中原农业区内生型产业集群的升级困境分析——以庞村镇钢制办公家具产业集群为例

以庞村镇钢制办公家具产业集群为例,先分析中原农业区产业集群面临的困境。与其他地区产业集群一样共同面临的困境有:动力系统的缺失,产业结构单一且产业水平低,在全球价值链嵌入方面弱。作为在农区发展起来的内生型产业集群也有自身独有的困境:地处内陆农区的地理位置、保守的农耕文化的制约、支持系统的滞后等。但中原农业区仍有规模经济、分工经济和网络联系的优势。在发挥优势的基础上,对劣势加以治理,从而促进产业集群升级。

中原农业地区县域单元城镇化路径研究——以河南省西华县为例

县域单元在我国城镇化进程中的作用日益突出，其中中西部地区的县由于发展成本较低的影响呈现出更快的发展速度。作为中原农业地区的西华县，在工业化、现代化的浪潮下，本地居民尤其是农村居民的生产生活方式发生了很大变化，并且在人口流动和城乡空间上表现出来，呈现和其他地区截然不同的特征。在以人为本的新型城镇化发展要求下，西华县需要与新的生产生活方式相匹配的城镇化空间承载格局。同时，在粮食安全和生态保护的约束下，西华县也不宜照搬传统的大规模高强度工业化、城镇化路径。应当坚持以“人”的需求为核心，通过满足外出务工人员、城镇居民、农村居民“三类人群”需求，协调好县城、小城镇、乡村“三类空间”的发展，实现统筹城乡、集约高效的目标，共享城镇化红利。

中原地区农业结构调整优化探讨

中原农业生产在中国一直占有重要地位,通过对该平原农业态势及其结构中存在问题的分析可知农业结构调整是解决农业持续发展的关键。理论上拟定了农业结构调整的原则,研究了结构调整的重点:传统粮棉主产区的结构模式、山地农业区的结构模式及以城市为中心的都市农业结构调整。以休闲农业带动型模式、中介组织连带型模式、龙头企业联动性模式、市场牵动型模式、产业化经营带动型模式为主的结构调整将有利于中原农业发展,以期为中原农业乃至全国农业未来发展提供理论与实践依据。

De-farming and Ecological Restoration in the Loess Hilly-gully Region in Northern China

De-farming has been a powerful measure taken by the central and local governments of China for ecological restoration in the loess hilly-gully region since 2000. In years past, aid-based de-farming pattern was far and wide popularized in the region and terrace-based de-farming pattern demonstrated in a few small watersheds was also rather effective for ecological restoration. After summing up the features of three patterns (aid-based de-farming slope farmland more than 25°(AD25), aid-based de-farming slope farmland more than 15° (AD15) and terrace-based de-farming (TD)), this paper analyzed the regional difference of these patterns in de-farming area, ecological restoration, investment demand and so on. The results show that there are two crucial areas in the loess hilly-gully region for ecological restoration at the moment, the policies adaptation to the different areas should be constituted as soon as possible and the limited fund should be devoted to the two crucial areas.

Agriculture Development-induced Surface Albedo Changes and Climatic Implications Across Northeastern China

To improve the understandings on regional climatic effects of past human-induced land cover changes,the surface albedo changes caused by conversions from natural vegetation to cropland were estimated across northeastern China over the last 300 years,and its climatic effects were simulated by using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model.Essential natural vegetation records compiled from historical documents and regional optimal surface albedo dataset were used.The results show that the surface albedo decreased by 0.01-0.03 due to conversions from grassland to cropland in the Northeast China Plain and it increased by 0.005-0.015 due to conversions from forests to cropland in the surrounding mountains.As a consequence,in the Northeast China Plain,the surface net radiation increased by 4-8 W/m 2,2-5 W/m 2,and 1-3 W/m 2,and the climate was therefore warmed by 0.1℃-0.2℃、0.1℃-0.2℃、 0.1℃-0.3 ℃ in the spring,autumn and winter,respectively.In the surrounding mountain area,the net radiation decreased by less than 1.5 W/m 2,and the climate was therefore cooled too slight to be detected.In summer,effects of surface albedo changes on climate were closely associated with moisture dynamics,such as evapotranspiration and cloud,instead of being merely determined by surface radiation budget.The simulated summer climatic effects have large uncertainties.These findings demonstrate that surface albedo changes resulted in warming climate effects in the non-rainy seasons in Northeast China Plain through surface radiation processes while the climatic effects in summer could hardly be concluded so far.

