1951～2002年中国东、西部地区地面气温变化对比

利用195 1～2 0 0 2年全国733个测站经过非均一性检验的月平均气温资料,在剔除5 0万以上人口大城市测站后,分析了5 2年来中国东、西部及青藏高原地区的气温变化趋势的一致性和差异性,并讨论了其可能原因.结果表明我国东、西部地区年、季平均气温变化有着较好的一致性;近5 2年来,我国东、西部和青藏高原地区年平均气温均呈升温趋势,年平均气温的增温速率东部为0 2 6℃10a ,西部0 18℃ 10a ,东部比西部高0 0 8℃ 10a ;季平均气温东部地区冬、春季的增暖趋势大于西部和青藏高原,而其夏、秋季的增暖趋势小于西部和青藏高原.我国东、西部地区年、季平均气温变化关系密切,说明其主要是受全球气候变化的影响而变化,但东部年平均气温的增暖总趋势大于西部,又说明地域差异在气温变化中也有重要作用.

中国东、西部火山岩油气藏运聚成藏机理

目前对火山岩油气藏储层形成的控制因素、油气运聚机理认识不清,现有油气勘探理论不能有效指导火山岩油气藏勘探,导致其勘探潜力被严重低估。为此,通过剖析中国东、西部典型火山岩油气藏的成盆背景、储层形成与分布、油气运聚规律等,明确了中国东、西部火山岩油气藏不同的形成机制,首次提出了"相—面控储、断—壳控运、复式聚集"的火山岩油气藏运聚成藏机理,即岩性岩相界面、不整合面或火山旋回界面、期次界面控制了优质储层的发育;油源断层控制油气垂向运移,风化壳则控制油气侧向运移(火山岩油气运聚成藏过程的数值模拟实验结果表明,断裂与裂缝控制了天然气的输导通道,裂缝改善了低孔隙度、低渗透率火山岩的孔渗特征,提高了油气运移效率);火山多期次喷发,各期喷发界面(喷发间断界面、岩性岩相界面)顶部发育风化淋滤作用形成的有效孑L隙,纵向可形成多层有效储层,从而使得同一成藏背景下发育多层系、多类型火山岩油气藏。该创新性研究成果拓展了火山岩油气勘探层系和领域,丰富和完善了油气藏勘探理论。

中国东西部油砂矿带成藏对比及勘探启示

中国油砂分布广泛,东、西部地区油砂成藏规律存在明显差异。通过中国东、西部地区主要油砂矿的产出层位、源储关系和成藏过程等对比分析,对油砂矿藏形成机制、成藏模式及勘探启示进行总结。研究表明:东部油砂矿主要形成于原油长距离侧向运移过程中的逸散降解作用,而西部油砂矿则多形成于盆地改造对于原始油藏的氧化降解作用;成藏模式上,东部为单斜坡逸散型、拉张断裂疏导型和构造反转抬升型;西部为多级斜坡逸散型、逆冲断裂疏导型和多期叠合抬升型;东部油砂主要富集在盆地斜坡区和构造反转区,勘探应以沉积相的精细刻画为主;西部油砂主要富集在前陆冲断带和山前带地区,勘探应以地表勘察和有效圈闭落实为主。研究结果对中国东、西部地区的油砂勘探实践具有一定借鉴意义。

Modeling of the Second Indirect Effect of Anthropogenic Aerosols in East Asia

This study investigated the second indirect climatic effect of anthropogenic aerosols,including sulfate,organic carbon(OC) ,and black carbon(BC) ,over East Asia.The seasonal variation of the climatic response to the second indirect effect was also characterized.The simulation period for this study was 2006.Due to a decrease in autoconversion rate from cloud water to rain as a result of aerosols,the cloud liquid water path(LWP) ,and radiative flux(RF) at the top of the atmosphere(TOA) changed dramatically,increasing by 14.3 g m-2 and decreasing by-4.1 W m-2 in terms of domain and annual average.Both LWP and RF changed most in autumn. There were strong decreases in ground temperature in Southwest China,the middle reaches of the Yangtze River in spring and autumn,while maximum cooling of up to-1.5 K occurred in the Chongqing district.The regional and annual mean change in ground temperature reached-0.2 K over eastern China.In all seasons except summer,precipitation generally decreased in most areas north of the Yangtze River,whereas precipitation changed little in South China.Precipitation changed most in summer,with alternating bands of increasing(～40 mm) and decreasing(～40 mm) precipitation appearing in eastern China.Precipitation decreased by 1.5-40 mm over large areas of Northeast China and the Huabei Plain.The domain and annual mean change in precipitation was approximately-0.3 mm over eastern China.The maximum reduction in precipitation occurred in summer,with mean absolute and relative changes of-1.2 mm and-3.8%over eastern China.This study revealed considerable climate responses to the second indirect effect of aerosols over specific regions of China.

