of silver carp and ten characteristics of bighead carp of the current populations, mainly reflecting truck and tail morphology, were significantly or very significantly smaller than the former populations. Our results indicate that silver and bighead carp have developed a larger head and smaller truck and tail during the last 50 years. Due to such morphological changes, it seems apparent that the heads of these fish species need to be considered in regards to human diets, particularly in relation to economic and nutritious value.

应用分子形貌理论研究类SN2反应

应用分子形貌理论,研究了类SN2反应过程中的沿着IRC路径上固定点的分子形貌的特征,计算给出了形状和电子密度特征参数以及各键的Dpb值.应用Matlab程序绘制了分子特征边界轮廓上的电子密度分布的三维图像,即分子形貌像,给出了这类反应的动态变化过程.

杂环化合物的分子形貌的研究

杂环化合物广泛存在于自然界,与生物学有关的重要化合物多数为杂环化合物.使用MP2/6-311++G(3df,3pd)优化呋喃、噁唑和异噁唑的几何结构,并计算了分子处于电子基态的第一电离能.使用MELD精密从头计算程序中的SDCI/3-21+G*,并结合我们自编的分子形貌程序,研究了这些分子中1个电子所受到的作用势,探讨了化学键区域内的作用势的势垒Dpb大小与化学键强弱的关系,得出Dpb是可以用来表征化学键强弱的1个物理量.同时,描绘出了这些杂环化合物的分子形貌,探讨了杂环化合物中的杂原子对五元环上电子共轭效应的影响.

Spatial Characteristics and Change for Tree Species (Genera) Along Northeast China Transect (NECT)

The 16 tree species on Northeast China Transect (NECT) were analyzed from the change of geographical distribution, frequency and dominance pattern and the spatial correlation at landscape scale in 1986 and 1994. Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc. and Fraxinus rhynchophylla Hemsl. had spread rapidly towards west and east, respectively. The frontier form of species had close relation with its movement. The patch size of Pinus koraiensis , Populus davidiana Dode., Phellodendron amurense Rupr., Juglans mandshurica Maxim., Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr., Betula dahurica Pall., Picea koraiensis Nakai, Abies nephrolepis Maxim. and Larix olgeusis var. koreana Nakai decreased, however, Quercus mongolica Fisch., Betula costata Trautv., Acer mono Maxim., Tilia spp., Ulmus spp., Betula platyphylla Suk. and Fraxinus rhynchophylla increased. The frequency pattern of Populus davidiana , Betula platyphylla , Fraxinus rhynchophylla and Betula dahurica changed significantly. The dominance pattern of Populus davidiana , Tilia spp., Juglans mandshurica , Betula platyphylla , Betula dahurica and Abies nephrolepis changed significantly. The spatial correlation between Quercus mongolica and Betula dahurica , Betula costata and Picea spp., Betula costata and Abies nephrolepis , Picea spp. and Abies nephrolepis declined, however, the spatial correlation between Larix spp. and Betula platyphylla , Acer mono and Ulmus spp. increased.

Effect of Chromium on Oxidative Damage and Antioxidant Capacity of Ctenopharyngodon idellus

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the effect of chromium on ox- idative damage and antioxidant capacity of Ctenopharyngodon idellus （grass carp）. [Method] The grass carps were treated with hexavalent chromium （Cr^6＋） solution at concentrations of 0, 7.23, 14.47, 28.94 mg/L, and then the content of malondialde- hyde （MDA）, the level of total antioxidative capacity （T-AOC） and the activity of gtu- tathione-S-transferase （GST） in the hepatopancreas of grass carp were determined after 96 hours in different treatment groups. [Result] The content of MDA presented increasing trend with the increase of exposure Cr^6＋ concentrations. The activity of T-AOC increased firstly, then decreased with the increasing Cr^6＋ exposure concentra- tions, showing that the level of T-AOC was induced in tow and medium concentrat ions （7.23 and 14.47 mg/L）, but inhibited in high concentrations （28.94 mg/L）. Among the exposure groups, the level of T-AOC in medium concentration group （14.47 mg/L） was significantly higher than the control （P〈0.05）. Except the low concentration groups （7.23 mg/L） of which the GST activity was slightly induced, the GST activities of the other groups all showed downward trend with increasing Cr^6＋ levels, and the activity of GST in 28.94 mg/L group was significantly lower than the control group （P〈0.05）. [Conclusion] Cr^6＋ could cause large oxidative damage in the hepatopancreas of grass carp, thus poisoning it, and Cr^6＋ may further damage the organizational structure and physiological function of grass carp.

