论第一次《中国共产党对于时局的主张》

在中国共产党的历史上 ,192 2年 6月 15日 ,中共公开发表的第一次《中国共产党对于时局的主张》具有十分重要的意义。它客观地评价了辛亥革命的功绩 ,分析驳斥了当时各政治派别的政治主张 ,第一次公开表明了中国共产党的政治主张 ,初步提出了中国共产党在民主革命阶段的纲领 ,为中共二大的召开作了思想上和理论上的准备。

简述中国内地时局对香港报业的影响(1937—1949)

香港开埠以来,报纸已经出现在香港。20世纪30—50年代,中国内地相继经历了抗日战争、解放战争和中华人民共和国成立等重要事件。在时局发生急剧变化时,香港曾一度成为躲避战火的理想之地,不少报人将报业的重心迁移到香港,使这时期香港报业得到发展,也为香港报业在20世纪下半叶的繁荣奠定了基础。

首次提出中国共产党是中国工人阶级先锋队的党代表大会

1922年6月15日，《中国共产党对于时局的主张》最早提出：“中国共产党是无产阶级的先锋军”。“为无产阶级革命的党”的科学论断。

“问题与主义”—当代哲学社会科学创新发展的思考

五四运动前后关于"问题与主义"的争论在当时影响广泛,这场论战首先由胡适发起,提出多研究些问题,少谈些"主义"的口号,其影响超出那个时代,深刻地影响了中国人的思维方式和话语系统,至今影响深远。2016年5月17日,习近平总书记在哲学社会科学工作座谈会提出在马克思主义指导下解决哲学社会科学领域诸多问题的全新理论视域,必将澄清信仰和问题意识连接起来,在时代的高度上重析问题与主义之辩。

试论《观察》话语体系中的“中共”

抗战胜利后创办的《观察》杂志,以自由主义理念发表了大量文章,其中有一些评析共产党的言论。这些言论主要涉及中共与内战关系、共产党的"自由"态度、共产党的"社会主义"观、国共关系中的中共等,形成了关于"中共"的话语体系。在这一话语系统中,有些观点存在着与事实明显不符的情况。随着时局的进展,《观察》言论有着激进化的趋向,对中共的认知在不少方面已逐步与共产党的主张相接近。研究《观察》杂志话语中"中共"这一问题,不仅有助于认识国统区知识分子对中共的认知及其舆论变动倾向,而且对于研究中共政治活动的舆论环境有积极的意义。

1922年6月:打倒军阀

中国共产党第一次发表关于时局的主张广州会议后,中国共产党接受了列宁关于民族和殖民地问题的理论,转变了与国民党不合作的态度,提出了“打倒帝国主义”“打倒军阀”的政治口号。1922年6月15日,中共中央发表了由陈独秀起草的《中国共产党对于时局的主张》,第一次就中国民主革命的重大问题,向社会各界公开自己的政治主张。

Spatio-temporal Patterns of Intra-urban Land Use Change in Beijing,China Between 1984 and 2008

Urban internal structure is essential information for urban geography researchers and urban planners or managers. This research aims to examine the spatial structure changes of internal urban land use based on the interpreted datasets of 1984 and 2008. Spatio-temporal patterns of internal land use conversion and urban expansion are analyzed, and then dominant driving factors (e.g., social economy, population growth and urban planning) were identified. The results indicate that Beijing′s intra-urban layout has experienced tremendous adjustment from compact to disperse configure, otherwise its function objects have shifted from the major economic and industrial development before the 1990s to the combination with cultural, high-technological and inhabitable city at present. The dominant urban land use transformations include the relocation of industrial lands from core districts to suburban or other provinces, and the accelerating expansion of residential areas and green spaces for supplying the demand of housing and ecological protection. Although Beijing′s urban planning has experienced three major adjustments and improvement since the 1980s, its optimization of urban internal patterns still remains a challenge.

