世界城市化的二次浪潮及中国城市化发展的抉择

城市是人类文明在空间上的结晶,世界城市化的二次浪潮告诉我们,城市化程度的高低与国家的强盛和人们享受现代文明美好生活之间有着本质的联系,城市化是人类历史发展的必然。党的十八大提出要大力推进中国的城市化建设,我们应该借鉴世界城市化二次浪潮的历史经验,避免建国以来城市化所经历的曲折与失误,科学地抉择中国城市化发展的道路,让人们在未来的城市里生活得更美好。

田园城市理论对我国当代城市化发展的启示

2020年中国城市化转向高质量稳定发展,与霍华德田园城市理论所提出的“社会城市”有着诸多相似点。将田园城市理论置于我国当代城市化发展的背景下进行思考,通过对我国当前城市化发展的全面分析及霍华德田园城市理论的深入解读,结合我国城市化2.0时代的发展理念:绿色发展、重视生态、区域发展、城乡统筹、人性发展、优化制度多角度探究二者的联系点与共通性,从而得到促进我国城市化发展的启示。

马克思城市发展理论对中国城掀展的意义

马克思城市发展理论主要包括四个方面的内容：城市化发展导致城乡的对立；消除城乡对立是城市发展的趋势；城乡融合的途径在于改造农业和转变农民；未来社会消除阶级对立，实现人的自由而全面的发展。中国的城市化发展应坚持以马克思主义城市发展理论为指导，结合中国的国情，走出一条具有中国特色的城市化发展道路。

论中国城市化水平

作者认为,中国城市化水平估计在50％左右,比国家正式统计数高20个百分点。作者从东、中、西部农村人口外出打工的调查、城市流动人口统计、民工潮和他们的收入、小城镇建设、国际发达国家城市化过程中农业人员统计标准和发展中国家城市化水平的比较等方面,对这一判断进行了分析。

反向梳理城市化的命运神话

从多角度审视现代城市发展中所产生的问题,我们可以发现,中国现代都市与现代建筑设计在不断碰撞与深入发展的过程中,人、居与社会大众、设计师等各个方面都有许多契合之处,这种契合无疑可以帮助我们的设计师将本土的优秀文化融入现代设计中,使之在世界设计之林中脱颖而出。

论中国城市化现状及发展方向

40年前改革开放以来,中国的城市已经发生了翻天覆地的变化,城市化率超过50%并继续上升,人们的生活水平不断提高,但缺乏城市发展规划,基础设施不完善,制度并非完美无缺,导致城乡差距不断拉大,城市病严重,生态环境破坏等一系列的问题。我认为中国未来的城市化还有很长的路要走,在城市化的道路上还会有一系列的创新和变化,既要继续提高城市化的速度,又要坚持可持续发展。城市化的方向应从重点发展大城市向可持续发展的生态城市发展,最终形成设施健全、制度完善、环境优越的智慧城市群体。

Assessment of Sustainable Development System in Suihua City, China

Sustainable development is a complex and systemic issue. It is essential to study it by the component analysis method from the view of system science. The urban developmental sustainability is one of focuses that people has paid more attention to, however, little common understanding how to measure and evaluate the sustainability has been gotten. In this paper, a framework is designed to evaluate the developmental sustainability of Suihua City, Heilongiiang Province in China from the aspects of economy, society, population, resources and environment. We adopt the Principal Components Analysis （PCA） to decrease dimensions and simplify the original indexes into 12 indexes. Also, the hierarchy and comprehensive multiple-criterion evaluative methods are employed to assess the sustainable development system in Suihua City. Then, the weights of indexes are attained by Analytic Hierarchy Process （AHP） method. Furthermore, urban comprehensive development level, developmental sustainability, coordinate degree are calculated and analyzed. By analyzing, we know the fluctuation of development level of subsystem, especially resources and environment subsystem, is acute. The comprehensive development level of sustainable development system in Suihua has been on the rise since 1999. That results from the effect of traditional economic development mode with high energy-consumed being decreased in the city after 1999. At the same time, it is obvious that there was an instability of development level in Suihua City during 1990-2002, the status＇trend was more harmonious in 1999-2002. with a turn in 1998, and the development could be sustainable,

Sustainable urbanization: energy and environment in the Chongqing Municipality, China

