浅析建筑材料科技的发展对建筑结构的影响

建筑不仅仅与人类的文化、生活息息相关,同时也具有极强的审美性和艺术性,象征性和形式美,建筑的本质是为人类的居住活动或者各类行为提供场所。建筑的修建是需要材料和工艺的,而不同的材料由于其不同的属性,都会产生不同的生产和加工工艺,最后所产生的场所的氛围和空间的特性都会有很大的差别。那么建筑作为一种反映社会经济的意识形态,同时又是实体的、客观存在的、与科学建造密切相关的事物,其中很重要的一环就是建筑材料科技的发展。这篇文章就是希望能讨论建筑材料科技的发展对建筑结构的影响。

Brownfield Redevelopment Toward Sustainable Urban Land Use in China

Brownfield redevelopment is a new urban land use strategy to pursue the ideal of sustainable development. It relieves environmental pressure and resolves the glaring contradiction between urban land idleness and urban sprawl. It addresses issues of urban land use and farmland protection in China. This paper compares brownfield with greenfield, and defines brownfield and its redevelopment. It elaborates general and special government policies for this sustainable land use strategy in the context of China. General policies contain two aspects: clarifying brownfield redevelopment's priority in Chinese urban planning and land use and setting a general quantitative redevelopment target. The extent of the government's special policies, which aim at coordinating three factors in the redevelopment process, namely govern- ments, developers and users, are divided into five areas: statistics and categorization, assessment and remediation, fi- nancial supports and tax incentives, environmental and legal liability, and publicity and guidance. The paper concludes the major functions of different levels of Chinese government in the redevelopment process, i.e. making general strategy, formulating legislation, spectifying regulations and technical standards, estimating and categorizing brownfield sites, drawing up brownfield planning, providing information and financial support, guiding developers, publicizing the strategy to the public, and checking reuse results.

Distribution and Assessment of Soil and Land Degradation in Subtropical China—A Case Study of the Dongxi River Basin, Fujian Province *1

Some alternative methods for estimating soil erosion rates rapidly were used to elucidate the relationship between the land use types and land degradation. The 137 Cs content, magnetic susceptibility, aggregate stability, and soil properties were studied in the Dongxi River Basin, a mountainous area of western Fujian. A plot of 137 Cs inventory (Y) against slope angle (X) shows a strong inverse log log relationship ( r = -0.83 ), indicating that much more soil erosion occurs on steeper slopes. Average soil loss (in thickness of top soil per year) in the past 30 years for arable slope crest, arable slopes and tea plantation slopes are 1.6 , 10.4 and 8.0 mm year -1 respectively. The surface layer enrichment factor of magnetic susceptibility (Y) in soil also shows an inverse log log relationship ( r =-0.63), indicating a similar tendency with the relationship between the 137 Cs inventory (Y) against slope angle (X). The physical and chemical properties of soils among different land use types show different degraded characteristics at different significant levels.

Atmospheric Sulfur Deposition on Farmland in East China

Atmospheric sulfur deposition onto typical farmland in East China was investigated using both field measurements and numerical modeling. The field measurements were conducted at the Experiment Station of Red Soil Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 10 km from Yingtan, Jiangxi Province, East China, between November 1998 and October 1999, and at the Changshu Ecological Experiment Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, in a rapidly developing region of Jiangsu Province, East China, between April 2001 and Marc…

Driving Mechanism of Cultivated Land Transition in Yantai Proper,Shandong Province,China

Cultivated land transition and its driving mechanism are the hotspots among studies on land use change. In this study, we constructed a framework to study the driving mechanism of cultivated land transition from the quantitative perspective. Based on the vector data of land use in 1990, 2000 and 2009 of Yantai Proper, Shandong Province China, 11 explanatory variables were chosen from two aspects: the elevation, slope, cost distance to major water area and cost distance to minor water area, which presented physical factors; cost distance to district center, cost distance to town center, cost distance to city expansion center, cost distance to major roads, cost distance to city roads, cost distance to county roads and cost distance to rural roads, which presented the socio-economic factors. Combined with spatial analysis tools and Logistic regression analysis model, we construct Logistic regression analyses with four objectives that were urban construction land, rural residential land, orchard and other lands. The results show that, cost distance to district center, cost distance to town center, cost distance to city expansion center and cost distance to city roads are the significant explanatory variables for the transition of cultivated land into urban construction land. The main explained factors on the transition of cultivated land into rural residential land are slope, cost distance to town center, cost distance to county roads and cost distance to rural roads. Slope, cost distance to minor water area, cost distance to town center, cost distance to county roads and cost distance to rural roads are the significant explanatory variables for the transition of cultivated land into orchard land. Elevation, slope, cost distance to major water area and cost distance to minor water area are the main explanatory variables on the transition of cultivated land into other land uses.

