古代中国和非洲医药交流述略

中国和非洲虽远隔重洋,但古代双方医药交流的历史源远流长。从中医药传入非洲和那里的医药反传两方面来看,非洲医学界人士来华的人数和次数逾越中国之右,香药传入我国的规模亦比中药反传大得多,随着清朝闭关自守政策的日趋酷严,这种友好的科技交流亦告停顿。

China's Urbanization in 1949–2015: Processes and Driving Forces

The pace and scale of China＇s contemporary urbanization are stunning. This paper reviews process and the underlying driving forces of China＇s urbanization between 1949-2015. Contemporary China＇s urbanization has experienced four stages, and each has had different driving forces： 1） economic re-construction and industrialization-led urbanization 0949-1977）; 2） economic reform and mar- ket-led urbanization （1978-1995）; 3） economic globalization and the global-local urbanization （1996-2010）; and 4） the land-economy- led urbanization （2010-）. These urbanization processes and driving forces will undoubtedly provide scientific reference and have sig- nificant implications for developing countries, especially African countries, to formulate their urbanization public policies.

A Cost-Benefit Analysis of China＇s Trade Relations With Sub-Saharan Africa

Trade and economic relations between China and Africa have a protracted history and have developed incrementally over the course of time. Consequently, increasing numbers of Chinese businesses and entrepreneurs have sought partnerships with African companies with the aim of establishing strategic partnerships, collaborations, and joint ventures. In recent years, these Sino-African trading relations have been the subject of consistent debate and scrutiny, attracting positive and negative analyses from scholars and practitioners across disciplines. Some studies questioned China＇s motives in Africa＇s markets, and others viewed with suspicion the structure of Sino-Africa＇s bilateral trading engagements. Conducting an extensive literature survey of related sources and employing content analysis of recent and current data （2000-2009）, the paper examined institutional and academic publications pertaining to Sino-African relationship. It determines imbalance in the structure of Sino-African bilateral trade, negative impact on domestic economic development, and competitive disadvantage in African marketplaces. Policy implications of these findings were provided as well as recommendations for mutual trade benefits and global strategic investments

Study on the Characteristics, Problems, and Models of China＇s Aid to Africa under the New Situation

In this paper, the characteristics of China＇s aid to Africa under the new situation are summarized, and also the existing problems are smmnarized from the level of strategy, the level of public opinion, the level of methods and contents, and the level of effect. Combined with the change of the current international political and economic trend, the model of China＇s aid to Afiica is innovatively concluded by tile author as Ihe model of＂Bidirectional Balance Improved Aid＂ and also its definition, main contents, and practice keys are expounded. This model provides a reference model for China＇s aid to Africa and is good for solving the problems in the aid, so that a better actual effect can be achieved.

Chinese Doctors in Africa

SINCE 1963,when China sent its first medical team to Africa,the country has dispatched more than 20,000 healthcare workers to 69 countries and regions.They have treated 100 million patients.Of the 51 countries in which China’s 52 medical teams,including 1,200 physicians,are now working,42 are in Africa."China’s selfless aid over the past half century has won it the trust of African countries,laying a solid foundation for the last-

The Political Economy of the Chinese Onslaught in Africa

China＇s economic and social ties with Africa have grown sturdily since 2000 and the shifts are so marked that, by 2009, China＇s share in sub-Saharan Africa＇s total exports and imports exceeded that between China and other regions in the world. Africa has as well received year-on-year increases in foreign aid from China as compared to Latin America and Asia. This paper seeks an analysis of the increasing economic and social ties between China and Africa. Employing the political economy framework, this paper uses secondary sources of data to rake out the benefits and the threats as well as the political dynamics associated with the ties between the two regions. The paper reveals that China＇s deep-rooted relationship with Africa is translated in benefits including foreign aid, Foreign Direct Investment （FDI）, construction of physical amenities and human resource development for Africa. However, enormous threats including loss of employment, deprivation of human rights and collapse of industries, which are being entrenched by various degrees of leadership deficiencies, are apparent. The paper concludes that the ties, in terms of nature and effects, do not essentially represent change from the already existing ties between Africa and the West but only represent continuity in the dependency syndrome with a new ＂benefactor-exploiter＂. The solution for Africa, as the paper suggests, does not lie in closure of ties with China but in a knowledgeable, willing and action-oriented leadership which can consolidate the benefits and reverse the threats emerging from the ties.