10-30T恒定磁场下碱金属原子的边界轮廓

孤立原子是具有球对称性的．如果将孤立原子置于磁场中，原子的边界半径必然会发生变化．根据原子边界轮廓理论模型，研究和计算了在10-30T磁场强度下碱金属原子的边界轮廓，可供有关参考．

Research on Comparative Advantage and Typical Models of Circular Agriculture Economy in Eastern and Mid-China Region

Developing agricultural circular economy is the important measures of relieving the pressure on agricultural resources, preserving the ecological environment and promoting the sustainable development of agriculture and rural economy. Based on the idea of circulation of agricultural research as the breakthrough point, the research firstly detailed the concept and scientific connotation of circular egdculture in an all-round way and described and analyzed the advantages and conditions of the development of circular agriculture in eastern and middle regions of China from three aspects including resources endowment, conditions of economic development and industrial base conditions. Furthermore, the research analyzed the model char- actedstics and summarized the successful ex^dence to provide a reference for promoting the models with consideration of Taihu Lake Basin in South of Jiangsu, Yi- meng mountain areas in Southeast of Shandong and hills and mountains region in northwest Henan. Finally, the reseach put forward the development orientation of agricultural circular economy and countermeasures and suggestions to further enhance the level of development.

Revealed comparative advantage and competitiveness of China’s agricultural products

This paper deals with the competitiveness of Chinese agricultural products, base on the index of revealed comparative advantage (RCA) using lots of data for the period of 1980 to 2003. The index is useful in identifying the demarcation between comparative advantage and comparative disadvantage. The research indicates that some agro-products in China such as edible vegetables and tea have a comparative advantage, but the RCA values have been declining over the 24-year period, which has vast impacts on future reform in China’s agricultural structure.

En-route Sector Complexity Control Strategies in Air Traffic Management

Along with the rapid development of air traffic, the contradiction between conventional air traffic management(ATM)and the increasingly complex air traffic situations is more severe,which essentially reduces the operational efficiency of air transport systems. Thus,objectively measuring the air traffic situation complexity becomes a concern in the field of ATM. Most existing studies focus on air traffic complexity assessment,and rarely on the scientific guidance of complex traffic situations. According to the projected time of aircraft arriving at the target sector boundary,we formulated two control strategies to reduce the air traffic complexity. The strategy of entry time optimization was applied to the controllable flights in the adjacent upstream sectors. In contrast,the strategy of flying dynamic speed optimization was applied to the flights in the target sector. During the process of solving complexity control models,we introduced a physical programming method. We transformed the multi-objective optimization problem involving complexity and delay to single-objective optimization problems by designing different preference function. Actual data validated the two complexity control strategies can eliminate the high-complexity situations in reality. The control strategy based on the entry time optimization was more efficient than that based on the speed dynamic optimization. A basic framework for studying air traffic complexity management was preliminarily established. Our findings will help the implementation of a complexity-based ATM.

Analysis on Long-Term Change of Sea Surface Temperature in the China Seas

Long-term change of sea surface temperature （SST） in the China Seas from 1900 to 2006 is examined based on two different observation datasets （HadlSSTI and HadSST3）. Similar to the Atlantic, SST in the China Seas has been well observed during the past 107 years. A comparison between the reconstructed （HadISSTI） and un-interpolated （HadSST3） datasets shows that the SST wanning trends from both datasets are consistent with each other in most of the China Seas. The warming trends are stronger in winter than in summer, with a maximum rate of SST increase exceeding 2.7℃ （100year）-I in the East China Sea and the Taiwan Strait during winter based on HadISSTI. However, the SST from both datasets experienced a sudden decrease after 1999 in the China Seas. The estimated trend from HadlSSTI is stronger than that fi＇om HadSST3 in the East China Sea and the east of Taiwan Island, where the difference in the linear SST warming trends are as large as about 1℃ （100year）-I when using respectively HadISST1 and HadSST3 datasets. When compared to the linear winter warnling trend of the land surface air temperature （1.6℃ （100 year）-1）, HadSST3 shows a more reasonable trend of less than 2.1℃（ 100 year）-1 than HadISST 1 ＇s trend of larger than 2.7℃ （ 100 year）-1 at the mouth of the Yangtze River. The restllts also indicate large uncertainties in the estimate of SST warming patterns.

Distribution of Dominant Zooplankton Species Along a Latitudinal Gradient in China Sea During Spring

