方济各会(Franciscan Order)是天主教最主要的托钵修会之一。1205年由意大利人方济各(San Francisco de Asis)创立,并于1209年获得罗马教皇批准。在中国元朝期间,该会便以罗马教廷名义,多次派遣传教士前来中国传教。1294年抵达中国的方...方济各会(Franciscan Order)是天主教最主要的托钵修会之一。1205年由意大利人方济各(San Francisco de Asis)创立,并于1209年获得罗马教皇批准。在中国元朝期间,该会便以罗马教廷名义,多次派遣传教士前来中国传教。1294年抵达中国的方济各会传教士孟德高维诺(Juan de Montecorvino)最后取得了成功,获准在华传教,并成为天主教在华的第一位主教。后来随着元朝的衰亡,方济各会也逐渐中断了它在中国的活动。自1492年哥伦布到达美洲大陆,西班牙人自墨西哥经由海上航道来到菲律宾之后,又一次激起了方济各会士们前往中国传播福音的激情。1579年至1632年明末清初,方济各会西班牙会士们几经尝试,历尽风险,虽然多次进入中国,但都未能获得留华传教。直到1633年,方济各会西班牙会士李安堂(Antonius a SantaMaria Caballero)才经由台湾进入中国内地传教,并成功在山东省建立了方济各会的第一个教区。在此后的近二百年里,尽管在中国的传教历尽艰辛,几经教难,但是方济各会还是不断扩大其传教的区域,沿海地区的福建、浙江、山东、广东等省,内陆的江西、湖北、山西、陕西、甘肃等省份都曾经是方济各会会士们传播福音的地方。从来华人数及传教的范围来看,方济各会可以说是仅次于耶稣会来华传教的天主教第二大修会,但是至今除香港、台湾有学者出版专著及论文研究方济各会来华传教史之外,大陆仅有极少数史学专家和教授开始关注方济各会中国教区的研究工作,并开始了相关的历史挡案文献及资料的查找和收集工作。本文试图就笔者所接触到的有关方济各会中国教区西文档案资料以及中文史料作一个简介,希望能够起到抛砖引玉的作用,借以促进对方济各会中国传教团历史的学术性研究工作。展开更多
Objective:To survey current community health nursing(CHN)courses offered in baccalaureate nursing programs in the mainland of China from the perspective on information available on websites of colleges and universitie...Objective:To survey current community health nursing(CHN)courses offered in baccalaureate nursing programs in the mainland of China from the perspective on information available on websites of colleges and universities.Methods:A descriptive research design was used.Data were collected from the official websites of colleges and universities providing baccalaureate nursing programs in the mainland of China.A checklist was applied to identify academic year,type of course,credit,and class hours for both theory and practice teaching of CHN courses including Community Nursing,Geriatric Nursing,Rehabilitation Nursing,and Health Education.The prescribed textbooks were consulted for teaching content.Results:Colleges(n?16)and universities(n?26)offering baccalaureate nursing programs with accessible online information for curriculum setting were recruited.The results showed that most of the accessible educational institutions(92.86%)have offered three to four investigated CHN courses.Community Nursing,Geriatric Nursing and Rehabilitation Nursing are generally offered to juniors,while Health Education is offered in half of these institutions in different academic years.Community Nursing is mainly offered as a required course with 2 credits,while Geriatric Nursing,Rehabilitation Nursing and Health Education are provided as elective courses with fewer credits.Around half of the institutions have practice hours for Community Nursing,Geriatric Nursing and Rehabilitation Nursing courses.However,the proportion of practice hours in the courses is generally less than 50%.The teaching content focuses on clinical care competencies instead of complementary competencies.Conclusion:It was revealed that CHN education in China is still in its infancy from website information of colleges and universities.CHN courses should be included in curriculum design,and teaching reforms and innovations should be taken to prepare nursing students to practice in primary health care and community settings.展开更多
Interaction in EFL （English as a foreign language） classrooms has received much attention in recent years However, little research exists that has investigated interaction in Chinese EFL classrooms. To bridge this g...Interaction in EFL （English as a foreign language） classrooms has received much attention in recent years However, little research exists that has investigated interaction in Chinese EFL classrooms. To bridge this gap, the current research investigates interaction in EFL classrooms in middle schools in China in terms of： （1） the amount of teacher talk and interaction; （2） the type of teacher questions and teacher feedbacks; and （3） the amount and forms of meaning negotiation. The data set include observation records and observation reports of 140 naturally occurring lessons in middle schools in China. The findings reveal that there is not much interaction in EFL lessons in middle schools in western areas of China, which is shown by class time dominated by TTT （teacher talking time）, teacher questions and feedbacks that do not encourage students＇ responses and very little negotiation of meaning Possible causes are analyzed, and implications of this research for EFL teaching in China, teacher development and further research are also discussed展开更多