German Poetry in African Languages： The Translation of Selected German Poems From an Intercultural Perspective

The article deals with the translation of German poetry into Wolof and is based on Tamsir Annes＇s translation of German poems under the title Tdere-Woy yi/Das Buch der Lieder. My purpose in this paper is to answer the question of how elements of the vocabulary of sciences （literature and philosophy） as well as cultural specific items are rendered in the Wolof target text. Therefore, in this work, I explore methods and strategies of translation like borrowings, paraphrases, and analyze furthermore some differences noticeable in the translation of some poems at the cultural level. These analysis-steps enable the investigation of, contextually, the central issue of ＂cultural translatability＂ and the reception of translation of European poetry into African languages in general and German poetry into Wolof in particular. The article also focuses on the importance of the reception of German poetry in Wolof as a means of intercultural communication between German and Wolof-speaking countries but as means to develop African languages like Wolof in which the translation of the selected poems has been operated.

The International Research Group in Geophysics Europe Africa： A Laboratory without Borders in the Earth Science and Environment

It was in 1995 that, at the end of the international project IEEY （International Equatorial Electrojet Year）, African and European scientists decided to create the IRGGEA （International Group in Geophysics Europe Africa） in order to pursue the scientific work started during the IEEY project, The main objective of IRGGEA was to introduce new fields of research in Africa and built teams of African scientists recognized at an international level in these new fields. To reach this goal, we developed days after days methods to manage smoothly a large network of scientists from developed and developing countries. After a short introduction on the field of research developed in the IRGGEA, we present the organization of the work based on sharing practices and the results obtained in terms of scientific publications and socio-cultural aspects as the increase of the number of women and positions for students in their countries. Such an experience is easy to reproduce.

A Look into Sino-African Joint Studies on Biodiversity

With richest biodiversity in the world, Africa is the center of most conservation priorities. The difference in the composition of biodiversity is phenomenal between Africa and China, where the resources are almost complementary. This essay reviews the characteristics of African biodiversity, as well as the current status and international cooperation on biodiversity conservation. It also evaluates the significance and impendence of developing Sino-African research projects in this regard, and blueprints detailed plans for such an initiative in possible regions.

China-Africa Relations ： Progress, Challenge, and Prospect

Although being far apart geographically, China and Africa have kept friendly contacts since ancient times, enjoyed an increasing friendship since 1949, and benefited more from economic exchanges in recent decades. As the development of China-Africa relations carries significant implications for the interests of direct and indirect nations, as well as for the world, this paper, based on a brief retrospection, focuses on examining the recent progress and the challenges of China-Africa relations. The author argues that to reach a ＂ harmonious all-win games＂ on the AfiScan continent, China first has to get a holistic, comprehensive, and objective picture of China-Africa relations under a multi--dimensional spectrum, and then do lots of concrete jobs.

The Strategic Implications of China-Nigeria Economic Relations

The paper argues that the rise of China may well be the most significant trend today redefining the geopolitics of Asia and the world beyond. However, economic, political, and security cooperation between China and Nigeria has grown exponentially in the last decades, presenting new opportunities and challenges for Nigeria and Africa as whole. Essentially, this significant development about China has been linked to its ＂opening-up policy,＂ which has taken effect since the 1980s. The contemporary waves of diplomatic relations between China and Nigeria appear to be mutually beneficial to a reasonable extent. China views Nigeria as a gateway to the West African region, which has become a key focus of China＇s trade and economic strategy in Africa. More interestingly, the past four decades have been a critical period for Chinese people to seek harmonious, scientific, and sustainable development at home and strengthen cooperation and embrace globalization with the outside world. Nigeria, like many other African countries, has gratitude in counting China as one of its friends in the global village. The year 2013 marks the 42na anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between the People＇s Republic of China and the Federal Republic of Nigeria. These bilateral ties have witnessed sustained, rapid and unprecedented development. Based on the principles of equality and mutual benefit, respect and trust, especially under the framework of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation known as FOCAC, China and Nigeria have enjoyed fruitful cooperation in economy, trade, investment, human resources development, and cultural exchanges and coordination in international affairs. This study looks into this great relationship and tries to outline the path that leads into the future.

And get in on the conversation

Follow BEIJING REVIEWFor almost 60 years,Beijing Review has presented contemporary news and views of China to the world in English and other languages.Targeting an African audience,ChinAfrica,an English and French monthly published by Beijing Review,brings news,views and analysis on hot topics related to China,Africa and China-Africa relations over the past 30 years.