Spatio-temporal Pattern of Net Primary Productivity in Hengduan Mountains area, China： Impacts of Climate Change and Human Activities

Net primary productivity(NPP), a metric used to define and identify changes in plant communities, is greatly affected by climate change, human activities and other factors. Here, we used the Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach(CASA) model to estimate the NPP of plant communities in Hengduan Mountains area of China, and to explore the relationship between NPP and altitude in this region. We examined the mechanisms underlying vegetation growth responses to climate change and quantitatively assessed the effects of ecological protection measures by partitioning the contributions of climate change and human activities to NPP changes. The results demonstrated that: 1) the average total and annual NPP values over the years were 209.15 Tg C and 468.06 g C/(m2·yr), respectively. Their trend increasingly fluctuated, with spatial distribution strongly linked to altitude(i.e., lower and higher NPP in high altitude and low altitude areas, respectively) and 2400 m represented the marginal altitude for vegetation differentiation; 2) areas where climate was the main factor affecting NPP accounted for 18.2% of the total research area, whereas human activities were the primary factor influencing NPP in 81.8% of the total research area, which indicated that human activity was the main force driving changes in NPP. Areas where climatic factors(i.e., temperature and precipitation) were the main driving factors occupied 13.6%(temperature) and 6.0%(precipitation) of the total research area, respectively. Therefore, the effect of temperature on NPP changes was stronger than that of precipitation; and 3) the majority of NPP residuals from 2001 to 2014 were positive, with human activities playing an active role in determining regional vegetation growth, possibly due to the return of farmland back to forest and natural forest protection. However, this positive trend is decreasing. This clearly shows the periodical nature of ecological projects and a lack of long-term effectiveness.

Spatial-temporal Pattern and Differences of Land Use Changes in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area of China during 1975-2005

Regional land use changes are an important part of global changes.The research on land use changes in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area of China attracts a lot of attention owing to the Three Gorges Dam building.The Three Gorges Reservoir Area becomes one of the important research areas.This study analyzed the transforming processes and traits of each land use type and the regional differences of land use changes during the past 30 years,summarized the distribution of different land use types in different buffer zones and regresses the equation areas and different buffer distances based on buffer analyses and regression analyses,and then analyzed the transforming rules in different buffer distances,got the optimal influence distances.The research results indicate that,(1) cultivated land lies at the northwest of the reservoir and was decreasing,however,the construction land was increasing,especially the urban construction land,a large number of land was flooded because of the reservoir water level rise;(2) urban area was sprawling quickly in developed and neighboring areas,and a great deal of cultivated land and a considerable amount of grassland were occupied;in the earlier time,rural settlements occupied lots of cultivated land and a sum of forestry land in the later time;(3) the optimum influenced distances for cultivated land and forestry land were 10-35 km,and for urban and rural settlements were in 5-20 km.Overall,this research can reflect the spatial-temporal characteristics of land use changes during the 30 years,and it is helpful for urban planning and land use planning in the reservoir area.

Port Integration in China: Temporal Pathways, Spatial Patterns and Dynamics

Over the past two decades, numerous ports located in China have participated in port integration strategies, thus influencing the entire port system. The current research is initiated in order to examine the nature of port integration in China, including associated temporal pathways, spatial patterns and dynamics. Results indicate that port integration in China has been characterized by a significant increase at the turn of the 21 st century, comprising thirteen distinguishable pathways typified by differing dynamics, particularly between the northern and southern ports. Pathways were found to include 44 seaports and river ports, chiefly concentrated in the Bohai Rim, Yangtze(Changjiang) River Delta, Beibu Gulf and the southeastern Fujian, thus representing significant spatial regions. Categorically larger seaports have become the primary beneficiaries of port integration. Integration cases were divided into four categories based upon quantified dynamic magnitude including the government-driven mode, market-driven mode, government/market-driven mode and strategic alliance, and into five further categories based upon spatial extent including port internal integration, jurisdictional port integration, port integration across neighbor region, regional port integration and hub-feeder port integration. Results suggest that several factors have effectively driven port integration in China, including legislative tools and spatial planning, optimization of shoreline resources and port functionality, and port competition with the same hinterland.