The Effects of Land Cover Change on Regional Climate over the Eastern Part of Northwest China

A regional climate model （RegCM4） is em- ployed to investigate the impacts of land use/cover change （LUCC） on the climate over the eastern part of Northwest China （ENW） in the periods of 2001 and 2011. The re- sults indicated that the LUCC in ENW, which was char-acterized by desert retreat, reforestation, and farmland expansion, led to significant local changes in surface air temperature （within -0.3℃） and slight regional changes in precipitation （within -15%） in summer. In the desert retreat area, the net absorbed shortwave radiation had a greater influence than evaporative cooling, leading to increases in the daily mean and maximum temperature. Besides, the daily mean and maximum temperatures in- creased in the reforestation area but decreased in the farmland expansion area. As surface albedo showed no significant change in these regions, the temperature in- crease in the reforestation area can be attributed to a decrease in evaporation, while the opposite effect appears to have been the case in the farmland expansion area.

Long-term Activity of Earthquake-induced Landslides: A Case Study from Qionghai Lake basin, Southwest of China

Earthquake-triggered landslides are a major geological hazard in the eastern Tibetan Plateau, and have prolonged impact on earth surface processes and fluvial system. To determine how long co-seismic landslides affect basins, a massive number of landslides existing in Qionghai Lake Basin were investigated for landslide distribution characteristics and geomorphological evidences, with further comparison and analysis using historic seismic analog method. The landslides found in Qionghai Lake Basin showed clear features of seismic triggering with strongly controlled by Zemuhe fault. These landslides are still active at present. Some new slides generally occur in ancient slope failure zones causing serious secondary hazards in recent years. In this study we strengthen the idea that the landslides triggered by the 185o Xichang earthquake （Ms7.5） have long term activity and prolonged impact on the mountain disasters with a period of more than 16o years. Our results support growing evidence that coseismic landslides have a prolonged effect on secondary disasters in a basin, and invite more careful consideration of the relationship between current basin condition and landslide history for a longer period.

Large-Scale Circulation Features Typical of Wintertime Extensive and Persistent Low Temperature Events in China

A pair of northeast-southwest-tilted mid-tropospheric ridges and troughs on the continental scale was observed to be the key circulation feature common among wintertime extensive and persistent low tempera-ture events (EPLTE) in China.During the persistence of such anomalous circulations,the split flow over the inner Asian continent and the influent flow over the southeast-ern coast of China correspond well to the expanded and amplified Siberian high with tightened sea level pressure gradients and hence,a strong,cold advection over south-eastern China.The western Pacific subtropical high tends to expand northward during the early stages of most EPLTEs.

Study on the Guarantee Mechanism for the Construction of Government Public Culture Service System

The design and study on the construction of government public culture service system have been commenced since 2010 in China, aiming at exploring the construction models of government public culture service system in central China, east China, west China, and urban and rural areas, and researching effective measures. As a result, the study of the guarantee mechanism for the construction of government public culture service system can be promoted. In this paper, the main contents of the construction of government public culture service system, the construction significance, and the construction＇s guarantee mechanism are studied and discussed emphatically.

Evaluation of Energy Use and Environmental Efficiency in China＇s A statistical analysis by province based on the SBM model

The world today is .faced with the critical challenge of developing industries .for both high technological efficiency and possibly less impact on resources and the environment. This paper employs the Slacks-based measure （SBM） to conduct an empirical analysis of China＇s industrial environmental efficiency between 1998 and 2008. We.found a slight decline in SBM nationwide due to the combined effects of resource^environmental constraint as well as technological progress. From a static perspective, there is a clear disparity in coordination among regions, particularly between western regions and eastern coastal regions. From a dynamic perspective, there is limited change in the coordination of industries with natural resources and the environment in coastal and central regions, but a marked decline in the northeast and western regions. This contrast can be traced to the .following reasons： the capital-intensive structure of the economy and the high proportion of large industrial enterprises that restrict the improvement of SBM environmental efficiency. Higher living standards, indigenous innovation, acquisition of new technologies, and foreign direct investment will be conducive to industries＇synchronous development with natural resources and the environment.

