中国化学家在2021年诺贝尔化学奖领域的贡献

2021年诺贝尔化学奖眷顾化学领域的基石——合成化学,颁给了两位有机小分子催化领域的开拓者Benjamin List和David MacMillan。有机小分子催化的概念在21世纪初开始形成和发展,中国化学家对该领域的发展作出了杰出的贡献和推动,谨以此文向二十年来为该领域不断发展突破作出贡献的中国化学家致敬。

为兴宗国求科学——化学家潘贯日据台湾时期简传

著名化学家潘贯 (1 90 7— 1 974年 )是首位膺选中央研究院院士的台湾省籍学者。 2 0世纪 30年代 ,在台北帝国大学随松野吉松教授从事有机化合物拉曼效应的研究 ,合作发表论文 7篇 ,独立发表论文 1篇。这些研究成果在早期有机化合物拉曼光谱研究上有相当价值。他自幼熟读诗书 ,心向祖国 ,留下不少明志的诗句。

中国杰出化学家群体特征的计量研究——以中国国家科学技术奖获得者为例

中国杰出化学家群体是中国科技精英的组成部分,以中国杰出化学家群体为样本,应用SPSS数理统计软件对该群体的出生地域、性别比例、年龄结构,受教育经历、工作情况、归国年代、研究领域等情况进行计量分析,总结其群体特征,以引导中国化学进一步发展,为培养化学领域创新科技人才提供有益的借鉴和启示。

外国人能办到的 我们也能办到

中国化学家侯德榜原名启荣,字致本。1890年8月9日生于福建省闽侯县义洲新村一个普通农民家庭。青少年时期就有强烈的求知欲和钻研精神,在以优异成绩从福州英华书院毕业后,就被保送进上海铁路学堂学习,毕业后到安徽符离集当工程练习生。

Evaluation of a Direct Rapid Immunohistochemical Test (dRIT) for Rapid Diagnosis of Rabies in Animals and Humans

Presently the gold standard diagnostic technique for rabies is the direct immunofluorescence assay （dFA） which is very expensive and requires a high level of expertise. There is a need for more economical and user friendly tests, particularly for use in developing countries. We have established one such test called the direct rapid immunohistochemical test （dRIT） for diagnosis of rabies using brain tissue. The test is based on capture of rabies nucleoprotein （N） antigen in brain smears using a cocktail of biotinylated monoclonal antibodies specific for the N protein and color development by streptavidin peroxidase-amino ethyl carbazole and counter staining with haematoxollin. The test was done in parallel with standard FAT dFA using 400 brain samples from different animals and humans. The rabies virus N protein appears under fight microscope as reddish brown particles against a light blue background. There was 100 % correlation between the results obtained by the two tests. Also, interpretation of results by dRIT was easier and only required a light microscope. To conclude, this newly developed dRIT technique promises to be a simple, cost effective diagnostic tool for rabies and will have applicability in field conditions prevalent in developing countries.

The Construction of＂New Woman＂ in Chen Hengzhe＇s Autobiography

This essay examines the autobiography of Chen Hengzhe （1890-1976） （see Appendix）, a relatively less studied woman writer, historian, and critic in modem China. Through the study in four aspects, namely, the pursuit of modem education, simple appearance, great leaders, and the ambassadors of culture, the author＇s research indicates that Chen＇s construction of＂new woman＂ has been influenced by complex historical and cultural forces such as the Chinese traditional culture, Western culture, and the iconoclastic spirit of ＂the New Culture Movement＂. Meanwhile, Chen＇s gender consciousness is also an important element. Moreover, Chen＇s pioneering standing and her own experiences of studying abroad makes her take the lead in conceiving women＇s leadership and their roles in global culture communications. In the late Qing and the early Republic, traditional values and norms of womanhood were severely challenged. Chen＇s construction of＂new woman＂ is her conscious effort to define a new womanhood and is an integral part of the ongoing exploration of Chinese women for modem womanhood. Through the examination of Chen＇s ＂new woman＂, this paper seeks to enrich our understanding of the complexity of modem Chinese women＇s exploration of modem womanhood.