There have been great improvements in English teaching in China since the adoption of the New National English Curriculum, however, there are still some problems in western Sichuan province in China. Silent class is f...There have been great improvements in English teaching in China since the adoption of the New National English Curriculum, however, there are still some problems in western Sichuan province in China. Silent class is found through the author＇s observation of some English lessons in some senior schools. This paper analyzes the situation of classroom interaction in English teaching in southwestern China and explores the reasons of silent class based on the analysis of the statistics drawn from questionnaires. The reasons are illustrated from three perspectives： teacher-centered class, exercises-based teaching, and learners＇ instrument learning motivation. The author suggests some proposals to solve the problems, such as changes of teachers＇ roles, creation of stress-free learning environment, and use of task-based teaching, which aims to make teachers consider using interactive language teaching to cultivate learners＇ whole abilities and to improve the efficiency of teaching and learning.展开更多
This study draws on a survey of migrants in 12 cities across four major urbanizing areas in China and investigates the structure of migrant worker families＇urban and rural consumption. The results show that the struc...This study draws on a survey of migrants in 12 cities across four major urbanizing areas in China and investigates the structure of migrant worker families＇urban and rural consumption. The results show that the structure of migrant worker families＇ consumption has been dominated by survival consumption. These families tend to live frugally in cities while engaging in conspicuous consumption in their rural hometowns. The structure of migrant worker families＇consumption is mainly shaped by their income stability and wealth levels rather than their current income level. Moreover, migrant worker families with high educational levels and those who intend to settle permanently in cities are likely to allocate substantial expenditure to status and hedonic consumption and to upgrade their urban consumption structure.展开更多
文摘方济各会(Franciscan Order)是天主教最主要的托钵修会之一。1205年由意大利人方济各(San Francisco de Asis)创立,并于1209年获得罗马教皇批准。在中国元朝期间,该会便以罗马教廷名义,多次派遣传教士前来中国传教。1294年抵达中国的方济各会传教士孟德高维诺(Juan de Montecorvino)最后取得了成功,获准在华传教,并成为天主教在华的第一位主教。后来随着元朝的衰亡,方济各会也逐渐中断了它在中国的活动。自1492年哥伦布到达美洲大陆,西班牙人自墨西哥经由海上航道来到菲律宾之后,又一次激起了方济各会士们前往中国传播福音的激情。1579年至1632年明末清初,方济各会西班牙会士们几经尝试,历尽风险,虽然多次进入中国,但都未能获得留华传教。直到1633年,方济各会西班牙会士李安堂(Antonius a SantaMaria Caballero)才经由台湾进入中国内地传教,并成功在山东省建立了方济各会的第一个教区。在此后的近二百年里,尽管在中国的传教历尽艰辛,几经教难,但是方济各会还是不断扩大其传教的区域,沿海地区的福建、浙江、山东、广东等省,内陆的江西、湖北、山西、陕西、甘肃等省份都曾经是方济各会会士们传播福音的地方。从来华人数及传教的范围来看,方济各会可以说是仅次于耶稣会来华传教的天主教第二大修会,但是至今除香港、台湾有学者出版专著及论文研究方济各会来华传教史之外,大陆仅有极少数史学专家和教授开始关注方济各会中国教区的研究工作,并开始了相关的历史挡案文献及资料的查找和收集工作。本文试图就笔者所接触到的有关方济各会中国教区西文档案资料以及中文史料作一个简介,希望能够起到抛砖引玉的作用,借以促进对方济各会中国传教团历史的学术性研究工作。
文摘Objective:To survey current community health nursing(CHN)courses offered in baccalaureate nursing programs in the mainland of China from the perspective on information available on websites of colleges and universities.Methods:A descriptive research design was used.Data were collected from the official websites of colleges and universities providing baccalaureate nursing programs in the mainland of China.A checklist was applied to identify academic year,type of course,credit,and class hours for both theory and practice teaching of CHN courses including Community Nursing,Geriatric Nursing,Rehabilitation Nursing,and Health Education.The prescribed textbooks were consulted for teaching content.Results:Colleges(n?16)and universities(n?26)offering baccalaureate nursing programs with accessible online information for curriculum setting were recruited.The