中国沉积学近十年来的发展现状与趋势

中国沉积学经历了从20世纪初至21世纪百余年的发展历程。进入21世纪以来,中国沉积学在盆地动力学、层序地层学、源-汇系统、沉积体系和沉积相、古地理学、前寒武纪沉积学、现代沉积环境、深时地质与沉积学、生物沉积学等多领域的研究中取得了重要进展。在深时古气候与全球变化、古环境变化及第四纪沉积等领域的研究与国际同步发展或已迈入国际研究前沿。同时,形成了陆相层序地层和盆地沉积充填动力学、含油气盆地沉积学等独具我国特色的研究方向,取得了一系列重要进展并围绕国家能源需求做出了重大贡献。但目前我国沉积学研究仍以跟踪国际前沿为主,而原创性的、引领性的研究较少。我国沉积学在温室陆地气候与古地貌重建、重大地质转折期的沉积和生物过程、源-汇系统、前寒武纪超大陆演化与早期地球环境等领域有望取得具有国际前沿的开拓性成果。

中国沉积学发展战略:沉积学相关实验室及设备现状与展望

通过国内外资料调研和1950年以来我国相关实验室的考证,研究我国沉积学相关实验室及其仪器设备的历史和现状,揭示存在问题,提出相关建议。数据主要源于三方面,包括国内外数据库6个,国内外沉积学相关实验室官方网站102个以及国内外搜索引擎5个。对访问和调研结果进行统计分析,研究我国沉积学相关实验室及仪器设备的种类、数量及其地区和年代分布,并与国外相关实验室进行对比分析,探索我国沉积学的发展历程、现状和存在问题,并据此展望我国沉积学的未来发展趋势。结果显示,我国沉积学发展经历了1950—1980年的起步阶段,1980—2010年的快速发展阶段,以及2010年以来的稳步提升阶段。作为研究陆表岩石—水—大气—生物相互作用的过程、结果和机制的专门学科,沉积学与资源、环境、全球变化等人类面临的重大挑战都密切相关。我国的沉积学研究长期以来,一直是化石能源与沉积矿产、海洋过程与资源、区域环境和可持续发展等,事关国计民生的相关基础科学研究的重要组成部分。然而,从分析结果看,作为一个重要的地学基础学科,我国沉积学目前面临着以下问题:1)迄今全国还没有一个专门化的沉积学实验室;2)专门用于沉积学研究的实验仪器和设备很少;3)目前与沉积学相关的实验室分布过于集中,实验室与所研究的对象(自然界典型的沉积过程)相互脱离的现象日趋明显且不断加剧。由此可见,一方面我国的沉积学在国民经济和社会发展中发挥着重要的基础研究作用,另一方面相关支撑条件又相对薄弱且存在理论与实际相脱离的趋势。这些问题无疑将会阻碍我国沉积学未来的健康发展。通过此次"中国沉积学发展战略"调研,进一步摸清了家底、理清了问题、看到了不足,希望在此与同行分享我们的调研成果,同时更希望引起相关专家和管理部门的注意,在条件允许时能够不失时机地解决影响我国沉积学发展的上述瓶颈问题。

中国沉积学发展战略:沉积学教育现状与展望

通过调研国内主要地质高校涉及沉积学领域的专业设置、课程设置、野外教学和研究生毕业论文等情况,对中国沉积学相关的人才培养模式进行分析,从而讨论了中国沉积学教育现状及发展趋势。调研结果显示:1)中国地质类院校中涉及沉积学的本科专业设置基本统一,而研究生专业设置则存在较大的差异,各大高校的传统优势研究领域各具特色;2)通过统计近15年沉积学相关专业研究生毕业论文情况,揭示沉积学相关专业学位论文数量占地质学科总数的32%,其中油气地质学学科又占沉积学论文总数的77.1%,可见油气地质学是近15年来沉积学领域发展最快的学科,说明我国的经济增长和石油与天然气勘探开发与对人才的需求息息相关;3)通过研究生学位论文与我国国内生产总值(GDP)增长率对比,我国沉积学教育与国民经济是同步发展的,一方面国民经济发展和社会进步不断向沉积学领域提出新的课题,促进沉积学和沉积学教育的发展,另一方面沉积学领域和沉积学教育取得的成果反过来又推动国民经济发展和社会进步。对沉积学人才培养需要确定正确的目标和模式,将素质教育和创新能力培养贯穿于人才培养的全过程,协调统一本科地质学基础教育和研究生沉积学专门教育,构建终生教育体系,才能真正满足社会发展的需求,使沉积学各研究领域的接续力量源源不断,使中国的沉积学蓬勃发展。