Significance and Microscopic Analysis of Deformation in the Cultural Remains of Western Zhou Dynasty-Late Spring and Autumn Period at Daijiayuan Ruins in Huoshan,Anhui Province,China

During an excavation survey to the Daijiayuan vestige of the Western Zhou Dynasty-Late Spring and Autumn Period at Huoshan in Western Anhui,a ground crack related to tectonic movement and filled with silty fine sand was found. This phenomenon was initially confirmed to be due to seismic liquefaction. Many microscopic seismic relics,such as load structure,flow structure,cutoff plane and flotation of organic matter were found in the directional microscopic analysis of deformation. These discoveries and cognitions prove that there were two earthquake events taking place in the Western Zhou Dynasty-Late Spring and Autumn Period in this area. Above-mentioned works enrich and develop the research methods to identify prehistoric earthquake event in eastern China area to a certain extent.

Recent Change of the South Asian High

This paper investigates the variability of the summer （May-September） South Asian Iligh （SAIl） for the period 1979-2012. Results show that the intensity and the area of the summer SAH decreased around 2002 at the decadal scale; and the East Asian westerly jet suppressed at the north edge of the SAH, which is consistent with the SAH variation. The precipitation pattern over eastern China also shifted during the same periods, with increased rainfall in the Huang-Huai River region and South China and decreased rainfall in the Yangtze River region. The relationship between the two variations is evidently strengthened via changes in moisture flux.

Photo News

September 7,2014Thousands of lanterns take to the skies in Yichun City of Jiangxi Province during a local Moon Culture Tourism Festival.September 1,2014Students at a primary school in Taizhou,southeast China’s Zhejiang Province sprint around the country’s first rooftop running track.

Impact of climate change on fluctuations of grain harvests in China from the Western Han Dynasty to the Five Dynasties(206 BC–960 AD)

The occurrence of bumper or poor grain harvests in ancient China plays an important role in explaining how past climate changes affected the economy.Because of the lack of long-term continuous and high-resolution quantitative data for reconstructing the series of grain harvests in ancient China,understanding of the impacts and mechanisms involved in climate change is limited.This study presents a method designed for reconstructing grain harvest series by quantifying grain output levels based on the descriptions in historical documents.The method involves setting the grain output level for each year based on very specific meanings of different words,calculating a yield index based on the structure of each level and assessing grain yields(bumper or poor harvests)every 10 years.First,1636 records related to grain yields(including crop yields,food security,agricultural disasters,grain prices,grain storage and people's livelihoods)for each year were retrieved from history books called the Twenty-Four Histories.Second,using this method,a 10-year resolution graded grain harvest series from the Western Han Dynasty to the Five Dynasties(206 BC–960 AD)is reconstructed.Finally,the relationship between the variations in temperature and precipitation and the fluctuation of grain yields is examined.The results show that from the Western Han Dynasty to the Five Dynasties,bumper,average and poor harvest decades accounted for 33.3%,39.3%and 27.4%of the 1,166-year period,respectively.The grain yields during 206 BC–960 AD can be divided into three stages:a period of bumper harvests during 206–51 BC,poor harvests during 50 BC–590 AD and bumper harvests during 591–960 AD.Bumper harvest decades typically experienced a warm climate with normal or high levels of precipitation,while poor harvest decades had a cold and dry climate.A positive correlation was found between temperature and grain yield because a warm climate allows a full use of resources.The observed relationship between precipitation and grain yield indicated that both flooding and droughts cause poor harvests,which confirms that agricultural production in the monsoon climate of eastern China is greatly impacted by conditions of limited heat and extreme precipitation.

Ordovician radiolarians from the Yinisala ophiolitic melange and their significance in western Junggar, Xinjiang, NW China

The Yinisala ophiolitic melange is located in the southern part of the Xiemisitai Mountains in western Junggar （NW China）, and is composed of mafic-ultra mafic rocks, siliceous blocks, marble （marbleized limestone） and pyroclastic rocks, which all crop out as faulted blocks. Rich radiolarian and sponge spicule fossils are found in the siliceous rock for the first time. There are six genera of radiolarians （including one gen. et sp. Indet.） belonging to two families： Inaniguttid gen. et sp. Indet., Inani- gutta sp., Inanibigutta sp., Inanihella bakanasensis （Nazarov）, Triplococcus acanthicus （Danelian and Popov）, Antygopora sp., which are identified to be of late Early to Middle Ordovician age, representing the upper limit of the formation age of the Yinisala ophiolite melange. The ophiolites were developed in the Early Cambrian-Middle Ordovician oceanic environment, probably an important part of the early Paleozoic Paleo-Asian Ocean, based on the composition and structure of the siliceous rock and associated deep-water fossils. The Yinisala, Taerbahatai, and Hongguleleng ophiolitic melange belts can be correlated as a suite of unified subduction accretionary complex, which extends eastward to the eastern Junggar. We consider that there existed an ancient ocean connecting the east and west of northern Junggar in the Early Cambrian-Middle Ordovician.

