《中国水系大辞典》问世

融朱道清先生毕生心血而编纂的专著《中国水系大辞典》,日前在青岛出版社问世。 《中国水系大辞典》是一部以河流、自然湖泊、人工湖和灌溉渠道等为单词要素列目的大型工具书。全书共收辞目7350多条,其中,自然河流5296条(包括内陆河、地下暗流河、冰川河。

《以外流河为主》教学设计

【教材版本】八年级《地理》（人教版·上册）第二章《中国的自然环境》第三节《以外流河为主》。【课标解读】本节课不要求掌握内、外流河的概念,而是要求学会在地图上找出我国的主要河流,并在此基础上归纳我国外流河、内流河的分布特征。因此,教师在教学中应着重培养学生读图分析能力和归纳总结能力。【设计思路】河流是我国自然环境的重要组成部分,而学生对河流并不陌生。

Seasonal succession of phytoplankton in response to the variation of environmental factors in the Gaolan River, Three Gorges Reservoir, China

To understand the responses of a freshwater ecosystem to the impoundment of the Three Gorges Reservoir （TGR）, phytoplankton was monitored in the tributaries of the TGR area. From August 2010 to July 2011, algal species composition, abundance, chlorophyll a and other environmental parameters were investigated in the Gaolan River, which is a tributary of Xiangxi River. Thirty-one algal genera from seven phyla were identified. Results show that the lowest concentrations of total phosphorus （TP） and total nitrogen （TN） were 0.06 mg/L and 1.08 rag/L, respectively. The values of TP and TN exceeded the threshold concentration of the eutrophic state suggested for freshwater bodies. In the Gaolan River, the succession of phytoplankton showed clear seasonal characteristics. Different dominant species were observed among seasons under the control of environment factors. In spring and summer, the dominant species were Nitzschia sp. and Aphanizomenon flos-aquae （L.） Ralfs, the limiting nutrient was NO3^--N, and the key environmental factor for phytoplankton population succession was water temperature （WT）. In autumn and winter, the dominant species were A.flos-aquae and Chlorella sp., the limiting nutrient was pO3--P, and the key environmental factors were transparency and WT. This study illustrates the influence of physical and chemical factors on phytoplankton seasonal succession in a tributary of TGR since the downstream regions of Xiangxi River and Gaolan River became reservoirs after impoundment of the Three Gorges Dam. We suggest that this activity has significantly affected water quality in the dam area.

A Preliminary Study on Traditional Level-trench Method to Prevent Rill Initiation in the Three Gorges Region,China

The level-trench method is a traditional tillage operation to develop a drainage system on slope land in the Three Gorges region. Before crops are planted, farmers prepare the land with level trenches spaced 3-1o m apart, depending on the slope gradient： steeper slopes require shorter distances. Little scientific analysis has been done on the use of traditional level trenches for soil conservation. We conducted a field investigation and simulation experiments, and present a comparison between the spacing of level trenches and the slope length required for rill initiation. The results indicate that the spacing of level trenches in farmland is close to the slope length required for rill initiation in the experimental plots, and regression models of trench spacing with the gradient and the slope length required for rill initiation with the gradient have similar formats; the coefficients of determination （R2） for the two equations are 0.99 and 0.88, respectively. There were some differences between the field survey and experiments, but we conclude that the traditional level-trench method has an important role in preventing rill initiation.

Seasonal Dynamics of Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Water and Sediment of A Multi-level Ditch System in Sanjiang Plain,Northeast China

The multi-level ditch system developed in the Sanjiang Plain,Northeast China has sped up water drainage process hence transferred more pollutants from farmlands into the rivers of this region.Understanding the seasonal dynamics of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) transportation in the ditch system and the role of different ditch size is thus crucial for water pollution control of the rivers in the Sanjiang Plain.In this study,an investigation was conducted in the Nongjiang watershed of the Sanjiang Plain to study the nutrient variation and the correlation between water and sediments in the ditch system in terms of ditch level.Water and sediments samples were collected in each ditch level in growing season at regular intervals (once per month),and TN,NO 3--N,NH 4+-N,TP,and PO 4 3--P were analyzed.The results show that nutrient contents in water were higher in June and July,especially in July,the contents of TN and TP were 3.21mg/L and 0.84mg/L in field ditch,4.04mg/L and 1.06mg/L in lateral ditch,2.46mg/L and 0.70mg/L in branch ditch,1.92mg/L and 0.63mg/L in main ditch,respectively.In August and September,the nutrient contents in the water were relatively lower.The peak value of nutrient in ditch water had been moving from the field ditch to the main ditch over time,showing a remarkable impact of ditch system on river water environment.The nutrient transfer in ditch sediments could only be found in rainfall season.Nutrient contents in ditch sediment had effect on that in ditch water,but nutrients in ditch water and sediments had different origination.Ditch management in terms of the key fac-tors is hence very important for protecting river water environment.

