中国东部区域土壤活性有机碳分布特征及其影响因素

土壤活性有机碳是反映土壤有机碳响应环境条件变化的敏感指标。为了解大尺度区域土壤活性有机碳分布特征,选取中国东部区域72个土壤样本,分析其溶解性有机碳(DOC)和土壤水溶性有机碳(WSOC)的分布特征并探讨了自然因素以及土地利用方式对二者的影响,为土壤碳循环、改进土地利用管理和解释温室气体排放提供基础数据和科学依据。结果表明,不同土壤类型中,暗棕壤[(94.56±12.17)mg·kg^(-1)]和黄棕壤[(90.81±19.49)mg·kg^(-1)]的DOC质量分数显著高于红壤[(73.76±13.620)mg·kg^(-1),P<0.05],棕壤WSOC质量分数[(63.83±20.49)mg·kg^(-1)]显著高于红壤[(50.54±4.50)mg·kg^(-1),P<0.05];不同温度带下,中温带、暖温带和北亚热带土壤DOC含量分别为中亚热带的1.25、1.13和1.24倍(P<0.05),中温带、暖温带和北亚热带WSOC含量分别比中亚热带高出20.18%、16.33%和24.12%(P<0.05);不同湿度带中,半湿润区土壤DOC和WSOC含量分别是湿润区的1.12倍和1.21倍(P<0.05)。不同地貌类型下,平坝区土壤DOC质量分数[(87.13±14.31)mg·kg^(-1)]显著高于丘陵区[(78.61±14.90)mg·kg^(-1),P<0.05],且其最低值[(75.78±14.47)mg·kg^(-1)]位于海拔高度150~200 m区域内;土壤WSOC含量在不同地貌类型下无显著差异(P>0.05)。不同成土母质中,黄土母质发育的土壤DOC质量分数[(95.70±21.07)mg·kg^(-1)]显著高于花岗岩发育的土壤[(76.99±13.67)mg·kg^(-1),P<0.05]。不同土地利用方式中,林地土壤DOC含量为水田土壤的1.21倍(P<0.05)。逐步回归分析结果表明,年平均气温和年平均降水量是土壤DOC空间变异的主控因子;而土壤WSOC的变异仅受年平均气温的影响。综上,在该尺度下,气候会显著影响土壤DOC和WSOC的含量分布。

2013年1月中国东部持续性强雾霾天气产生的气象条件分析

2013年1月,在中国东部地区发生了强度强、持续时间长、发生范围广的雾霾天气.本文利用资料诊断,从大气环流背景场和雾霾天气演变过程两个方面,分析了气象条件在这次持续性强雾霾天气发生中的作用.结果表明,2013年1月东亚冬季风异常偏弱,在中国东部区域,对流层中低层的异常南风有利于水汽向中国东部地区输送,500 hPa的高压异常抑制了对流的发展,而表面风速的减弱不利于近地面附近的雾霾向区域外输送,水平风垂直梯度的减小减弱了天气尺度扰动的发展和大气的垂直混合,对流层低层异常逆温层的存在使得大气近地层变得更加稳定.这些气象背景场为雾霾天气的维持和发展提供了有利的气象条件.对雾霾天气演变过程的分析表明,雾霾天气区域内的表面风速及其上空对流层中低层的水平风垂直切变对雾霾天气过程具有动力影响,二者偏小(大)时雾霾天气偏强(弱);对流层中低层的层结不稳定性以及近地面层的逆温状况和温度露点差对雾霾天气的演变可以产生热力影响,层结不稳定性和逆温偏大(小)以及温度露点差偏小(大)时雾霾天气偏强(弱).多元线性回归分析的结果表明,热力和动力因子对这次雾霾天气过程具有大致相同的作用,气象因子可以解释超过2/3的雾霾天气逐日变化的方差,方差贡献达到0.68.

Geographical Tendencies of Trace Element Contents in Soils Derived from Granite,Basalt and Limestone of Eastern China

92 soil samples were collected from granite, basalt and limestone areas of eastern China and determined for 13 trace element contents. The geographical tendencies of and factors affecting trace element contents in soils were studied.The sequences of soil trace element contents (especially the transitional elements in the 4th period) were: basalt soils > limestone soils > granite soils.The contents of trace elements in soils of granite areas and basalt areas showed great inheritance of trace element contents from the relevant parent rocks. The contents of trace elements in limestones were very low, but they became very high in limestone soils. Trace element contents of soils derived from limestone and basalt'increased significantly from north to south, these tendencies were similar to the tendency of ferric oxide contents in soils.There were differences of contents of trace elements bound to ferric oxide in different kinds of parent material and in different types of soil. The correlations between the contents of trace elements and the contents of ferric oxide were better in basalt soils than in granite soils.