Spatial-temporal Pattern and Differences of Land Use Changes in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area of China during 1975-2005

Regional land use changes are an important part of global changes.The research on land use changes in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area of China attracts a lot of attention owing to the Three Gorges Dam building.The Three Gorges Reservoir Area becomes one of the important research areas.This study analyzed the transforming processes and traits of each land use type and the regional differences of land use changes during the past 30 years,summarized the distribution of different land use types in different buffer zones and regresses the equation areas and different buffer distances based on buffer analyses and regression analyses,and then analyzed the transforming rules in different buffer distances,got the optimal influence distances.The research results indicate that,(1) cultivated land lies at the northwest of the reservoir and was decreasing,however,the construction land was increasing,especially the urban construction land,a large number of land was flooded because of the reservoir water level rise;(2) urban area was sprawling quickly in developed and neighboring areas,and a great deal of cultivated land and a considerable amount of grassland were occupied;in the earlier time,rural settlements occupied lots of cultivated land and a sum of forestry land in the later time;(3) the optimum influenced distances for cultivated land and forestry land were 10-35 km,and for urban and rural settlements were in 5-20 km.Overall,this research can reflect the spatial-temporal characteristics of land use changes during the 30 years,and it is helpful for urban planning and land use planning in the reservoir area.

Key technologies for the construction of the Xiluodu high arch dam on the Jinsha River in the development of hydropower in western China

Hydropower development in China is concentrated in the country's western regions.Among all the rivers in China,the lower course of the Jinsha River contains the richest hydro-energy resource,and therefore,4 mammoth hydropower plants are under construction on this particular section of the river at Wudongde,Baihetan,Xiluodu,and Xiangjiaba.The water-blocking structures of the hydropower facilities at Wudongde,Baihetan and Xiluodu are all arch dams of around 300 m high.In view of changes in the geological conditions at the foundation of the Xiluodu dam on the riverbed after excavation started,the designs of expanding foundation surface excavation and dovetailing the dam body and foundation rock on both upstream and downstream sides were introduced,allowing the arch dam and foundation to fit each other and improving the stress conditions of the dam body and foundation.By dividing the dam body into various concrete sections,the dynamic properties of concrete were adequately adjusted to the distribution of stress in the dam body.In addition,the use of the most optimal concrete material and mixture ratio allowed thermodynamics of concrete to satisfy the requirements of the strength,durability,temperature control and crack prevention of the concrete.Moreover,rigorous temperature control measures were introduced to prevent harmful cracking,thus enhancing the integrity of the arch dam.Furthermore,sophisticated construction machinery,scientific testing methods,and sound construction techniques were employed to ensure the uniformity and reliability of concrete placement.The "Digital Dam" for the Xiluodu project,which is based on the theory of total life cycle,has supplied strong support for construction process control and decision-making.

“2006年中国交通土建工程学术交流会”会讯

“2006年第二届中国交通土建工程学术交流会”经过一年的筹备工作，将于2006年4月在成都西南交通大学举行。本次交流会在筹备之初面向交通土建工程领域的从业人士进行论文征集，于2006年3月中旬出版《02006年中国交通土建工程学术论文集》，预计长达将近1000页的论文集分为上、下两册，收录论文200余篇，具有极高的学术价值。

On the Localization of Hip-hop Culture in China

With sports as its carrier, youth hip hop culture reflects the absorption, digestion and development of foreign culture among Chinese young people. Hip-hop is popular among Chinese teenagers is not only due to the young people＇s psychological needs, but also because of the profound connotation of the era. Hip hop can contribute to the campus cultural construction. However, it also implies that local youth culture is missing in China. Hip hop dance was born in 1960s and classified into hip hop culture in 1970s as a typical representative of the four Hip-hop elements together with Graffiti, DJing, and MCing. It was spread into China in 1980s together with the movie Breakin： Hip hop has gradually become popular with Guangzhou, Shanghai, and Beijing as the center drawing much attention of the Chinese youth. Its educational significance cannot ignored from the perspective of youth culture, reflecting the absorption, digestion and development of foreign culture among Chinese young people,At the same time, it provides a good platform for young people to show their unique personality, passion, courage and life attitude.

