中国电力市场改革的方向研究——基于俄罗斯电力市场改革的经验和教训

中俄电力市场改革存在相似之处,俄罗斯改革的过程很多值得中国借鉴。介绍国内外学界对于电力市场改革的看法,总结俄罗斯电力市场改革的经验和教训,基于中俄电力市场改革的异同,提出中国电力市场改革的方向,如厂网彻底分离并引入民间资本、输配分离、售电侧完全竞争、有效的监管机构、鼓励新能源发电等。

The Study on Trade Policy and Openness of Mongolia： Influences on Trade Flows Between China-Mongolia-Russia （Past and Future）

This paper aimed to highlight the effects of conflict in Mongolia on trade policy and openness, by estimating the trade flows with neighbor countries （China and Russia）. Fourteen years＇ （2000-2013） data of Mongolian imports and exports were collected and gone through principal component analysis （PCA） and empirical analysis for grouping various trades with China and Russia. The empirical analysis identified the determining factors of Mongolian trade flow and openness with China and Russia. Empirical analysis evidenced that Mongolian trade and openness policy raised bilateral trade between China and Russia, leaving a great influence on economic size. Two main questions represented as empirically tested by each sample country. How did Mongolian trade policy and openness influence trade flows between China and Russia and economic growth of Mongolia？ Did Mongolian trade policy and the bilateral trade with China and Russia increase on trade openness？ Finally, the study focused on the forecasts from 2016 to 2018 to examine Mongolian trade flows with China and Russia using ordinary least squares method and autoregressive-moving-average （ARMA） model. China-Mongolia-Russia trade flows will continue to dominate during the forecasted period. As shown by the structure of export and import, goods with China and Russia influenced the mutual trade amount. Moreover, China and Russia traded to continue with Mongolia for goods in long run. Trade policy and openness, the major contributor in Mongolian economy, are significantly playing roles in trade and economy.

Are China and Russia Axis or Partners?

Grounded in an analysis of the unique advantages of China-Russia relations, the paper argues that the two countries have established a high level of political trust and will continue to work in concert on all fronts. It also looks back at how China entered into alliances throughout its history and the lessons it has learned from those experiences. It emphasizes that China does not deem the establishment of exclusive alliances or political blocs as a foreign policy option.

Fossil woods from the Upper Cretaceous to Paleocene of Heilongjang(Amur)River area of China and Russia

Fossil woods were collected from the Upper Cretaceous to Paleocene beds distributed around Heilong- jang （Amur） River area of China and Russia. A total of 43 specimens were collected from Baishantou, Long- gushan, and Yong＇ancun in Jiayin, China, and 85 specimens from Zeya-Bureya Basin lying southeast of Blagoveshchensk in Russia. Selected specimens were sectioned and studied anatomically. The source deposits of almost all identifiable specimens belong to the Upper Cretaceous （Campanian） Taipinglinchang Formation and the Paleocene Wuyun Formation in China, and the Paleocene Upper Tsagayan Formation in Russia. Al- though the results obtained are still far from complete, the taxonomic composition of the fossil woods show marked stratigraphic differences between the two horizons beyond the K/T boundary in China. There is also a strong similarity in wood flora between the Wuyun Formation of China and the Upper Tsagayan Formation of Russia. All identified specimens from the Taipinglinchang Formation are Xenoxylon latiporosum, This is one of the stratigraphically younger records of Xenoxylon, which is a conifer morphogenus of uncertain affinity most common in the Triassic to Early Cretaceous. Only one specimen with possible derivation from either the Wuyun or the Maastriehtian Furao Formation in China was identified as Taxodioxylon sp. The Wuyun Formation yielded both conifers and dicotyledonous woods. The conifers include Taxodioxylon sequoianum of the Taxodiaceae, and Protopiceoxylon amurense, which is attributable to the extant genera Keteleeria or Nothotsuga of the Pinaeeac, both are at present endemic to China. At least two morphotypes of dicotyledonous woods were recognized, with one identified as el. Hamamelidoxylon , and the other diffuse porous wood is characterized by numerous heterogeneous rays. From the Zeya-Buleya Basin of Russia, Taxodioxylon sequoianum and cf. Hamamelidoxylon sp. were identified from the Upper Tsagayan Formation. The similarity of wood composition in both Wuyun and Upper Tsagayan Formations support lithological as well as biostratigraphic correlations proposed for the two formations.