A Preliminary Phylogenetic Analysis of Luidia (Paxillosida: Luidiidae) from Chinese Waters with Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit I (COI) Sequences

Luidia Forbes （Paxillosida： Luidiidae） are common soft bottom sea stars with 49 described species. Because of substan- tial morphological diversity, the taxonomy of the genus is complex and hasn＇t been resolved definitely. In order to resolve general taxonomic issues, and determine species boundaries and phylogenetic relationships within the genus Luidia, the sequences of tyro- chrome oxidase subunit I （COI） gene from 24 specimens of Luidia, belonging to eight taxa in Chinese waters, were studied. Three sequences of two species in genus Luidia from GenBank were used to analyze the phylogenetie relationships. The molecular phy- logeny exhibited three main clades, each with strong bootstrap support： Clade A including Luidia quinaria from the Sea of Japan; Clade B including seven nominal species （L. quinaria von Martens, L. yesoensis Goto, L. ehangi Liu, Liao and Li, L. orientalis Fisher, L. avicularia Fisher, L. longispina Sladen and L. hardwicki Gray） from Chinese waters; and Clade C including L. maculata Miiller ＆ Troschel from Chinese waters. Our molecular phylogeny results support the morphological Quinaria-Group and Alter- nata-Group assigned by D6derlein. Seven nominal species we sampled do not exhibit genetic distances that are large enough to rec- ognize them as separate species. Cryptic species may exist in ＇Luidia quinaria＇ from the Yellow Sea and the Sea of Japan. Meaning- ful morphological characters need further investigation in Luidia.

Precipitation Pulses and Soil CO_2 Emission in Desert Shrubland of Artemisia ordosica on the Ordos Plateau of Inner Mongolia,China

Precipitation is the major driver of ecosystem functions and processes in semiarid and arid regions. In such waterlimited ecosystems, pulsed water inputs directly control the belowground processes through a series of soil drying and rewetting cycles. To investigate the effects of sporadic addition of water on soil CO2 effux, an artificial precipitation event （3 mm） was applied to a desert shrub ecosystem in the Mu Us Sand Land of the Ordos Plateau in China. Soil respiration rate increased 2.8 4.1 times immediately after adding water in the field, and then it returned to background level within 48 h. During the experiment, soil CO2 production was between 2 047.0 and 7 383.0 mg m^-2. In the shrubland, soil respiration responses showed spatial variations, having stronger pulse effects beneath the shrubs than in the interplant spaces. The spatial variation of the soil respiration responses was closely related with the heterogeneity of soil substrate availability. Apart from precipitation, soil organic carbon and total nitrogen pool were also identified as determinants of soil CO2 loss in desert ecosystems.

Chinese Herbal Medicine in Treatment of Polyhydramnios:a Meta-analysis and Systematic Review

Objective To compare the efficacy of Chinese herbal medicine （therapy A） or Chinese herbal medicine plus indomethacin （therapy B） with that of indomethacin alone （therapy C） in treating polyhydramnios. Methods Literatures published up to April 2012 were retrieved from PubMed, Embase and Cochrane library, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure （CNKI）, Chinese Scientific and Technological Periodical Database （VIP）, Wangfang, and Traditional Chinese Medicine online. Two researchers collected data independently. The assessment of methodological quality was based on Cochrane handbook and the materials were analyzed with software RevMan 5.1.2. The outcome measure index was relative risk or difference of mean value （95% confidence interval）. The following outcomes were evaluated： （1） general clinical improvement rate; （2） maximum vertical pocket depth; （3） amniotic fluid index （AH） value; （4） rate of fetal ductus arteriosus constriction; （5） incidence of adverse events. Results Based on the search strategy, 5 trails involving 1017 patients were finally included. Compared with therapy C, therapy A decreased the rate of fetal ductus arteriosus constriction （P〈0.01）. Therapy B was more effective than therapy C in general clinical improvement and decrease of AH for polyhydramnios （P〈 0.01 ）. No serious adverse events were reported in therapy A and therapy B. Conclusions Compared with therapy C, therapy A and therapy B may appear to be more effective for polyhydramnios. However, the exact effect needs to be confirmed with well-designed large-scale clinical trials.