Dynamic Changes,Regional Differences,and Influencing Factorsof CO_2 Emission Performance in China

This paper proposes to use DEA models with undesirable outputs to construct the Malmquist index that can be use to investigate the dynamic changes of CO 2 emission performance.With the index,the authors have measured the CO 2 emission performance of 28 provinces and autonomous regions in China from 1996 to 2007;with the convergence theory and panel data regression model,the authors analyze the regional differences and the influencing factors.It is found that the performance of CO 2 emissions in China has been continuously improved mainly due to the technological progress,and the average improvement rate is 3.25%,with a cumulative improvement rate of 40.86%.In addition,the CO 2 emission performance varies across four regions.As a whole,the performance score of eastern China is the highest.The northeastern and central China has relatively lower performance scores,and the western China is relatively backward.The regional differences are decreasing,and the performance of CO 2 emissions is convergent.The influence of some factors on the performance of CO 2 emissions is significant,such as the level of economic development,the level of industrial structure,energy intensity,and ownership structure.The influence of some factors,such as opening-up to the outside world,on the performance of CO 2 emissions is not significant..

The Extreme Summer Precipitation over East China during 1982-2007 Simulated by the LASG/IAP Regional Climate Model

The extreme summer precipitation over East China during 1982-2007 was simulated using the LASG/IAP regional climate model CREM(the Climate version of a Regional Eta-coordinate Model).The results show that the probability density functions(PDFs) of precipitation intensities are reasonably simulated,except that the PDFs of light and moderate rain are underestimated and that the PDFs of heavy rain are overestimated.The extreme precipitation amount(R95p) and the percent contribution of extreme precipitation to the total precipitation(R95pt) are also reasonably reproduced by the CREM.However,the R95p and R95pt over most of East China are generally overestimated,while the R95p along the coastal area of South China(SC) is underestimated.The bias of R95pt is consistent with the bias of precipitation intensity on wet days(SDII).The interannual variation for R95p anomalies(PC1) is well simulated,but that of R95pt anomalies(PC2) is poorly simulated.The skill of the model in simulating PC1(PC2) increases(decreases) from north to south.The bias of water vapor transport associated with the 95th percentile of summer daily precipitation(WVTr95) explains well the bias of the simulated extreme precipitation.

Evaluation of regional energy security in eastern coastal China based on the DPSIR model

The DPSIR assessment method, which implies the relationships among driving force （D）, pressure （P）, status （S）, impact （I）, and response （R）, is widely applied by scholars. This paper aims to establish a comprehensive assessment system for regional energy security in eastern coastal China based on the above model using different indicators. Factor analysis and the SPSS statistical analysis software were used to carry out scientific and quantitative assessments. The results indicated that con- tradictions of energy supply and demand as well as environmental pollution are the critical factors that present great challenges to regional energy security in this area. The authors argued that a sustainable, stable, and safe supply energy supply is crucial in solving the aforesaid dilemma, and improving the energy use efficiency is one of the best choices. Some countermeasures and suggestions regarding regional energy supply stability and utilization security were pointed out.

Impact of climatic change on sea surface temperature variation in Subei coastal waters,East China

Sea surface temperature （SST） variation in the Subei coastal waters, East China, which is important for the ecological environment of the Yellow Sea where Enteromorphaprolifera blooms frequently, is affected by the East Asian winter monsoon （EAWM）, El Nifio-Southem Oscillation （ENSO）, and Pacific Decadal Oscillation （PDO）. In this study, correlations between climatic events and SST anomalies （SSTA） around the Subei （North Jiangsu Province, East China） Coast from 1981-2012 are analyzed, using empirical orthogonal function （EOF） and correlation analyses. First, a key region was determined by EOF analysis to represent the Subei coastal waters. Then, coherency analyses were performed on this key region. According to the correlation analysis, the EAWM index has a positive correlation with the spring and summer SSTA of the key region. Furthermore, the Nifio3.4 index is negatively correlated with the spring and summer SSTA of the key region 1 year ahead, and the PDO has significant negative coherency with spring SSTA and negative coherency with summer SSTA in the key region 1 year ahead. Overall, PDO exhibits the most significant impact on SSTA of the key region. In the key region, all these factors are correlated more significantly with SSTA in spring than in summer. This suggests that outbreaks ofEnteromorpha prolifera in the Yellow Sea are affected by global climatic changes, especially the PDO.