Contentious Petroleum Geochemical Issues in China’s Sedimentary Basins

Petroleum geochemistry contributes to exploration successes by providing key constraints for geological models and critical input to exploration scenarios. One of the most important tasks in a typical exploration program is to identify the most effective source intervals or kitchens in a basin, through oil-source correlation. The results of correlation are valid only if the geochemical parameters used address adequately the genetic characteristics of the source rocks as well as the mass transport and mixing processes of hydrocarbon fluids occurring in the carrier beds and reservoirs. This manuscript discusses four of the major contentious petroleum geochemical issues in China’s sedimentary basins. It is suggested that marine incursions played a significant role in the formation of prolific petroleum source rocks in the gigantic, dominantly freshwater, Songliao Basin. Several models are proposed to account for the occurrence of immature oils in the Cathaysian rift system including the Bohai Bay Basin, thus immature source rocks are considered a mere minor contributor to the known economic immature oil resources. Both geological and geochemical evidence are reviewed to refute a dominantly coaly source for the petroleum discovered in the Turpan Basin. Results of case studies are presented to demonstrate the importance of recognizing petroleum fluid mixing to solve the oil-source correlation issues in the structurally complex Tarim Basin. In addressing the fundamental assumptions and potential flaws of the molecular geochemical parameters commonly used for oil-source correlation, the need of a mass fraction approach is proposed to deal with such contentious issues as marine versus lacustrine, coal versus lacustrine, and mature versus immature oils.

Characteristics of nitrogen forms in the surface sediments of southwestern Nansha Trough,South China Sea

The area of the southwestern Nansha Trough is one of the most productive areas of the southern South China Sea.It is a typical semi-deep sea area of transition from shoal to abyssal zone.To understand distributions and roles of nitrogen forms involved in biogeochemical cycling in this area,contents of nitrogen in four extractable forms:nitrogen in ion exchangeable form(IEF-N),nitrogen in weak acid extractable form(WAEF-N),nitrogen in strong alkali extractable form(SAEF-N) and nitrogen in strong oxidation extractable form(SOEF-N),as well as in total nitrogen content(TN) in surface sediments were determined from samples collected from the cruise in April-May 1999.The study area was divided into three regions(A,B and C) in terms of clay sediment(<4 μm) content at <40%,40%-60% and >60%,respectively.Generally,region C was the richest in the nitrogen of all forms and region A the poorest,indicating that the finer the grain size is,the richer the contents of various nitrogen are.The burial efficiency of total nitrogen in surface sediments was 28.79%,indicating that more than 70% of nitrogen had been released and participated in biogeochemical recycling through sediment-water interface.

A Cenozoic tectono-sedimentary model of the Tainan Basin, the South China Sea: evidence from a multi-channel seismic profile

The Tainan Basin is one of the set of Cenozoic extensional basins along northern margin of the South China Sea that experienced extension and subsequently thermal subsidence. The Tainan Basin is close to the Taiwan Arc-Trench System and straddles a transition zone between oceanic and continental crust. A new regional multi-channel seismic profile （973-01） across the region of NE South China Sea is introduced in this paper. In seismic stratigraphy and structural geology, a model of Cenozoic tectono-sedimentation of the Tainan Basin is established. The results show that three stages can be suggested in Tainan Basin; In Stage A （Oligocene （？）-Lower Miocene） the stratigraphy shows restricted rifting, indicating crustal extension. Terrestrial sedi- ments mostly filled the faulted sags of the North Depression on the continental shelf. Structural highs, including the Central Uplift, blocked material transportation to the South Depression in abyssal basin. In Stage B the Tainan Basin （Middle-Upper Miocene） exhibits a broad subsidence resulting from the post-rifting thermal cooling. The faulted-sags in North Depression had been filled up. Terrestrial materials were transported over the structural highs and deposited directly in the South Depression through sub- marine gullies or canyons. This sedimentation resulted in a crucial change in the slope to a modem shape. In Stage C （Latest Miocene-Recent） a phase change from extension to compression took place due to the orogeny caused by the overthrusting of the Luzon volcanic arc. Many inverse structures, such as thrusts, fault bend folds, and a regional unconformity were formed. Forland basin began developing.