Dominant species of zooplankton community vary with latitude. Though China possesses a vast coastal area in northwestern Pacific, studies on the latitudinal dominant species gradient are rare. We collected zooplankton samples from Haizhou Bay(34.56?–35.19?N, 119.51?–120.30?E), Yueqing Bay(28.14?–28.38?N, 121.10?–121.21?E) and Dongshan Bay(23.65?–23.90?N, 117.45?–117.60?E) in May 2012 and May 2013 to preliminarily characterize the latitudinal dominant species distribution. All the samples were collected vertically using a 0.505 mm mesh plankton net with 0.8 m in mouth diameter from bottom to surface. Calanus sinicus, Aidanosagitta crassa, Labidocera euchaeta, Zonosagitta nagae, Acartia pacifica and Paracalanus parvus were found to be dominant. C. sinicus was the most dominant species and the unique one occurred in all three bays. With latitude decreasing, both the abundance and proportion of C. sinicus declined sharply. Cluster analysis showed that the 6 dominant species could be divided into 3 groups, based on their occurrences in the three bays. Our results suggested that the distribution of dominant species along the coast of China has a significant latitudinal gradient. C. sinicus which widely distributes in the coastal water of the northwestern Pacific can well adapt to the temperature at different latitudes. The high abundance in Haizhou Bay indicated that C. sinicus was an exemplary warm-temperate species, and more commonly occurs in the north of China seas. The ecological characteristics of dominant species change from warm-temperate type in high-latitudinal bays to warm water type in low-latitudinal bays.

How Well does BCC_CSM1.1 Reproduce the 20th Century Climate Change over China?

The historical simulation of phase five of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project （CMIP5） ex- periments performed by the Beijing Climate Center cli- mate system model （BCC_CSM1.1） is evaluated regard- ing the time evolutions of the global and China mean sur- face air temperature （SAT） and surface climate change over China in recent decades. BCC CSM1.1 has better capability at reproducing the time evolutions of the global and China mean SAT than BCC_CSM1.0. By the year 2005, the BCC_CSM1.1 model simulates a warming am- plitude of approximately I℃ in China over the 1961- 1990 mean, which is consistent with observation. The distributions of the warming trend over China in the four seasons during 1958-2004 are basically reproduced by BCC CSM1.1, with the warmest occurring in winter. Al- though the cooling signal of Southwest China in spring is partly reproduced by BCC_CSM1.1, the cooling trend over central eastern China in summer is omitted by the model. For the precipitation change, BCC_CSM1.1 has good performance in spring, with drought in Southeast China. After removing the linear trend, the interannual correlation map between the model and the observation shows that the model has better capability at reproducing the summer SAT over China and spring precipitation over Southeast China.

Climate Change in China Congruent with the Linear Trends of the Annular Modes

The authors exploit the remarkable connection between the Chinese climate trends and the annular modes by partitioning the trends into components linearly congruent with and linearly independent of the annular modes. Results show that the winter hemisphere annular mode has closer connection to Chinese climate than the summer one, e.g., the wetting JJA (June-July-August) rainfall trend along the Yangtze River valley and the associated temperature trends are significantly linearly congruent with the trend of the southern annular mode, while the JFM (January-February-March) climate trends are closely linked to the northern annular mode. The seasonal differences of a meridional wave-train-like chain across the equatorial Pacific associated with the annular modes are responsible for the seasonal-dependent connections to Chinese climate.

The increasing predominance of extreme precipitation in Southwest China since the late 1970s

Extreme precipitation events cause severe environmental and societal damage worldwide.Southwest China(SWC)is sensitive to such effects because of its overpopulation,underdevelopment,and fragile ecosystems.Using daily observations from 108 rain-gauge stations,the authors investigated the frequency of extreme precipitation events and their contribution to total precipitation in SWC since the late 1970 s.Results indicate that total precipitation is decreasing insignificantly,but rainfall-events frequency is decreasing significantly,whereas the region is experiencing more frequent and intense extreme precipitation events.Note that although fewer stations are statistically significant,about 60%of the rain-gauge stations show an increasing trend in the frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation.Furthermore,there is an increasing trend in the contribution of total extreme precipitation to total precipitation,with extreme precipitation becoming dominant in the increasingly arid SWC region.The results carry important implications for policymakers,who should place greater emphasis on extreme precipitation and associated floods and landslides when drafting water-resource management policies.

Recent Climate Trends on the Northern Slopes of the Tianshan Mountains, Xinjiang, China

In arid regions, mountains fulfill important ecological and economic functions for the surrounding lowlands. In the scenario of global warming, mountain ecosystems change rapidly, especially in the arid region of northwestern China. This paper provides an assessment of the changes in temperature and precipitation in the historical records of climate on the northern slopes of the eastern Tianshan Mountains. A Mann-Kendall nonparametric trend and Sen＇s tests are employed to analyze the interannual changes and innerannual variability in temperature and precipitatiofi in the regions of low to high altitude. The present study finds that the largest increases in annual temperature are observed at stations in the low altitude regions. The significant increasing trends in temperature tend to occur mainly in late winter and early spring at stations from middle to high altitude, but in summer and autumn at stations of low altitudes. The increasing trends in annual precipitation are found from the middle to high altitude areas, but decreasing trends are found in the low altitude areas. The significant increasing trends in precipitation occur mostly in winter and earlier spring at stations from the middle to high altitudes, while the increasing and decreasing trend coexists at stations of low altitude with most of the significant trend changes occurring in March, June and August.