The Cultural Interpretations of Diplomacies of China, Russia and India as Eurasian BRICS Countries

China, Russia and India, three Eurasian BRICS countries, are close neighbors, geographically located in the Pacific Ocean, the Arctic Ocean and the Indian Ocean respectively. The research questions why these three countries have some similar characteristics in their diplomacies and foreign policies, which differentiates them both from traditional developed countries and typical developing countries. Before the assessment of this question, analysis of culture and its characteristics, international strategies and diplomacies of these three BRICS countries is necessary and appropriate. Culture plays a special and crucial role in international politics or international relations. The unique cultures of Eurasian BRICS countries, China, Russia and India, have special influences on their diplomacies, which has created a new landscape in current world economy and politics.

Geoelectrical structures of northern segment of Tan-Lu fault system in China and Russia areas based on magnetotelluric soundings

From China to Russia,Tan-Lu fault system stretches for thousands of kilometers,towards NE 30°.The authors have collected more than ten magnetotelluric profile that China and Russia have carried out,in the studied area of the Tan-Lu fault's northern section,and have analyzed electrical characteristics of the relevant profiles.Deriving the following conclusions:(1)Jiamusi-Bureya plots,etc.,demonstrate the high resistance of Kernel;(2)Fold belt attributed to the land showed high and low resistance stitching,associated with not only terrane accretion,but also upper mantle upwelling;below the sedimentary basin,the resistivity of the upper mantle is lower and closer to the surface comparing with the adjacent area(100-150);(3)In the system of Tan-Lu fracture,Yishu and Dunmi fracture,etc.are expressed as vertical low-resistivity zone;(4)There may exist subducted old-fashioned piece under Jiamusi and Bureya plots.

Deep-seated structure and gold content of Russia and China contiguous territories

On the contiguous territories of southeastern Russia and northeastern China,many gold-bearing areas are conjugate in space with the gradient zones of the gravity field.Large gold-ore districts,defining in many respects the metallogenic signature of the region,are located on the joints of differently oriented gradient zones.In the best-studied districts,the Precambrian protrusions,staged distribution of magmatic chambers (by vertical) above the Mohorovicic discontinuity and restriction to the peripheral parts of intrusive massifs have been recognized.Different-type gold deposits in the studied ore-placer districts and nodes are often located on the areas of joint of the granitoid massifs and subvolcanic bodies with depressions.Availability of areals of metasomatic alterations of rocks,placers,and ore occurrences of precious metals on such but poorly studied areas can serve as the basis for the revision and detailed forecasting-prospecting works to develop the mineral-raw material base of the region for precious metals.

The Shanghai Cooperation Organization （SCO）： Prospects and Problems in Russia-China Relations

After the collapse of Soviet Union, both Russia and China started to normalize their bilateral relations. Russia lost her geopolitical sphere and China started to broaden his influence in Asian-Pacific and Central Asian regions. The function of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization （SCO） is changing from symbolic to more substantial cooperation. It seems to be that the SCO plays multiple roles in Russia-China relations both in anti-terrorism and in energy economy. This paper is devoted to exploring the functions of the SCO and to seeing the problems in furthering Russia-China relations

The Formation of Russia-US-EU-China Multipolarity Relations under the Scenario of Ukraine Crisis in the Changing World

This paper is to analyze the changing formation of international security and economic system in the context of geopolitical expansion under the scenario of the Ukraine crisis. The author attempts to destruct the different interactions among Russia, EU, US, and China, founding that through the West economic sanctions the US are obstructing Russia＇s Eurasian policy and EU-Russian trade structures in many areas, especially in the energy sector. The US rebalancing policy might finish under the scenario of improved Russia-China relations because the US might improve their relations with China as well to implement their containment against Russia, whose geopolitical expansion toward Arctic Ocean, and with its developing the Russian Siberia, the Russian Far East Region as part of its global strategic deployment. Russia＇s global deployment is carried out through the integrated mechanism, such as, SCO, BRICS, and Eurasian Economic Union which will start to function in the January of 2015. China seems to be the biggest winner in this geopolitical struggle, because the new scenario of international events, such as Ukraine crisis and extremism of IS movement in Syria and Iraq have changed the target of NATO in the short-term period. The direction of intemational security is changing from the Cold War to anti-extremism-terrorism combat. Therefore, the new direction for Russia-US-EU-China reformulating their security relations will have the long-term influence on regional integration. Its seems to be that the information war and propaganda will be undergoing in the process of this geopolitical expansion gambling that can be seen in the new waves of the West economic sanctions against Russia and new threats from the international terrorism. In this paper, the author does not focus on the informational propaganda but tries to analyze the different characteristics of ambition and interactionamong Russia, EU, US, and China in the scenario of Ukraine crisis in the changing world.