The Eastern China flood of June 2015 and its causes

Two record-breaking rainfalls in late June of 2015 led to widespread flooding in Eastern China, espe- cially over the Yangtze River Delta, and this in turn led to huge economic losses. Analysis suggests that the E1 Nifio- like sea surface temperature pattern during that month facilitated an intensified and southwestward-shifted west- ern Pacific subtropical high and enhanced water vapor convergence along the Meiyu front, which provided a favorable environment for the occurrence of heavy rainfall over Eastern China. Meanwhile, two midlatitude troughs were successively formed over East Asia in the second half of the month as a consequence of the downstream energy dispersions of two midlatitude blockings. These configu- rations facilitated the southward intrusion of the extrat- ropical high potential vorticity toward the Meiyu front. In this way, the ascent was enhanced along the Meiyu front over Eastern China, and the occurrence of heavy rainfalls was triggered. Moreover, a tropical intraseasonal active convection propagated northward and also contributed constructively to the heavy rainfall.

Characteristics,timing,and offsets of the middle-southern segment of the western boundary strike-slip fault of the Songliao Basin in Northeast China

As the west boundary fault of the Songliao Basin and the eastern margin of the Da Hinggan Mountains, the Nenjiang-Balihan fault is located in the central part of Northeast China. It is traditionally considered to be a huge deep-seated NNE-striking fault, characterized by a normal fault or detachment fault displacement. The field investigation resulted in the finding of ductile shear zones in the Lingxia and Louzidian areas, the middle and southern sectors of the fault system. The authors conducted meas- urements of structural elements in the field, micro-structural studies, finite strain measurements, a study on preferred crystal orientations of quartz determined by Electron Back Scatter Diffraction and muscovite 40Ar/9Ar chronology of the deformed rocks in the ductile shear zone. The results show that the deformation features of the Lingxia and Louzidian ductile shear zones are similar, and that they represent one continuous fault, i.e., the middle-southern segment of the Nenjiang-Balihan Fault, which experienced a sinistral strike-slip ductile shearing in the Early Cretaceous （-130 Ma）. By measuring the displacement of the Xar Moron River suture and Wolegen Group on both sides of the Nenjiang-Balihan Fault, it is found that the cumulative strike-slip offset of the fault is about 40-50 km.

Petrology and phase equilibrium of newly found eclogites from Kekesu Valley in eastern part of southwest Tianshan HP-UHP metamorphic belt,China,and its tectonic significance

Eclogites and omphacite-bearing blueschists have been newly found in the eastern segment of the southwest Tianshan orogenic belt, Xinjiang, northwest China. After detailed petrological study, three samples including one fresh eclogite TK003, one blueschist sample TK026-8 and one retrograded eclogite TK027, were selected for phase equilibrium modeling under NC（K）MnFMASHO （N20-CaO-K20-MnO-FeO-MgO-A1203-SiO2-H：O-O） system, by thermocalc 3.33 software. Composition analyses of garnets in these three samples show typical growth zoning with Xpy and Xgrs increasing, Xspss decreasing from core to rim. Pseudosection modeling of the garnet zonation reflects that the eclogites and blueschist experienced a similar P-T evo- lution trajectory, with a near iso-baric heating in the early stage, and reached eclogite facies metamorphic field with peak P-T regime of 480-515~C, 2.00-2.30 GPa. Subsequently the rocks experienced an early iso-thermal decompression retrograde stage with P-T conditions of 515-519~C, 1.78-1.93 GPa. Variations of mineralogy and modes of these rocks are probably due to different retrograde paths as a consequence of different bulk-rock composition, as well as a variation in fluid activity during exhumation. P-T calculation and a peak geothermal gradient of 6-7~C/km indicate HP rocks in the Kekesu Valley experienced cold subducted eclogite facies metamorphism. Thus a huge oceanic subduction eclogite facies metamorphic belt in southwest Tianshan has been recognized, extending from the Kekesu Valley in the east to the Muzhaerte Valley in the west for nearly 200 kin. However, UHP evidence has not been found in the Kekesu terrane, perhaps because the slab in east part of southwest Tianshan did not subduct into such a great depth.

How Can School Bullying Be Eradicated?

School violence has repeatedly made headlines in recent years.In March2015,for example,a video clip showing a female student in east China’s Jiangxi Province being beaten and slapped in the face by classmates because of conflicts between her and one of the attackers went viral on the Internet.