《张居正大传》:中国经史传统与英国传记艺术的结合

朱东润先生站在中西文化的交汇处,成就了20世纪中国传记文学的翘楚《张居正大传》。从中国经史文化传统来看,该传记作品是传递、注解和书写生命的三位一体,同时也体现了司马迁传主选择上的"俶傥"观和时间距离观;从西方传记艺术传统来看,该作品具有英国传记求史料、讲细节、重环境的特征,融史笔和文笔于一体。《张居正大传》是中西传记艺术结合的典范。

Three Models of English Education in China＇s Universities ——-A Historical Perspective

In the present paper, a comparison is made of the three formats in the history of EECU （English education in China＇s universities）. In the first period （1904-1949）, English education was conducted separately in government-managed educational institutions and in institutions sponsored by church-related organizations; English education was well-knit with both general education and specialty education; and self-motivating learning was encouraged. In the second period （1950-1966）, almost everything was tinted with a shady color of politics： A halt was addressed drastically to EEC （English education in China） in 1952. In the gradual recovery that started four years later, the second format was sawed and hammered, showing the following features： All non-government-mamaged institutions vanished from the stage; English was taught solely as a language or a system of verbal parts, almost deprived of all cultural loading. The third period （1978 onwards） has witnessed a barrier-free and rapid development of over three decades, resulting in the unprecedented pervasion of EECU. Yet in the third tbrmat, learners＇ efforts have turned wholly test-oriented, degenerating into the saddening disintegrity of learning as a process into isolated charges to the target of a test at a time; the ignorant reduction of the learning methods to ＂Vocabulary Booklets Plus Collections of Test Papers＂. Such a comparison not only provides a multi-dimensional perspective of EECU and a better understanding of it, but also offers some important experiences and lessons for the search of an effective solution to the pervasive problem of＂Time-Consumingness and Low-Efficiency＂.

Historical Evolution of Mariculture in China During Past 40 Years and Its Impacts on Eco-environment

The rapid development of mariculture in China in recent decades has satisfied people's demand of seafood, and has made a great contribution to economic development. However, mariculture has also caused some negative impacts on the eco-environment. By statistically analyzing national data(as well as data for four main provinces) regarding the mariculture area and cultivation species in China since reform and opening up, the historical evolution of mariculture during the past 40 years was analyzed, the driving factors related to policy, market and technology innovation were discussed, and the potential impacts of mariculture on the coastal eco-environment were also illustrated. The statistical results indicated that the maricultural area increased radically during the past 40 years, from 1979(116.47 × 10~3 ha) to 2012(2205.65 × 10~3 ha), with an increase of nearly 20-fold. Shandong Province represented the fastest-growing region, with an increase of 31-fold. Moreover, the cultivated species had gradually become diversified. Initially, shellfish and algae were major species, and then it developed to various species including fish, and currently shellfish and crustaceans were the major species. The development of mariculture was driven by government policies, market economy and technology innovation. Rapid development of mariculture also caused significantly adverse impacts on the eco-environment of the coastal regions. For example, the sea reclamation for mariculture decreased the area and function of coastal wetlands and the contaminants originating from mariculture destroyed the coastal aquatic environment. Fortunately, the implementation of ‘13 th Five-Year Fisheries Planning' is expected to help both improve the seafood quality and reduce the contamination in coastal aquatic environment. This current study will provide reference for management and structure adjustment of mariculture in the future.

The Way of the Social and Economic Development of China An Attempt of Historical and Synthetic Representation

The issue of social and economic development is an important part of theoretical and empirical research of the contemporary economy. China is an example of an economy which in a short period of time achieved success within this scope. Therefore it seems to be justified to draw the reader＇s attention to the factors and determinants which may be regarded as the key ones for the economy of China, both in the period of 1949-1978, namely, in the period of real socialism, and in the period after 1978, so-called ＂socialist market economy＂ to date. On the basis of an analysis of Polish and foreign reference sources and source materials, the author tried to trace both similarities and differences in China＇s economic development over those two periods, first of all paying attention to the Chinese authorities＇ pragmatism of governing in the other period, accompanied by limiting ideological influences. Maintaining the socialist system, in that period China worked out its own, specific principles, and rules of internal activities and activities in the international arena, which enabled to it the creation of a model, especially for developing countries, the system of economic planning and programming, its constant modernization during the implementation of economic tasks, with the consideration given to changing conditionings in the world economy. It was pointed out that with maintaining the laboriousness of the Chinese and their loyalty to authority, they make up China＇s economic power. The aim of the article is to pay special attention to the circumstances, phenomena, conditionings, and factors which occurred on the way to the social and economic development of China, which enabled it to achieve the economic success in a relatively short period of time. This success can be expressed by such indicators as for instance the poverty rate, the unemployment rate, gross domestic product, the value of export, and the value of foreign direct investment as well as other factors.