Regional Climate Change and Uncertainty Analysis based on Four Regional Climate Model Simulations over China

Four sets of climate change simulations at grid spacing of 50 km were conducted over East Asia with two regional climate models driven at the lateral bounda- ries by two global models for the period 1981-2050. The locus of the study was on the ensemble projection of cli- mate change in the mid-21st century （2031-50） over China. Validation of each simulation and the ensemble average showed good performances of the models overall, as well as advantages of the ensemble in reproducing present day （1981 2000） December-February （DJF）, June-August （JJA）, and annual （ANN） mean temperature and precipitation. Significant wanning was projected for the mid-21st century, with larger values of temperature increase found in the northern part of China and in the cold seasons. The ensemble average changes of precipitation in DJF, JJA, and ANN were determined, and the uncertainties of the projected changes analyzed based on the consistencies of the simulations. It was concluded that the largest uncertainties in precipitation projection are in eastern China during the summer season （monsoon pre-cipitation）.

IMPACT OF URBANIZATION IN DIFFERENT REGIONS OF EASTERN CHINA ON PRECIPITATION AND ITS UNCERTAINTY

Climate effect caused by urbanization has been an indispensable anthropogenic factor in the research on regional climate change.Based on daily precipitation data,possible effects of precipitation on the development of three city groups in eastern China are discussed.With three classification methods(TP,PD and MODIS land cover),urban and rural stations are identified.The main findings are as follows.Climate effects caused by urbanization are different from place to place.In 1960 to 2009,the urbanization brought more precipitation to the Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta city groups but had no obvious effect on the precipitation of the Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan city group.The difference of precipitation is slight between urban and suburban areas during slow period of the urbanization from 1960 to 1979.It is more evident in the rapid period(1980 to 2009) that urbanization has positive effects on precipitation in every city group.The difference of precipitation between urban and rural stations is sensitive to the ways of distinguishing rural from urban area,which may cause uncertainties in 1960 to 1979,while it is very different in 1980 to 2009 in which urbanization favors more precipitation in all city groups and their differences in precipitation are not sensitive to the division methods.

Regional Distribution and Pollution of Energy-lntensive Industries in China

This paper investigates the regional distribution and pollution of energyintensive industries in China. Through the analysis of provincial panel data collected during 1998-2008, this work estimates the drivers of pollution in 30 of China＇s provincial-level divisions. The paper concludes that while China＇s energy-intensive industries are heavily distributed in eastern and central China, the speed of development toward central and western China has, in recent years, risen continuously. Industries located in eastern China do, however, remain the primary polluters in the country. Notably, regional agglomeration of energy-intensive industries plays a positive role in energy conservation and pollution control in China. This paper also finds that patterns of pollution in China follow the environmental Kuznets curve （EKC） with strong inter-provincial discrepancies.

Summer Extreme Temperatures over East China during 1984-2004 Simulated by LASG/IAP Regional Climate Model CREM

The authors examine extreme summer temperatures over East China during 19844004 using a regional climate model named CREM （the Climate version of Regional Eta-coordinate Model）, which was developed by LASG/IAP. The results show that the main features of the extreme summer temperatures over East China are reproduced well by CREM, and the skill for the minimum temperature is higher than that for the maximum tem- perature, especially along the Yangtze-Huai River Valley （YHV）. The simulated extreme temperatures are lower than those of observation, especially for the maximum temperature. The bias of extreme temperatures is consistent with the cold bias of the climatological mean summer surface air temperature. The skill of the model in simulating the interannual variability of extreme temperatures increases from north to south. The simulated interannual variation of the minimum temperature is more reasonable than the maximum temperature. The underestimation of net solar radiation at the surface leads to a cold bias of the climatological mean temperature. Furthermore, the model underestimates the light and moderate rain, while overestimates heavy rain. It causes the simulated minimum temperature more reasonable than the maximum temperature.