Chongqing is the largest municipality under the Chinese Central Government (MCG) in terms of administrative area and population and is now the most important economic and cultural center of the upper Yangtze River and Three Gorges area. The Three Gorges Dam project, one of the largest world infrastructure projects, causes a great deal of immigration to Chongqing and results in the rapid urbanization of the city, and it has brought in a great deal of environmental impact, which is a global concerned issue. This paper introduces the city profile of Chongqing municipality and its urbanization impact on energy and environment. The demand and the trend of energy consumption in built environment (building and transport) have been analysed. The living environment of Chongqing residents and the local energy efficient policy have been introduced. Finally the authors discuss the key issues of the sustainable urban development of Chongqing.

Revisiting and Rethinking Regional Urbanization in Changjiang River Delta,China

China is entering a critical and accelerating phase of urbanization.As one of the most urbanized regions in China,the Changjiang(Yangtze)River Delta has experienced dramatic urbanization and urban transformation.However,in the recent years,many changes have taken place in this region and there is limited attention to the regional urbanization path evolution,its problems and the way to solve these problems.Therefore,we should revisit the urbanization process in the Changjiang River Delta again.In this paper,we revisited urbanization paths of the Changjiang River Delta by data analysis,influence factors of urbanization by the Gray Relational Analysis,and major challenges to urbanization of the Changjiang River Delta by theoretical considerations.We found that the urbanization of the Changjiang River Delta had experienced several stages of large-scale spatial and urban system restructuring.Within the Changjiang River Delta,Shanghai,Zhejiang and Jiangshu had experienced different urbanization path with local characteristics.But with their development model gradually converging,their urbanization model is also converging.We also found that the major influence factors affecting the Changjiang River Delta urbanization were dynamic change and urbanization was driven by different key factors in different socio-economic development stages.Meanwhile,the Changjiang River Delta urbanization is facing many problems such as existing institutional arrangements,including the hukou(household registration)system and others which can not meet the needs of current socioeconomic development and urbanization.Therefore,it is imperative to promote institutional innovation and adopt a new urbanization development strategy for the sake of the orderly and sustainable urbanization development in the Changjiang River Delta.

Urban Big Data and the Development of City Intelligence

This study provides a definition for urban big data while exploring its features and applications of Chi- na＇s city intelligence. The differences between city intelligence in China and the ＂smart city＂ concept in other countries are compared to highlight and contrast the unique definition and model for China＇s city intelligence in this paper. Furthermore, this paper examines the role of urban big data in city intel- ligence by showing that it not only serves as the cornerstone of this trend as it also plays a core role in the diffusion of city intelligence technology and serves as an inexhaustible resource for the sustained development of city intelligence. This study also points out the challenges of shaping and developing of China＇s urban big data. Considering the supporting and core role that urban big data plays in city intel- ligence, the study then expounds on the key points of urban big data, including infrastructure support, urban governance, public services, and economic and industrial development. Finally, this study points out that the utility of city intelligence as an ideal policy tool for advancing the goals of China＇s urban de- velopment. In conclusion, it is imperative that China make full use of its unique advantages-including using the nation＇s current state of development and resources, geographical advantages, and good hu- man relations-in subjective and objective conditions to promote the development of city intelligence through the proper application of urban big data.

Temporal and spatial differences and imbalance of China's urbanization development during 1950-2006

A better understanding of the regional disparity and imbalance characteristics of China's urbanization development is the important premise for constituting correct policy and strategy and promoting the healthy and sustainable development of urbanization in the 21st century. The regional differences of China's urbanization level have close relations with natural conditions of landform and climate etc.,the urbanization level reduces with the eleva-tion of topography and decrease of precipitation. According to the statistical data set of ur-banization in 1950-2006,the temporal change course of inter-provincial disparity of Chinese urbanization level since the founding of New China in 1949 was studied,and then the inter-regional and intra-regional disparities of urbanization development were analyzed by the Theil index and its nested decomposition method,to grasp the dynamic change of spatial disparities of China's urbanization level on the whole. Using the imbalance index model,the imbalance status of urban population distribution relative to total population,grain output,total agricultural output value,gross output value of industry,tertiary industrial output value as well as gross regional product was discussed,to hold the balance characteristics of urbanization development relative to the regional development conditions from the macroscopic scales.