From Tazara to Today

As a major partner of China in Africa,Tanzania is home to several symbolic projects underlying the cooperation between China and the continent,including the Tanzania-Zambia（Tazara）Railway.

Chinese Engagement in Sub-Saharan Africa： Can the Beijing Consensus be Explained Under World-Systems Analysis？

The purpose of this paper is to： （1） explain what the historical origins of the world-systems concept are; （2） present the background for building the Washington Consensus; （3） attempt to answer if the Beijing Consensus can be interpreted as an alternative to the Washington Consensus; （4） attempt to answer if the world- systems concept is applicable to the current engagement of China in Africa. The world-systems concept provides a useful framework for research in international relations, thanks to both its methodological and theoretical assumptions. As it urges for treating social sciences as an interconnected system, i.e. it believes there is a link between sociology, economics, anthropology and the political sciences, it enables studying the reality of current international relations. Chinese presence in Sub- Saharan Africa should be seen from different points of view, as it affects most spheres of the state： it influences the economics and societies of the African countries （e.g. employment, migration, environment）, as well as politics （e.g. elections in Zambia in 2011 BBC http：//www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa- 14952240, 2011）. Thus, the multi-dimensional analysis provided by the worldsystems theory, though not free of drawbacks （e.g. lack of a detailed analysis of each variable）, allows a comprehensive and holistic look at the issue of Chinese engagement in Africa. In terms of theoretical assumptions, its focus on system as a whole （which can be both studied at domestic and international levels） provides a basis for conducting studies at a regional level, treating Sub-Saharan Africa as the study＇s object. The classic world-systems concept defines world economy as driven by the cores＇ domination on the peripheries （described also as North-South division）. Most countries in sub-Saharan Africa fit into the scheme of world-systems analysis as the peripheries, but China cannot be treated as a core state： it is a semiperiphery, as described by Wallerstein, and representative of Global South. China＇s policy towards Sub-Saharan African countries has a distinct geo-economic pattern--a pattem of South-South cooperation. China＇s relations with Sub-Saharan Africa are （at least on the rhetoric sphere） built on ＇mutual benefit＇, ＇win-win cooperation＇, and similar historical experience, though the partners are not on a similar level of economic development. The growing presence of China in Africa is, therefore, a challenge to traditional assumptions of world-systems analysis and should be further researched. The aim of this article is to answer whether the world- systems theory can be reinterpreted to serve as the framework for conducting research on Chinese engagement in the Global South, especially in Sub-Saharan African countries. The Washington Consensus regarded as the general shift from Keynesianism to neoliberal economic policies （i.e. in the broader sense than that given by Williamson in 1989） fits into the dialectic of world-systems analysis. The Washington Consensus principles provide a framework through which the core countries carry out their policies towards the peripheries. However, not only numerous scholars （Broad and Cavanagh World Policy Journal 16：79, 1999; Wal- lerstein Shall We Discuss Poverty？, 2010; Rodrik Journal of Economic Literature XLIV：973, 2006） but also politicians （As the former British Prime Minister Gordon Brown Washington Post 2009） declared the death of the Washington Consensus. It became even more apparent after the latest financial crisis. Joshua Ramo coined the term ＂the Beijing Consensus＂ to describe the Chinese model of cooperation, different from the Western. Is this distinction based on a reliable foundation？ Is the Beijing Consensus an alternative to the Washington Consensus？ Can the current unprecedented presence of China in Sub-Saharan Africa （as well as in other regions of the Global South） be seen as a part of the world-systems concept？ Should the China-Africa relationship be the new direction of research in the world-systems concept？

The Dimensions and Influence of China＇s African Power： Applying Theoretical Considerations in Practice

This study applies theoretical properties of inter-nation influence to trace China＇s attempt to affect the behavior of African states. There are some important dimensions of power that place China＇s authority into the context of the African environment, which include scope, domain, weight, and means. In addition, an analytical framework is employed to shed hght on the attempt to influence African states by looking at the concepts of interdependence, the ability to influence the behavior of African states and China＇s preferences regarding this influencing behavior. It is argued that persuasion as an influencing technique expresses China＇s ability to induce African states to act how they might not otherwise do, or even consider. This is in contrast to coercive diplomacy that aims to halt courses African states are already pursuing or to commence with a course they are not pursuing. Influencing the thoughts, behet~ and ideas of African leaders in a multidimensional manner rather than acting as a single entity determines this set of interactions. Attempts to influence the behavior of African states to obtain outcomes are therefore an indispensable part of its African engagement.