Mineralization-related geochemical anomalies derived from stream sediment geochemical data using multifractal analysis in Pangxidong area of Qinzhou-Hangzhou tectonic joint belt, Guangdong Province, China

Distinguishing geochemical anomalies from background is a basic task in exploratory geochemistry. The derivation of geochemical anomalies from stream sediment geochemical data and the decomposition of these anomalies into their component patterns were described. A set of stream sediment geochemical data was obtained for 1 880 km 2 of the Pangxidong area, which is in the southern part of the recently recognized Qinzhou-Hangzhou joint tectonic belt. This belt crosses southern China and tends to the northwest (NE) direction. The total number of collected samples was 7 236, and the concentrations of Ag, Au, Cu, As, Pb and Zn were measured for each sample. The spatial combination distribution law of geochemical elements and principal component analysis (PCA) were used to construct combination models for the identification of combinations of geochemical anomalies. Spectrum-area (S-A) fractal modeling was used to strengthen weak anomalies and separate them from the background. Composite anomaly modeling was combined with fractal filtering techniques to process and analyze the geochemical data. The raster maps of Au, Ag, Cu, As, Pb and Zn were obtained by the multifractal inverse distance weighted (MIDW) method. PCA was used to combine the Au, Ag, Cu, As, Pb, and Zn concentration values. The S-A fractal method was used to decompose the first component pattern achieved by the PCA. The results show that combination anomalies from a combination of variables coincide with the known mineralization of the study area. Although the combination anomalies cannot reflect local anomalies closely enough, high-anomaly areas indicate good sites for further exploration for unknown deposits. On this basis, anomaly and background separation from combination anomalies using fractal filtering techniques can provide guidance for later work.

Effects of Reed Rootstocks on Hydraulic Properties of Surface Soil in the Shuangtai Estuary Wetland, Northeast China

A set of field experiments was conducted to investigate the effects of reed rootstocks on hydraulic properties of surface soils in the Shuangtai Estuary Wetland, Northeast China. The soil particle size distribution and rootstock content were analyzed, and the vertical soil water profile was monitored by using a multisensory capacitance system. Hydraulic conductivity of the surface soil layer was estimated by in si-tu infiltration. The soil was silt loam with less sand; soil texture was consistent though the vertical profile, but bulk density was lower in the upper 20 era, where the fine roots were concentrated. The surface soil moisture profile changed dynamically, and variation in vertically integrated soil moisture was consistent with observed precipitation and estimated evaporation. Infiltration capacity was 30 cm＇d＂~, much larger than typical hydraulic conductivity values for silt loam with less sand. These findings suggest that fine annual roots change the soil matrix and hydraulic conductivity in surface soils. A vertical one-dimensional water transport model was presented based on Richard＇s equation. Model parameters were estimated from the soil analyses and literature data. The computation accurately reproduced the dynamic changes in moisture in surface soils containing large volumes of fine rootstock.

Baseflow Characteristics in Alpine Rivers-a Multicatchment Analysis in Northwest China

As a component of streamflow, baseflow is critical for regulating seasonal distribution of river fows and stabilizing water supplies. Water resources in the arid area of Northwest China are mainly from multiple catchments in the alpine that could be influenced by varieties of climatic, land cover, soil and geological factors. While numerous studies have been done on streamflow, systematic analysis of baseflow in the alpine river systems is scare. Based on historical daily streamflow data and the automated digital filter method of baseflow separation, this study investigated characteristics of hydrographs of overland flow, streamflow and baseflowof river systems fed by rainfall, snowmelt, glacier melt or mixtures of these. This study also calculated the recession constants and baseflow indices of 65 river systems. While the recession constant was o.oo34- o.o728 with a mean of o.o18, the baseflow index was 0.27-0.79 with a mean of 0.57. Further, Spearman＇s correlation analysis showed that the baseflow index was significantly correlated with catchment climatic factors （e.g., precipitation and temperature）, topographic factors （e.g., elevation and slope） and aquifer properties represented by the recession constant. Multiple regression analysis indicated that the factors explained 65% of the variability of baseflow index in the studv area.