Agricultural land loss in China's urbanization process

In China, urbanization of agricultural land around city agglomerations increases rapidly. Rapid urbanization of agricultoral land affects food supply, land value and ecological balance in the society. In China, the urban built-up area had increased by 40% from 1996 to 2003. This increase came predominantly from farmland surrounding the cities. How the ongoing urbanization of China affects its agricultural land is the focus of this paper. In current studies, we have found that population density; urbanization degree and personal income are key factors that influence the urbanization process. Based on this, relation model has been established and to predict the general trends of the urban area expansion in China in 2020.In 2020, the constructed urban area of China would be increased by 1.3 times compared wtth 2003. In 2020, this study anticipates the conversion of about 32,562 sq. kin. agricultural land of China for urban use.

Chinese Urbanization： Achievements and Prospects to Be Pursued

This paper systematically reviews the different stages of China＇s urbanization process since 1949, its achievements and problems it faces. It offers in-depth discussion on the trends of Chinese urbanization, i.e. maintaining rapid growth; making small and medium- sized cities the main driver in development; and focusing on central and western China as the major areas to be urbanized. This paper analyzes new-type urbanization for instance to set up comprehensive urban system that meets the requirements of having a high urbanization level, such as focusing on developing medium-sized cities of one to two million people, using city clusters to encourage population concentration and following an urban construction model that is intensive and compact; and finally this paper proposes policy suggestions for boosting the healthy development of new-type urbanization, including reforming current models for urban-rural governance and establishing development zones, reactivating the normal process of creating cities, and establishing and improving relevant policy systems.

Impacts of Suburbanization on Urban Eco-environment of Xi'an in China

Suburbanization in large cities is an important phenomenon in the process of urbanization development in China in recent decades,which plays a very important role in promoting city development,whereas some side effects on the eco-environment appeared at the same time.This paper,taking Xi'an City in China as a case study site,analyzed the features of population suburbanization and industry suburbanization and pointed out the impacts of suburbanization on urban eco-environment.Based on the research,suggestions of countermeasures for urban planning and municipal management of Xi'an City in protecting urban eco-environment and conserving natural ecology were put forward in the end.

A Comparative Study on the Street Space Form in the Old City of Beijing: A Case Study of Shijia Hutong, the White Stupa Temple Area, and Dashilanr

Urban renewal is one of the important contents of urban development in China. With the gradual progress of urbanization, the renewal of the old city has become the focus of urbanization. This paper analyzed the street space form in the old city, and explored the characteristics of the street space form with a view to exploring streets whose space forms are suitable for the current social development. Based on the field investigation of Shijia Hutong, the White Stupa Temple area, and Dashilanr, the similarities and differences of streets in these areas with different space forms in the old city of Beijing were compared and analyzed, and social and cultural factors expressed in urban space form and the impact of human activities on the street space form were explored in terms of the scale, function, building type, and connection with the outside world. It is hoped that this paper will provide a reference for future renovation of the Old City.

A Review of Research on Sponge Cities

Rapid urbanization has led to an increase o f urban artificial landscapes and the transformation of die earths surface, which has caused the dty to lose its functions of flood control and water purificatioiL There are frequent urban flooding and waterlogging, deterioration of water quality in rivets and lakes, and increasing water and environmental problems. In response to these situations, the state proposed the construction of a sponge dty. In this paper, the background and rcsearch significance of the sponge city were expounded, the domestic and foreign related reseatch was summarized, and further thinking about the sponge dty in Chim was put forward, in order to clarify the research context of the sponge dty and provide the basis for tiie later research.

Urbanization in China Based on International Comparison:A Discussion with Two Prevalent Views

Two prevalent views are reviewed on China's urbanization firstly.Then,this article highlights the characteristics and pattern of urbanization in the world based on the quadrants map,using data of 118 countries or areas.The results indicate that the process of urbanization in the world excluding the data of China has slowed down gradually.A further exploration examines China's urbanization process and economic development over time,which reveals that both urbanization level and the level of economic development belong to the low-grade coordination pattern.The low level of urbanization is closely connected with the low level of economic development.Actually,China's urbanization gap appeared during 1985-1995,but it has been eliminating this urbanization gap since 1995 as a result of rapid urbanization growing.The complicated realities revealed in this analysis challenge the existing two prevalent views.