The Ideal Usage of Sustainable Materials and Local Resources of the Interior Space Design in Jordan

Buildings generate a large amount of waste throughout their life cycles, from construction and building operations to demolition. The amount of waste leaving the properly can be reduced, however, through responsible procurement choices, as well as by implementing comprehensive recycling programs throughout the construction, operation, and demolition phases. Consideration for materials and resources focuses on the health and productivity consequences of material selections for building occupants, plus the long term social, economic, and environmental impacts of materials used in the design and construction of the building. Green building addresses two kinds of problems related to materials and resources： waste management and life-cycle impacts. This issue has been discussed by many professionals and researchers and it seems this problem is more likely existed in not developing countries comparing with developing countries. The lack of selecting the right materials, have not been well taken into the consideration. Researchers have developed a number of assumptions that helps to resolve the research problems, which includes the application of the green material and resource in the Jordauian interior designs to provide a healthy environment to the interior spaces. Therefore, the paper aims to search for the possibilities of proposing some indicators using sustainable material and resource in the of internal Jordanian spaces. The theoretical part goes through a brief study to definition of sustainable material and resource in Jordan, and its uses in all the elements of internal and emphasis about the traditional symbols to preserve the identity of Jordan, then we going through the uses of the material and resources by analyses examples of the green interior spaces in Jordan.

A novel procedure for pollen-based quantitative paleoclimate reconstructions and its application in China

Traditionally, the evaluation of pollen-based quantitative paleoclimate reconstructions focuses on the ability of calibration sets to infer present climatic conditions and/or the similarity between fossil and modem assemblages. Objective criteria for choosing the most appropriate climate parameter（s） to be reconstructed at a specific site are thus lacking. Using a novel approach for testing the statistical significance of a quantitative reconstruction using random environmental data, in combination with the advantageous large environmental gradients, abundant vegetation types and comprehensive modem pollen databases in China, we describe a new procedure for pollen-based quantitative paleoclimatic reconstructions. First, the most significant environmental variable controlling the fossil pollen assemblage changes is identified. Second, a calibration set to infer changes in this targeted variable is built up, by limiting the modem ranges of other environmental variables. Finally, the pollen-based quantitative reconstruction is obtained and its statistical significance assessed. This novel procedure was used to reconstruct the mean annual precipitation （Pann） from Gonghai Lake in the Lvliang Mountains, and Tianchi Lake in the Liupan Mountains, on the eastern and western fringe of the Chinese Loess Plateau, respectively. Both Pann. reconstructions are statistically significant （p〈0.001）, and a sound and stable correlation relationship exists in their common period, showing a rapid precipitation decrease since 3300 cal yr BP. Thus, we propose that this procedure has great potential for reducing the uncertainties associated with pollen-based quantitative paleoclimatic reconstructions in China.

Relationships Between Intensity Gradation and Evolution of Soil Erosion: A Case Study of Changting in Fujian Province, China

Soil erosion gradation is a robust and objective quantitative indicator of soil erosion intensity. Recent applications of soil erosion gradation have focused on monitoring soil erosion with models or simulation of soil erosion through gradation trends. However, soil erosion simulation accuracy is generally being reduced due to the rare consideration of the relationship between soil erosion gradation and erosion evolution. In this study, we investigated different soil erosion intensity grades to demonstrate their sensitivity to types and rates of erosion. Specifically, the objective was to define the relationship between soil erosion gradation and soil erosion evolution in Changting, an undeveloped area in Fujian Province, China, for four time intervals (1975, 1990, 1999, and 2006). The time series of erosion gradation were developed by modeling analysis with integration of several erosion indicators, and the relationships between the erosion grades and evolution types and rates were quantified. Comparison of the collapsing forces with natural and restoring forces based on human activity demonstrated that there existed an obvious spatial uncertainty in the erosion evolution types, both positive and negative succession coexisted, and the evolution rates were mostly influenced by the force of policy orientation. The impacts of these driving forces were eventually reflected in the erosion intensity gradation and erosion evolution. The correlation between the negative succession rate and erosion intensity gradation was weak and showed a poor contribution to the average succession rate, while the negative correlation between the positive succession rate and erosion intensity gradation would be increasingly clear as time passed.