Geochemistry,petrogenesis and tectonic significance of the late Triassic A-type granite in Fujian,South China

The late Permian–Triassic granites in southeastern China have important tectonic significance for the evolution of South China. Here, we present the detailed geochronological, geochemical and petrological analyses for the Jinlongyan(JLY) granite in northwest Fujian Province, southeast China. LA–ICP–MS zircon U–Pb dating yielded a weighted average ^(206)Pb/^(238)U age of 224.1 ±3.3 Ma. The granite is mainly comprised of K-feldspar,plagioclase, quartz, biotite and minor amphibole. It is characterized by enrichments in Rb, Th, REEs(total REE = 295.1–694.3 ppm), and HFSEs(e.g., Zr = 289–520 ppm, Hf = 9.3–15.0 ppm, Y = 36.2–68.2 ppm) but depletions in Ba, Sr, Eu and Ti. The granite is metaluminous to weakly peraluminous and show a clear A-type granite geochemical signature with high SiO_2(70.89 wt%–75.76 wt%), total alkalis(Na_2O + K_2O = 7.51 wt%–8.72 wt%), Ga/Al ratios(10000 Ga/Al = 2.72–3.43). Insitu zircon Hf isotope analysis shows their eHf(t) values ranging from-7.2 to-3.2, with Mesoproterozoic T2DM ages(1308–1525 Ma). Whole-rock Nd isotope data show their eNd(t) values in the range of-9.5 to-9.1 and yield paleoproterozoic TDMages(1606–1985 Ma). These characteristics indicate that the JLY A-type granite magma was formed by the partial melting of Meso-Paleoproterozoic crust rocks in the Cathaysia Block. Our study of the JLY A-type granite, together with other Triassic A-type granitesin South China, defines an extensional environment in the late Triassic which probably was caused by the collision of the South China Block with Indochina Block.

A New Theory About Teaching Philosophy

The aim of this paper is to elucidate the nature and viability of teaching philosophy establishing their impact on the construction of philosophy in developing countries such as Peru. This article is inserted in the context of the need to rethink the missed philosophy marked by Badiou who proposes two ideas and binding areas： Philosophy is a reflection on all that is in the infinite universe, including humans; and, being the reflection （thinking） an innate characteristic of the human being, then, in some way, we are philosophers. It follows two thoughts that philosophy is not taught or learned but is assumed in the measure of their level of education and knowledge. In such conditions, it is not the teaching of philosophy that which has to build philosophy or form ＂philosophers,＂ but is education. It is established, therefore, that between the philosophy and the education, there is a direct relationship in the sense that the first is based on the second and a good education is a prerequisite for the development of philosophy in a society condition. For this important reason, developing countries still do not have adequate conditions for sustained construction of philosophy because they have educational models that prevent it from radiating a good education to society. Being a good carrier of a good education philosophy, a poorly educated person has limitations to acquire of philosophical thinking. Therefore, these reasons are that in these countries, the teaching philosophy has proved to be unsuccessful. Being poor education in underdeveloped societies, where language skills and science are below international standards, it is easy to deduce that such societies are facing philosophy and devoid of conditions to form part of their cultures. Our hypothesis is that philosophy in a society cannot be built on the basis of the teaching of philosophy, but on the basis of a good education. The fact that in underdeveloped societies, as is the case of Peru, there is no philosophy in terms of what it means in modern times, is not because there is no teaching of philosophy but because there is archaic educational models. In these countries, the education model is anti-philosophical. Our approach is based on the education system prevalent in underdeveloped countries such as Peru, which is not feasible ＂teaching philosophy＂ to steadily build philosophy as part of national cultures, and instead it is necessary for the design and implementation of new models of education.