The Flying Geese Paradigm:Industrial Upgrade Strategy and Balanced Regional Development

On the basis of competency-based comparative advantage theory and reclassification of industries,this paper has discussed whether the FGP-type industry upgrade has taken place across different regions of China and whether China is able to transcend the middle-income trap through the FGP-type industry upgrade.This paper has discovered that no matter by traditional method of industry classification or the new method of industry classification,China has already experienced the FGP-type industry upgrade and entered into the second stage of this process.While relocating industries to central and western regions,China's eastern region does not have clear directions of industry upgrade of its own.Through analysis on the evolution of comparative advantages across regions,this paper has also discovered that in the process of the FGP industry upgrade,China is facing the risk of falling into comparative advantage trap.These factors are unfavorable to China's implementation of the FGP-type industry upgrade strategy,prevention of the comparative advantage interruptions that may confront middle-income countries and achievement of balanced regional development.

Trends and Regional Variations in Carbon Productivity across China

This paper utilizes the Theil and decoupling indices to analyze variation in carbon productivity as well as the factors that influence regional carbon productivity in China and proposes carbon emission reduction countermeasures. The authors conclude that most provinces exhibit year-on-year rising carbon productivity, a trend which decreases moving from east to western China. When applied to carbon productivity, the Theil index presents distinct regional differences. Moreover, the regional variance in carbon productivity is consistently reduced in eastern China and becomes smaller in central China. The difference, however, grows in western China. Carbon productivity grows with the highest speed in central China and the lowest speed in western China. Overall variation in carbon productivity mainly arises from intra-regional difference, whereas inter-regional difference mainly contributed by eastern China. In recent years; both the decoupling index, a dynamic value equal to the rate of change rate in carbon emissions divided by the rate of change in GDP during a given period of time, and carbon productivity vary in different economic development stages. Even if under the same decoupling state, carbon productivity remains different in three regions, i.e., that of the eastern region is higher than the other two regions .

Modeling study of regional severe hazes over mid-eastern China in January 2013 and its implications on pollution prevention and control

The Nested Air Quality Prediction Model System(NAQPMS)was used to investigate the temporal and spatial variations of PM2.5over tropospheric central eastern China in January 2013.The impact of regional transport and its implications on pollution prevention and control were also examined.Comparison between simulated and observed PM2.5showed NAQPMS was able to reproduce the evolution of PM2.5during heavy haze episodes.The results indicated that regional transport of PM2.5played an important role in regional haze episodes in the city cluster including Hebei,Beijing and Tianjin(HBT).The cross-city clusters transport outside HBT and transport among cities inside HBT contributed 20%–35%and 26%–35%of PM2.5as compared with local emission,in HBT respectively.To meet the Air Quality Standards for Grade II,90%,90%and65%of emissions would have to be cut down in Hebei,Tianjin and Beijing,if non-control strategy was taken in the surrounding city clusters of HBT.This implicated that control of emissions in one city cluster is not sufficient to reduce regional haze events,and joint efforts among city clusters are essential.Besides regional transports,two-way feedback between boundary-layer evolution and PM2.5also significantly contributed to the formation of heavy hazes,which contributed 30%of monthly average PM2.5concentration in HBT.

The genesis of tectono-magmatism in eastern China

The tectono-magmatism in eastern China is a hotspot for the researches, and many hypotheses of that were discussed. There is a middle crust with solid, low velocity and high conductivity in eastern China, which is impossible to form"convection magmatic layer". The subduction and compression of oceanic plate induced to the lateral pressure for the eastern China lithosphere in the condition of increasing pressure and decreasing temperature, it is also impossible to form an extensively melting magma layer. In South China, the granitic zone migrates from west to east, their evolution cannot be explained by plate subduction. The original magmatic reservoirs are controlled by main faults and spheres, which occurred the tectonic detachment and formed in the process of decreasing pressure and increasing temperature. The magma only originates in very small part of lithosphere. The tectono-magmatism and tectonic detachment of eastern China lithosphere during the Jurassic and the Cretaceous are concentrate mainly near the intersections between the regional faults and middle crust or the Moho discontinuity, and then magma intrudes or erupts along faults. The tectono-magmatism of Cenozoic originates near the intersections between the regional high-angle normal faults and the bottom of lithosphere. Obviously, the different penetration depth of faults induces a different kind of magmatism.