Spatio-temporal Pattern and Spatial Heterogeneity of Ecotones Based on Land Use Types of Southeastern Da Hinggan Mountains in China

Ecotones have received great attention due to its critical function in energy flux, species harbor, global carbon sequestration, and land-atmosphere interaction. This study investigated land use pattern and spatial heterogeneity of the ecotones among agricultural land, forest land, and grassland of the southeastern Da Hinggan Mountains in the northeastern China. The change of these delineated ecotones under different slopes and aridity conditions was analyzed by two landscape indices, edge density(ED) and core area percentage of landscape(CPL), to explore the inter-linkage between spatial structure of ecotones and socioeconomic development and land management. Specifically, the ecotones such as agriculture-forest(AF) ecotone, forest-grassland(FG) ecotone, and agriculture-forestgrassland(AFG) ecotone moved from the arid southeast to the humid northwest. The flat area with small slope is more edge-fragmented than the steep area since the ED decreases as the slope increases. The AF ecotone mostly found in the humid region is moving to more humid areas while the agriculture-grassland(AG) ecotone mostly found in the dry region is moving towards the drier region.

Spatiotemporal Patterns of Road Network and Road Development Pri-ority in Three Parallel Rivers Region in Yunnan,China:An Evaluation Based on Modified Kernel Distance Estimate

Road network is a critical component of public infrastructure,and the supporting system of social and economic development.Based on a modified kernel density estimate(KDE)algorithm,this study evaluated the road service capacity provided by a road network composed of multi-level roads(i.e.national,provincial,county and rural roads),by taking account of the differences of effect extent and intensity for roads of different levels.Summarized at town scale,the population burden and the annual rural economic income of unit road service capacity were used as the surrogates of social and economic demands for road service.This method was applied to the road network of the Three Parallel River Region,the northwestern Yunnan Province,China to evaluate the development of road network in this region.In results,the total road length of this region in 2005 was 3.70×104km,and the length ratio between national,provincial,county and rural roads was 1∶2∶8∶47.From 1989 to 2005,the regional road service capacity increased by 13.1%,of which the contributions from the national,provincial,county and rural roads were 11.1%,19.4%,22.6%,and 67.8%,respectively,revealing the effect of′All Village Accessible′policy of road development in the mountainous regions in the last decade.The spatial patterns of population burden and economic requirement of unit road service suggested that the areas farther away from the national and provincial roads have higher road development priority(RDP).Based on the modified KDE model and the framework of RDP evaluation,this study provided a useful approach for developing an optimal plan of road development at regional scale.

第一次公开发表的政治声明

1922年6月5日，中共中央发表《中国共产党对于时局的主张》，《主张》旗帜鲜明地向全国人民表明了共产党的政治立场。这是中国共产党第一次公开发表的政治声明。《主张》明确指出：“军阀政治是中国内忧外患的源泉，也是人民受痛苦的源泉”，解决中国混乱政局的“唯一道路只有打倒军阀建设民主政治”。提出：目前最重要的工作，是“联络民主派共同对封建式的军阀革命，

中国共产党的第一次对外公开发声

中国共产党第一次对外公开发声,是1922年6月15日,中共中央发表《中国共产党对于时局的主张》。由于当时中国共产党还处于秘密状态,这一次的公开发声,是用印刷小册子四处散发的方式完成的。陈独秀在1922年6月30日写的《中共中央执行委员会书记陈独秀给共产国际的报告》中记载了这件事:“直奉战争后,由中央机关发布《中国共产党对于时局的主张》的小册子五千份,主张联合全国民主派对于北洋军阀继续战争。”