The Reconstruction of Chinese Literary Theory:Environment and Resources

A common symptom of the blanket coverage of Western literary theory was the way Chinese intellectuals ＂kept harping on Greece,＂ to the neglect of their own literature＇s distinctive features. Even worse were attempts to force Chinese literature into the Procrustean bed of Western literary propositions. How can Chinese literary theory be used more effectively to interpret native literature and culture, or Chinese experience？ How can it throw off Western theoretical models and become a component of the Chinese nation＇s own narrative？ Reconstruction of the discourse system of Chinese literary theory must be a high priority. It is a complex project, one that necessarily entails stepping on to the discourse platform of modernity, accepting various kinds of open dialogue, and thence envisioning a new form of discourse system set amid multilayered overlapping perspectives and even the challenge of different ideas.

Soil Organic Carbon Stocks of Citrus Orchards in Yongchun County Fujian Province China

Studies related to the quantitation and distribution of soil organic carbon （C） under different land use types can help to fill the knowledge gaps regarding estimation of the amount of C stored in soils at a global scale. Orchards are an important land use type in southern China; the total area （1.15 x 107 ha） of orchards in China comprises approximately 20.5% of the area of all orchards worldwide. We assessed soil organic C stocks （SOCS） in citrus orchards in Yongchun County （consisting of 22 towns）, Fujian Province, China in 1982 and 2010. The southeastern part of the county, an area featuring extensive citrus farming with a gently sloping landscape and low rates of water erosion, had the highest SOCS. In contrast, the lowest SCOS was observed in the northern part of the county, where steep hills with severe erosion problems are common and citrus orchards are sparsely distributed. From 1982 to 2010, the mean SOCS in citrus orchards increased from 22.1 to 41.7 Mg ha-1 which indicated that current management practices such as fertilization, irrigation, and cultivation enhanced soil C stocks. Further in-depth studies on the effects of these practices on C sequestration would be worthwhile and surveys of SOCS throughout Fujian Province are needed, to support efforts to mitigate global C emission.

Residues of Organochlorine Pesticides(OCPs) in Agricultural Soils of Zhangzhou City,China

A soil survey was conducted in Zhangzhou City, an important agricultural region in south of the Fujian Province, China. 93 surface soil samples were collected in the paddy fields, vegetable lands, orchards and tea plantations from Zhangzhou City. An additional soil profile was sampled in a paddy field as previous research had indicated high concentrations of organochlorine pesticides （OCPs） in the paddy fields. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes （DDTs） ranged from 0.64 78.07 ng g-1 dry weight and hexachlorocyclohexanes （HCHs） ranged from 0.72-30.16 ng g-1 dry weight in the surface soil of the whole study region. Ratios of a-HCH/-γ-HCH 〈 4 and o,p′-DDT/p,p′-DDT 〉 1 in all soil samples suggested that lindane and dicofol were widely applied in this region in the past. Concentrations of HCHs and DDTs in soils from the four land use types followed the orders： paddy fields 〉 vegetable lands 〉 tea plantations 〉 orchards and tea plantations 〉 orchards 〉 paddy fields 〉 vegetable lands, respectively. Analyses of the data showed no correlation （r 〈 0.1） between elevation and OCPs contents in paddy fields, orchards and vegetable lands, indicated no significantly different features in distribution of HCHs and DDTs in the soils from low lying plains and mountains and the unsystematic usage of OCPs, and highlighted the fragmented nature of agricultural production in Zhangzhou, as well as the reemission of OCPs from the soils, where high OCPs concentrations were found, in Longhai of Zhangzhou. In addition, no obvious relationship between the OCPs and total organic carbon （TOC） （r 〈 0.3） was observed in the soil profile. The mean contribution of dicofol in total DDTs was 66% in the whole Zhangzhou region. The approximate burdens of HCHs and DDTs in the surface layer of 0-20 em were 0.44 and 1.55 t, respectively. The storage of both HCHs and DDTs in soil surface layer （0-20 cm） accounts for 40% burden of the soil layer of 0 50 cm （1.10 t HCHs and 3.87 t DDTs）, in which the highest concentrations of OCPs were observed in soil profile.