A Comparative Study of Chinese National Vocal Music and Bel Canto

Both Chinese national vocal music and bel canto have a very long history of development, but have their own different characteristics. However, the two different ways are mutually influenced and connected along with the social economic development and globalization. This requires the absorption of the excellent western singing styles on the basis of developing Chinese national vocal music, so as to promote a common development. In this paper, Chinese national vocal music and bel canto are studied and analyzed according to the historical origins, different characteristics, effects, etc.

The New Normal from the Perspective of Macro History and Grand Logic of China's Economic Development

This paper attempts to explain the "new normal" of China's economic development put forward by XI Jinping, the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, from three perspectives. First, as the new normal is a natural phase of long-term development in the country's renaissance, recognition of it helps policy-making to hold a historical perspective and maintain a patience in the face of growth slowdown. Second, the new normal as the logic of China's economic development underlines the necessity and urgency of transforming growth patterns and growth drivers. Third, different from the "new mediocre" of the world economy, the new normal reveals great potentials of sustainable growth of the Chinese economy that must be tapped through structural reforms.

Calculating China's Historical Economic Aggregate: A GDP-centered Overview

Since the 1990s, thanks to the concerted efforts of domestic and international scholars, the research on China＇s historical GDP that began in the 1930s has received widespread attention, and is becoming a widely discussed issue at the forefront of research on world economic history. At the same time, several scholars at home and abroad have also voiced a call for more theoretical and empirical reflection within this line of research. Diversification of methods, systematic reconstruction of historical data, and international comparisons represent three emerging trends in future research on this subject. By encouraging and leading these trends, Chinese scholars can assume a greater role in international research on economic history.

SPECIAL ISSUE： ANTI-CORRUPTION STRATEGIES IN TRANSITIONAL CHINA --Construction of Anti-corruption Institutions and Culture in Traditional China and Its Implications for Modern China

China has a rich tradition of anti-corruption institutional design and cultural construction. Anti-corruption institutions in traditional China were based on a detailed system of anti- corruption charges as well as a dynamic system of prevention, monitoring, and punishment, facilitated by a unique system of supervision and salary increases to encourage honesty. At the same time, the idea of ＂ruling for the people＂ was advocated as a part of cultural construction, providing a non-institutional impetus for curbing corruption starting from the very source of power. The honesty and integrity of officials was transformed from a political ethic to an everyday ethic which was at the heart of anti-corruption efforts in traditional China. Moral administration, official integrity and cultivation of a professional ethic were stressed so that social education and family education shared the same goals and political ideals and goals were socialized. These experiences have implications for us even today, and should not he overlooked in the present worldwide struggle against corruption.

Chinese Social Relations ＆ Political Transformations in Historical ＆ Comparative Perspectives： A Preliminary Sketch of New Orientations in Social Science Research

This paper suggests some ways to relate the patterns of Chinese social and political change to those found in European history in order to better understand both. Since European historical experiences provide the material for formulating Western social theories, a comparative historical analysis of China suggests the ways in which Chinese materials can inform and transform more globally conceived social theories.

Four Methods That Should Be Mastered in the Study of the Historical Experience of the People＇s Republic of China

It is necessary to master certain scientific methods in studying the historical experience of the People＇s Republic of China; that is, we should study the experience of different periods of New China and at the same time study the experience of various historical periods as related to one another; we should study the successful experience of New China and at the same time study its errors and setbacks; and we should view the historical experience of New China from today＇s perspective and at the same time study it by placing it under given historical conditions.