Effect of Rotational Tillage on Soil Aggregates, Organic Carbon and Nitrogen in the Loess Plateau Area of China

In rain-fed semi-arid agroecosystems, continuous conventional tillage can cause serious problems in soil quality and crop production, whereas rotational tillage （no-tillage and subsoiling） could decrease soil bulk density, and increase soil aggregates and organic carbon in the 0-40 cm soil layer. A 3-year field study was conducted to determine the effect of tillage practices on soil organic carbon （SOC）, total nitrogen （TN）, water-stable aggregate size distribution and aggregate C and N sequestration from 0 to 40 cm soil in semi-arid areas of southern Ningxia. Three tillage treatments were tested： no-tillage in year 1, subsoiling in year 2, and no-tillage in year 3 （NT-ST-NT）; subsoiling in year 1, no-tillage in year 2, and subsoiling in year 3 （ST-NT-ST）; and conventional tillage over years 1-3 （CT）. Mean values of soil bulk density in 0-40 cm under NT-ST-NT and ST-NT-ST were significantly decreased by 3.3% and 6.5%, respectively, compared with CT, while soil total porosity was greatly improved. Rotational tillage increased SOC, TN, and water-stable aggregates in the 0-40 cm soil, with the greatest effect under ST-NT-ST. In 0-20 and 2（}-40 cm soils, the tillage effect was confined to the 2-0.25 mm size fraction of soil aggregates, and rotational tillage treatments obtained significantly higher SOC and TN contents than conventional tillage. No significant differences were detected in SOC and TN contents in the 〉 2 mm and 〈 0.25 mm aggregates among all treatments. In conclusion, rotational tillage practices could significantly increase SOC and TN levels, due to a fundamental change in soil structure, and maintain agroecosystem sustainability in the Loess Plateau area of China.

Environmental and Paddy Soil Organic and Lower Yangtze Anthropogenic Factors Matter： A Case Study River Plain of China Driving Changes in in the Middle

Changes in soil organic matter （SOM） can affect food security, soil and water conservation, and climate change. However, the drivers of changes in SOM in paddy soils of China are not fully understood because the effects of agricultural management and environmental factors are studied separately. Soil, climate, terrain, and agricultural management data from 6 counties selected based on representative soil types and cropping systems in China were used in correlation analysis, analysis of variance, and cforest modeling to analyze the drivers of changes in SOM in paddy soils in the Middle and Lower Yangtze River Plain from 1980 to 2011. The aims of this study were to identify the main factors driving the changes in SOM and to quantitatively evaluate their individual impacts. Results showed that the paddy SOM stock in the study area increased by 12.5% at an average rate of 0.023 kg m-2 year-1 over the 31-year study period. As a result of long-term rice planting, agricultural management practices had a greater influence than soil properties, climate, and terrain. Among the major drivers, straw incorporation, the most influential driver, together with fertilization and tillage practices, significantly increased the accumulation of SOM, while an increase in temperature significantly influenced SOM decomposition. Therefore, to confront the challenge of rising temperatures, it is important to strengthen the positive effects of agricultural management. Rational fertilizer use for stabilizing grain production and crop straw incorporation are promising measures for potential carbon sequestration in this region.

The Role of Local Knowledge in the Risk Management of Extreme Climates in Local Communities:A Case Study in a Nomadic NIAHS Site

In the context of climate change,research on extreme climates and disaster risk management has become a crucial component of climate change adaptation.Local communities,which have been facing extreme climates for a long time in their production and daily life,have developed some locally applicable traditional knowledge that has played an important role in their adaptation to extreme climate and disaster risk management.Therefore,this research aims to link Local knowledge(LK)to community extreme climate disaster risk management in order to construct a conceptual model.It then takes the extreme climate adaptation strategy of traditional nomads in a temperate grassland of China as an example to analyze the role of LK in extreme climate adaptation using the proposed theoretical framework.The main research objectives of this study are:(1)To construct a conceptual model to illustrate the relations among extreme climate events,risk management,LK,and farmers’adaptation strategies;(2)To apply the theoretical framework to a field case to reveal context-specific extreme climate adaptation mechanisms with LK as a critical component;(3)To test the framework and provide suggestions for the extreme climates adaptation,and the conservation of LK related to climate change adaptation.The results show that from the perspective of disaster risk management,local communities could manage extreme climates as a disaster risk through adaptation strategies formed from LK,because as a knowledge system,LK contains relevant knowledge covering the whole process of disaster risk management.