results showed that most of the accessible educational institutions(92.86%)have offered three to four investigated CHN courses.Community Nursing,Geriatric Nursing and Rehabilitation Nursing are generally offered to juniors,while Health Education is offered in half of these institutions in different academic years.Community Nursing is mainly offered as a required course with 2 credits,while Geriatric Nursing,Rehabilitation Nursing and Health Education are provided as elective courses with fewer credits.Around half of the institutions have practice hours for Community Nursing,Geriatric Nursing and Rehabilitation Nursing courses.However,the proportion of practice hours in the courses is generally less than 50%.The teaching content focuses on clinical care competencies instead of complementary competencies.Conclusion:It was revealed that CHN education in China is still in its infancy from website information of colleges and universities.CHN courses should be included in curriculum design,and teaching reforms and innovations should be taken to prepare nursing students to practice in primary health care and community settings.
文摘Interaction in EFL （English as a foreign language） classrooms has received much attention in recent years However, little research exists that has investigated interaction in Chinese EFL classrooms. To bridge this gap, the current research investigates interaction in EFL classrooms in middle schools in China in terms of： （1） the amount of teacher talk and interaction; （2） the type of teacher questions and teacher feedbacks; and （3） the amount and forms of meaning negotiation. The data set include observation records and observation reports of 140 naturally occurring lessons in middle schools in China. The findings reveal that there is not much interaction in EFL lessons in middle schools in western areas of China, which is shown by class time dominated by TTT （teacher talking time）, teacher questions and feedbacks that do not encourage students＇ responses and very little negotiation of meaning Possible causes are analyzed, and implications of this research for EFL teaching in China, teacher development and further research are also discussed
文摘There have been great improvements in English teaching in China since the adoption of the New National English Curriculum, however, there are still some problems in western Sichuan province in China. Silent class is found through the author＇s observation of some English lessons in some senior schools. This paper analyzes the situation of classroom interaction in English teaching in southwestern China and explores the reasons of silent class based on the analysis of the statistics drawn from questionnaires. The reasons are illustrated from three perspectives： teacher-centered class, exercises-based teaching, and learners＇ instrument learning motivation. The author suggests some proposals to solve the problems, such as changes of teachers＇ roles, creation of stress-free learning environment, and use of task-based teaching, which aims to make teachers consider using interactive language teaching to cultivate learners＇ whole abilities and to improve the efficiency of teaching and learning.
基金The authors acknowledge the financial assistance of the National Science Foundation of China （Grant No. 41371166）.
文摘This study draws on a survey of migrants in 12 cities across four major urbanizing areas in China and investigates the structure of migrant worker families＇urban and rural consumption. The results show that the structure of migrant worker families＇ consumption has been dominated by survival consumption. These families tend to live frugally in cities while engaging in conspicuous consumption in their rural hometowns. The structure of migrant worker families＇consumption is mainly shaped by their income stability and wealth levels rather than their current income level. Moreover, migrant worker families with high educational levels and those who intend to settle permanently in cities are likely to allocate substantial expenditure to status and hedonic consumption and to upgrade their urban consumption structure.