Study on Planning an Ecological Stormwater Regulation System Based on Low Impact Development Mode： A Case Study in China

This paper sets Chaihu Town, Zhongxiang City of Hubei Province as an example, analyzing the ecological and hydrological conditions of Chaihu Town, applying LID （low impact development） mode and putting forward the ecological stormwater regulation system planning strategy which adapts to the development of small towns. The main conclusions are as follows： （1） The ＂three-low＂ development mode is put forward, which means low impact, low cost and low carbon, using this construction mode to minimize the ecological impact, relying on natural green space and water to achieve the function of rainstorm regulation; （2） Through the analysis and calculation of the local amount of precipitation, this paper scientifically calculates the required area of storage water and green space, taking the roads as trunks, green spaces as stems, water as veins, and building the green infrastructure system; （3） The author has been repairing and integrating the original drainage ditches of the planning area, replacing traditional rain drainage pipes, establishing ＂two-loop＂ water network system which aims at the detention and purification of rainwater, maximizing ecological benefit, economic benefit and landscape benefit.

Slope stability analysis of Southern slope of Chengmenshan copper mine,China

The engineering geology and hydrogeology in the southern slope of Chengmenshan copper mine are very complicated,because there is a soft-weak layer between two kinds of sandstones.Field investigations demonstrate that some instability problems might occur in the slope.In this research,the southern slope,which is divided into six sections(I-0,I-1,I-2,II-0,II-1 and II-2),is selected for slope stability analysis using limit equilibrium and numerical method.Stability results show that the values of factor of safety(FOS) of sections I-0,I-1 and I-2 are very low and slope failure is likely to happen.Therefore reinforcement subjected to seismic,water and weak layer according to sections were carried out to increase the factor of safety of the three sections,two methods were used;grouting with hydration of cement and water to increase the cohesion(c) and pre-stressed anchor.Results of reinforcement showed that factor of safety increased more than 1.15.

Heat transfer analysis and experimental verification of cast heat exchanger

From the viewpoints of environmental conservation and energy efficiency,seawater-source heat pump system(SWHP) to provide district cooling and heating is applied in coastal areas.Based on the system,a heat transfer model was established for cast heat exchanger(CHE) adopted by SWHP systems.The CHE consists of pipes immersed in the seawater and used for transferring heat between the seawater and the heat exchanger pipes of SWHP system.An experimental study was carried out to test the validity of the model.A program was developed in VB language and the effects of inlet temperature,flow rate of the secondary refrigerant and length of CHE on the results were investigated.The results of the numerical simulation are in consistence with the experiments in both winter and summer conditions.As a result,application of SWHP systems with CHE in coastal areas in China is feasible due to the favorable geographical conditions and environment.

Energy performance assessment on central air-conditioning system of commercial building: A case study in China

Energy performance assessment on central air-conditioning system is essential to optimize operating, reduce operating costs, improve indoor environmental quality, and determine whether the retrofitting of the equipment is necessary. But it is difficult to evaluate it reasonably and comprehensively due to its complexity. A "holistic" approach was discussed to evaluate the energy performance of central air-conditioning system for an extra-large commercial building in a subtropical city. All procedures were described in detail, including field investigation method, field measurement instruments, data processing and data analyzing. The main factors affecting energy consumption of air-conditioning system were analyzed and the annual cooling-energy use intensity of this building was calculated and also compared with other shopping malls and other types of buildings in Guangzhou. And COP(coefficient of performance) of chiller, water transfer factor of chilled water system and cooling water system were taken into consideration. At last, the thermal comfort and indoor air quality issues were addressed. The results show that the chilled water pumps are over-sized and the indoor environmental quality should be improved. The purpose of this work is to provide reference for energy performance assessment method for air-conditioning system.

Phytoplankton size class derived from phytoplankton absorption and chlorophyll-a concentrations in the northern South China Sea

A previously developed model was modified to derive three phytoplankton size classes (micro-, nano-, and pico-phytoplankton) from the overall chlorophyll-a concentration, assuming that each class has a specific absorption coefficient. The modified model performed well using in-situ data from the northern South China Sea, and the results were reliable and accurate. The relative errors of the size-fractioned chlorophyll-a concentration for each size class were: micro-:21%, nano-:41%, pico-:26%, and nano+pico:23%. The model was then applied on ocean color remote sensing data to examine the distribution and variation of phytoplankton size classes in northern South China Sea on a large scale.

Estimating Ecological Value of Small Hydropower Using Contingent Valuation Method:An Application to Tongjiqiao Reservoir in Zhejiang Province,China

The small hydropower(SHP) will be less competitive in the absence of environmental value.The lack of information has become an important obstacle challenging decision-makers in resource-use choices.This paper is an application of contingent valuation method(CVM) in rural China to estimate the willingness-to-pay(WTP) for environmental services provided by exiting hydropower station.Using the single-bounded and dichotomouschoice CVM,the ecological value of Tongjiqiao Reservoir(TJQR) is estimated,and the annual mean WTPs of single-bounded and double-bounded CVM estimation are 141.05 and 219.52 Yuan(RMB)/a,respectively.The 95% confidence interval of annual WTP on an average is 118.47,166.79 Yuan(RMB)/a and 204.41,236.22(Yuan RMB)/a,respectively.In contrast,double-bounded model could obtain much more information of WTP of the investigated,thus reducing the confidence interval of estimation,and enhancing the estimation accuracy of the WTP.According to the estimated mean WTP of the double-bounded CVM,the total ecosystem service value of the TJQR is 15.54 million Yuan(RMB).Compared with the conventional electricity of fossil power and large hydropower,the SHP will be less competitive in the absence of non-market value,ignoring that the environmental impacts of existing SHP will undermine the healthy development of clean energy sector.

Seasonal Community Structure of Mesozooplankton in the Daya Bay,South China Sea

Mesozooplankton are key components of coastal ecosystems,linking the microbial food web to the classic food chain.In this study,species composition and abundance of mesozooplankton is studied for the Daya Bay in April(spring) and October(fall),2006.A total of 27 species of mesozooplankton were identified in spring and 58 species in fall.Dominant species were Oithona tenuis,Flaccisagitta enflata,Penilia avirostris and Centropages tenuiremis in spring,shifting to Microsetella norvegica,Oithona tenuis and Parvocalanus crassirostris in fall.Higher mesozooplankton abundance was found at Aotou Cove and Dapeng'ao Cove compared to other stations,indicating the influence of eutrophication on mesozooplankton community in the Daya Bay.The outbreak of Noctiluca scintillans bloom in spring reduced the species diversity and abundance of mesozooplankton.

Mapping Daily Temperature and Precipitation in the Qilian Mountains of Northwest China

Daily meteorological data are the critical inputs for distributed hydrological and ecological models. This study modified mountain microclimate simulation model （MTCLIM） with the data from 19 weather stations, and compared and validated two methods （the MTCLIM and the modified MTCLIM） in the Qilian Mountains of Northwest China to estimate daily temperature （i.e., maximum temperature, minimum temperature） and precipitation at six weather stations from i January 2000 to 31December 2009. The algorithm of temperature in modified MTCLIM was improved by constructing the daily linear regression relationship between temperature and elevation, aspect and location information. There are two steps to modify the MTCLIM to predict daily precipitation： firstly, the linear regression relationship was built between annual average precipitation and elevation, location, and vegetation index; secondly, the distance weight for measuring the contribution of each weather station on target point was improved by average wind direction during the rainy season. Several regression analysis and goodness-of-fit indices （i.e., Pearson＇s correlation coefficient, coefficient of determination, mean absolute error, root-mean-square error and modelingefficiency） were used to validate these estimated values. The result showed that the modified MTCLIM had a better performance than the MTCLIM. Therefore, the modified MTCLIM was used to map daily meteorological data in the study area from 2000 to 2009. These results were validated using weather stations with short time data and the predicted accuracy was acceptable. The meteorological data mapped could become inputs for distributed hydrological and ecological models applied in the Qilian Mountains.

Spatial Distribution and Sources Identification of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Wolong Lake, Northeast China

The aquatic ecosystem maybe significantly affected by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) released from fresh water sediments. In order to protect biodiversity, the spatial distribution and sources of PAHs in the sediment of Wolong Lake in Northeast China were studied. A total of 17 surface sediment samples were collected and 12 PAHs were analyzed. The results were as follows. The concentration of total PAHs(TPAHs) ranged between 1412.9 μg/kg and 3948.3 μg/kg(dry weight). Indeno [1, 2, 3-c, d] pyrene was the dominant contaminant which accounted for 87%–98% of TPAHs. Diagnostic ratios of PAHs and principal component analysis showed that biomass combustion and vehicle emissions were likely to be the dominant sources of PAHs in the sediment. PAHs can be considered safe in the context of environmental and human health protection, based on the overall toxicity. Individual PAHs were positively correlated with total organic carbons. These results will be helpful to control PAHs and protect the aquatic ecosystem in the lake.