Review of Anobothrus (Polychaeta: Ampharetidae) from China

We reviewed ampharetid genus Anobothrus Levinsen, 1884 in China seas based upon material deposited in the Marine Biological Museum of the Chinese Academy of Sciences （Qingdao）. The genus includes A. glandularis （Hartmann-Schr6der, 1965）, A. gracilis （Malmgren, 1866）, A. mironovi Jirkov, 2008 and A. nataliae （Jirkov, 2008）. A. glandularis and A. mironovi are recorded for the first time in Chinese waters. A key to Chinese species of Anobothrus is given.

Seismic sedimentology of conglomeratic sandbodies in lower third member of Shahejie Formation (Palaeogene) in Shengtuo area, East China

The sand-conglomerate fans are the major depositional systems in the lower third member of Shahejie Formation in Shengtuo area, which formed in the deep lacustrine environment characterized by steep slope gradient, near sources and intensive tectonic activity. This work was focused on the sedimentary feature of the glutenite segment to conduct the seismic sedimentology research. The near-shore subaqueous fans and its relative gravity channel and slump turbidite fan depositions were identified according to observation and description of cores combining with the numerous data of seismic and logging. Then, the depositional model was built depending on the analysis of palaeogeomorphology. The seismic attributes which are related to the hydrocarbon but relative independent were chosen to conduct the analysis, the reservoir area of the glutenite segment was found performing a distribution where the amplitude value is relatively higher, and finally the RMS amplitude attribute was chosen to conduct the attribute predicting. At the same time, the horizontal distribution of the sedimentary facies was analyzed qualitatively. At last, the sparse spike inversion method was used to conduct the acoustic impedance inversion, and the inversion result can distinguish glutenite reservoir which is greater than 5 m. This method quantitatively characterizes the distribution area of the favorable reservoir sand.

Multiple Confined-Zone-Based Nickel Hydrogenation Catalyst Made by Shanxi Institute of Coal Chemistry

The Shanxi Institute of Coal Chemistry,Chinese Academy of Sciences has designed and prepared a multiple confined-zone-based nickel hydrogenation catalyst by means of the atomic layer deposition(ALD)technology.In comparison with the non-confined-zone based catalyst,the multiple confined-zone-based nickel catalyst possesses an enhanced catalytic reactivity and catalytic stability for hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde and nitrobenzene.

The discovery of surface runoff in the megadunes of Badain Jaran Desert,China,and its significance

The Badain Jaran Desert exhibits the greatest difference in altitude of all of the world's deserts.On the slopes of megadunes in the desert,there are physical and chemical deposits produced by surface runoff.In addition,we have observed rarely-seen infiltration-excess surface runoff in the megadune depressions as well as spring streams at the base of megadunes.We used electron microscopy,energy spectrum analysis,infiltration experiments,moisture content determinations and grain-size analysis to study the mineral and chemical composition of the runoff precipitates,and grain-size of the deposits associated with the runoff,together with the hydrological balance in the megadune area,and the atmospheric precipitation mechanism responsible for groundwater recharge and for supplying water to lakes.The observations of shallow runoff and infiltration-excess surface runoff indicate the occurrence of strong and effective precipitation in summer,which would provide an important source for groundwater recharge.Several lines of evidence,such as the physical and chemical deposits resulting from shallow subsurface runoff,spring streams,infiltration-excess runoff,and gravity capillary water with a moisture content of 3-6%,demonstrate that precipitation reaches the base of the megadunes through infiltration and subsequently becomes groundwater.The chemical deposits,such as newly-formed calcite and gypsum,and gray-black physical deposits,as well as different stages in the development of fan-shaped landforms resulting from shallow subsurface runoff,indicate that groundwater recharge in the area is the result of long-term precipitation,rather than intermittent individual major rainfall events.Fine sand layers with a low infiltration capacity lead to subsurface runoff emerging at the ground surface.Five factors play an important role in maintaining a positive water balance and in replenishing groundwater via rainfall:effective rainfall as a water source,the high infiltration capacity of the sands enabling rainfall to rapidly become capillary water in the dunes,low evapotranspiration rates due to the sparse vegetation,the fact that the depth of the sand layer influenced by evaporation is shallow enough to maximize the deep infiltration of rainfall,and rapidly-moving gravity capillary water in the sandy dunes.These five factors together constitute a mechanism for groundwater recharge from rainfall,and explain the origin of the groundwater and lakes in the area.Our findings represent a significant advance in research on the hydrological cycle,including groundwater recharge conditions and recharge mechanisms,in this desert region.