Theoretical Thinking on the Belt and Road Initiative

The great vision of the Belt and Road Initiative is accelerating from philosophy to reality but,based on practice,more profound thinking,sound theories and efficient policies remain necessary for ultimate success.Strategic issues include globalization,advancement in Chinese philosophy,Islamic modernization,and technological and productive forces,while the challenges in balancing development and security are continual.Significant technical issues like international discourse rights,geopolitical significance,response to NGOs,monetary and financial capability,and military and intelligence expertise will predominate going forward.

On Chinese New School in portrait sculpture

＂The new academic portrait sculpture＂ is the mainstream style of Chinese contemporary portrait sculpture, it attempts to rethink traditional and contemporary cultural on the basis of the traditional realism College. Perhaps this attempt was coordinated with Chinese traditional ＂ eclectic, absorbing ＂ idea, and soon was unanimously affirmed. Parts of the second generation of sculptors have begun to ＂ adapt to the times,＂ the vast majority of third-generation sculptors completed the transition very quickly, and therefore produced various works, such as Li Xiangqun＇ s ＂Guo Moruo ＂, Jiang Jie ＇ s ＂ classmates series ＂etc.

中国赴伊拉克核查第一人

2003年3月13日,噩耗从海湾地区传来,在伊拉克执行武器核查任务的中国化学家郁建兴在巴格达南郊执行任务的途中因交通事故不幸遇难;20日,美英等国对伊拉克展开军事进攻,海湾地区烽烟再起,战事愈演愈烈。这些事件将国人的目光再一次引向了海湾,引向了伊拉克。在这样的背景下,笔者采访了前联合国特委会伊拉克武器核查专家、致公党党员裴家昌。厚积薄发。

A drug from poison:how the therapeutic effect of arsenic trioxide on acute promyelocytic leukemia was discovered

It is surprising that,while arsenic trioxide(ATO) is now considered as "the single most active agent in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia(APL)",the most important discoverer remains obscure and his original papers have not been cited by a single English paper.The discovery was made during the Cultural Revolution when most Chinese scientists and doctors struggled to survive.Beginning with recipes from a countryside practitioner that were vague in applicable diseases,Zhang TingDong and colleagues proposed in the 1970s that a single chemical in the recipe is most effective and that its target is APL.More than 20 years of work by Zhang and colleagues eliminated the confusions about whether and how ATO can be used effectively.Other researchers,first in China and then in the West,followed his lead.Retrospective analysis of data from his own group proved that APL was indeed the most sensitive target.Removal of a trace amount of mercury chloride from the recipe by another group in his hospital proved that only ATO was required.Publication of Western replication in 1998 made the therapy widely accepted,though neither Western,nor Chinese authors of English papers on ATO cited Zhang's papers in the 1970s.This article focuses on the early papers of Zhang,but also suggests it worth further work to validate Chinese reports of ATO treatment of other cancers,and infers that some findings published in Chinese journals are of considerable value to patients and that doctors from other countries can benefit from the clinical experience of Chinese doctors with the largest population of patients.

Preface

Chinese female chemists have been making great contributions to the development of science and technology in China. On January 21, 2014, the Committee of Chinese Female Chemists was founded by the Chinese Chemical Society for promoting communication among such chemists, publicizing their achievements, and encouraging more women to join in science research.

Calligraphy and Modern Chinese Writers

Research on modern Chinese literature has achieved results that have attracted wide attention. However, its state of near ＂saturation＂ has placed it in a dilemma with no clear way forward. Finding new academic growth points has become exceptionally important and urgent. The relationship between the ＂culture of calligraphy＂ and ＂modem Chinese writers＂ is virtually a research blank and has so Ihr attracted regrettably little attention. In fact, many modem Chinese writers have had close ties with calligraphy, making important contributions to its collection, creation and scholarly exploration. Conversely, the culture of calligraphy has exerted a profound influence on such things as the mode of existence, textual forms, emotional expression, ways of thought and aesthetic tastes of modem literature. Moreover, an examination of this relationship may stimulate us to reflect more deeply on literature, calligraphy, culture, education and related issues, which may help us gain a larger space for the development of Chinese culture and literature in the new century.