Features of the M7.9 Earthquake in the Russia-Mongolia-China Boundary Region

At 19:33 p.m on September 27, 2003, an earthquake with M7.9 occurred in the Russia-Mongolia-China boundary Region. It was strongly felt in the Altay region of Xinjiang. The losses caused by the earthquake was 76 million yuan (RMB). Some information about the earthquake was outlined, including basic parameters, focal mechanism, evaluation of earthquake disaster losses and so on. The satellite remote sensing information worked initial analysis for deformation of ground and failure phenomenon.

China-Russia-India The BRICS Countries in Eurasia Are the Key Factors in the Construction of the Silk Road Economic Belt

China is the starting point and pioneer and driver of the Silk Road Economic Belt; Russia is located in the throat place of the belt; and India is at the joint of the belt and the Maritime Silk Road. China, Russia, and India as the BRICS countries are geo-connected, easy to reach a consensus because of their common and similar interests. The three countries also have common inherent demands and strategic directions： connectivity, complementarity, taking advantage of the great powers of Eurasia and sea-land compound, moving toward the grand trend of modern international economy and technology development. Promoting the construction of the Silk Road Economic Belt accords with their respective interests, and is their common interests, which decide that China, Russia, and India are the key factors and dominant forces in the construction of the belt.

Evolution of Regional Geopolitical Pattern and Its Impact on the Regional Resources Cooperation in Northeast Asia

Taking America＇s implementing the Asia-Pacific rebalancing strategy and China＇s building the Silk Road Belt as a backdrop, this research generalizes the basic concepts of geopolitics, geo-economy and geo-strategy, and then reviews the basic theories of geopolitics and its progress. Furthermore, based on the results of analyzing the features of changes of East Asia geopolitical environment, the paper summarizes the development trends of geopolitical environment of Sino-Mongolia and Sino-Russia, and considers that the geopolitical pattern and order of the South China Sea has been changed deeply with the strong involvement of USA. One of the most important changes is that China＇s interests are suffering stern challenge from Japan, Vietnam, Philippines and other countries. Afterwards, taking the energy market as an example, this research analyzes the impact of geopolitical changes of East Asia on the regional resources market. For China, the strategic conception of building the Silk Road Economic Belt is a countermeasure to counterbalance the adverse changing. At the same time, Russia was sanctioned by western countries and turned their eyes to Asia. So the stern geopolitical environment of both countries provides a good opportunity for China-Russia economic and trade cooperation. Because of the similar geopolitical situation and economic complementary, the energy cooperation between China and Russia is expected to be further enhanced in the future. Although Mongolia＇s economy relies heavily on China, its geopolitical strategic demand and strategic target have changed profoundly since the United States returns to Asia. The diplomatic priority of Mongolia is to strengthen exchanges with ＂the third neighbor＂ and to counterbalance its two neighbors＇ influences. Though the Sino-Mongolia geopolitical relations are mainly positive, America＇s involvement increased the uncertainty of Sino-Mongolia resources cooperation. For Japan and Korea being America＇s allies, the harsh regional geopolitical environment will decrease their share of resources market in northeast Asia in the future.

The Troubled Russia-China Partnership as a Challenge to the East Asian Peace

With the annexation of the Crimea and the engagement in confrontation with the West, Russia has embarked on a course of making the military force into a useful instrument of policy. Moscow has effectively sacrificed the goals of modernization and development for the sake of geopolitical ambitions. The question about the price of Russia＇s revisionist enterprise is relevant for many states that are not satisfied with the unfair and often discriminating rules of the world order, first of all China. Russia hopes to inspire other states dissatisfied with the ＂unipolar＂ world order to challenge the West more boldly, but the result of its assault on the prin- ciples of nonintervention and territorial integrity might work in the opposite way. The states of East Asia could take a good measure of the risk inherent to embarking on the course of projecting power at the expense of modernization and become even more committed than before to upholding their unique prosperity-producing peace. China has a vested interest in Russian internal stability and must be worried by the prospect of a post-Putin crisis.

Problems and Countermeasures to Timber Trade between China and Russian Far East Region

The shortfall of timber resource in China constantly keeps about 150 million m3, which mainly relies on import to fill in the gap. However, Russia, the key timber supply state of China, has encouraged the development of its national intensive timber processing and therefore the Russian Far East Region started to gradually restrict log export. To this end, this paper analyzes the situation of forest industry and timber production in Russian Far East and discusses the current status and existing problems in timber trade between Russian Far East and China. At the end, the paper presents policy recommendation for future timber trade between Russian Far East and China and views their forestry cooperation prospect.

Quotes From China-Russia Media Forum

At the China-Russia Media Forum in St.Petersburg,Russia,on June 25,attendees touched on a variety of topics in their speeches,particularly enhancing cooperation between media organizations of the two countries and improving their abilities in international communication.Edited transcripts of selected speeches follow: