During the Late Miocene,numerous medium to large-sized herbivores,that resemble the living Ovibos in skeletal morphology,dispersed throughout the Holarctic realm and comprised eleven genera:Lantiantragus,Shaanxispira,...During the Late Miocene,numerous medium to large-sized herbivores,that resemble the living Ovibos in skeletal morphology,dispersed throughout the Holarctic realm and comprised eleven genera:Lantiantragus,Shaanxispira,Tsaidamotherium,Criotherium,Mesembriacerus,Hezhengia,Urmiatherium,Parurmiatherium,Plesiaddax,Sinotragus,and Prosinotragus.These genera are primarily found in eastern Asia,in which nine genera are found in northern China,as well as in countries in eastern Europe and western Asia.They are distinguished by unique characteristics,including a perpendicular braincase,specialized horn cores,and a robust basioccipital.Previous studies have often classified these‘ovibovin’bovids as part of the conventional subfamily/tribe Ovibovinae/Ovibovini,along with extant Ovibos.Nevertheless,an increasing number of studies do not support the monophyly of the subfamily/tribe Ovibovinae/Ovibovini,nor is a close relationship likely between these Late Miocene‘ovibovin’bovids and extant Ovibos.Among the eleven genera of‘ovibovin’bovids,Plesiaddax,Hezhengia,and Urmiatherium are often considered to have a very close relationship and conventionally form the tribe Urmiatheriini.However,previous phylogenetic analyses do not support the monophyly of Urmiatheriini.This paper presents a summary of the transmutation of the terms Ovibovidae/Ovibovinae/Ovibovini/Ovibovina,the temporal and spatial distribution of the Late Miocene‘ovibovin’bovids in Eurasia,the principal characteristics of these taxa,and the previous phylogenetic analyses.展开更多
In present paper the genus Rhithrogena Eaton from Chinese mainland, including a new species to science (Rhithrogena lutea, sp. nov.), 2 new record species from China (R. bajkovae Sowa, R. lepnevae Brodsky) and 3 known...In present paper the genus Rhithrogena Eaton from Chinese mainland, including a new species to science (Rhithrogena lutea, sp. nov.), 2 new record species from China (R. bajkovae Sowa, R. lepnevae Brodsky) and 3 known species [R. wuyinensis (Gui et al.) (comb. nov.), R. trispina Zhou et Zheng, R. orientalis You (= R. sangangensis You, new synonym)] are revised besed on the imaginal specimens. A key to 7 species imagos is provided. All materials in this study are deposited in Nanjing Normal University.展开更多
Five species of the genus Caenis from Chinese mainland are reviewed. Among them, C. parviforcipis (Zhou et al.) (nov. comb.) is transferred from the genus Brachycercus The larvae of the C. sinensis Gui et al. are desc...Five species of the genus Caenis from Chinese mainland are reviewed. Among them, C. parviforcipis (Zhou et al.) (nov. comb.) is transferred from the genus Brachycercus The larvae of the C. sinensis Gui et al. are described for the first time. The previously reported C. nigroforceps Zhou et al. is recognized as a new synonym of the Caenis rivulorum Eaton, and the report of C. nigropunctata Klapálek from China is confirmed. Both imagos and larvae of a new species C. melanoleuca, sp. nov. are described and illustrated in detail.展开更多
According to the ＂jacking-up＂ theory, which relates the cause of earthquakes to outer core convection ascension bodies, the crust will gradually recover after an earthquake. In such cases, the crust is stretched, th...According to the ＂jacking-up＂ theory, which relates the cause of earthquakes to outer core convection ascension bodies, the crust will gradually recover after an earthquake. In such cases, the crust is stretched, the underground temperature is reduced, precipitation decreases, and drought occurs. In this paper, precipitation is compared with ground temperature and seismic data to determine the spatial and temporal relationship between earthquakes and subsequent droughts. Our objective is to develop a new method of drought prediction. With a few exceptions in location, the analysis of the first drought to occur after the Ms 〉 7 earthquakes in China's Mainland and the adjacent areas since 1950 shows that droughts tended to occur in regions near earthquake epicenters and in the eastern regions of the epicenters at the same latitude within six months after the earthquakes. In addition, and the differences between the starting time of the earthquakes and the droughts nearly share the same probability of 0 to 6 months. After careful analysis of 34 Ms 〉 6.5 earthquakes occurring in western China from 1980 to 2011, we determined that a second drought tends to occur approximately six months following the first drought, indicating a quasi-half-year period. Moreover, the duration of the quasi-half-year fluctuation increases with the magnitude of earthquake, at approximately 2.5 years for Ms 6.5 earthquake and approximately 5 years for Ms 8 earthquake.展开更多
Objective Acute aortic dissection （AAD） is a catastrophic event with high early mortality rate, but to date, no data on the incidence of AAD in China's Mainland is available. This study aimed to estimate the inc...Objective Acute aortic dissection （AAD） is a catastrophic event with high early mortality rate, but to date, no data on the incidence of AAD in China's Mainland is available. This study aimed to estimate the incidence of AAD in China and characterize the clinical profile, management and in-hospital outcomes of this vascular event. Methods We used the China Health Insurance Research Data （the CHIRA Data） 2011 which comprises all inpatient hospital records （300,886） during the period of Jan. 1st 2011 to Dec. 31 2011 of 3,335,000 randomly sampled beneficiaries （1,718,500 men and 1,616,500 women） from 25 cities and counties in different economic-geographic regions of China's Mainland. Patients with acute aortic dissection were identified according to International Classification of Disease 10m Revision （ICD-10） of I71.0, The estimated incidence of AAD was calculated using the equation： estimated incidence = 2.0 × （40% × hospital admission rate） ＋ 60% × hospital admission rate. Results The hospital admission rate was 2.0/100,000 （65/3,325,000, 95% CI： 1.2-2.8）. The estimated annual incidence of AAD was 2.8/100,000 （95% CI： 1.9-3.6） and was higher in male than in female （3.7 vs. 1.5, P 〈 0.001）. The mean age was 58.9 ± 13.4 years. During the mean hospital stay of 23 ±6 days, the overall in-hospital mortality was 13.9% （9/65）. Conclusions Our study showed relatively lower but not negligible incidence and in-hospital mortality of AAD in the mainland of China. The mean age of patients with AAD in Chinese was younger than that reported by researches from west countries, while the male to female incidence ratio is similar to those reported by other studies.展开更多
Comprehending regional characteristics and influencing factors of China＇s inbound tourism economy is im- portant to make effective policies that will help inbound tourism develop harmoniously and shrink regional disp...Comprehending regional characteristics and influencing factors of China＇s inbound tourism economy is im- portant to make effective policies that will help inbound tourism develop harmoniously and shrink regional disparity. This paper studied the regional disparity and convergence of China＇s inbound tourism economy during 1996-2008 with the methods of a-convergence, club convergence and r-convergence. The results indicate that 1） inbound tourism receipts per capita （ITRPC） of the whole country, the eastern, central and western regions presented the rapid increasing trend; 2） ITRPC of the whole country was characterized by convergence; 3） the eastern region presented club con- vergence, but the central and western regions did not show this trend; 4） the star-hotel levels and investment in fixed assets for the tourism industry per capita had a same trend to growth rates of ITRPC, promoting inbound tourism de- velopment, and there was no difference among the 31 provinces （municipalities） in the mainland of China; 5） but the proportion of employed persons in the tourism industry accounting for total population and the proportion of the terti- ary industry accounting for GDP had a reversal trend to growth rates of ITRPC, shrinking the provincial disparity in inbound tourism economy, and there were differences between the developed provinces and the developing provinces. Based on these analyses, we put forward some suggestions for the developing provinces to speed up inbound tourism economy.展开更多
AIM:To investigate the current status of peritoneal carcinomatosis(PC) management,as well as the usage of cytoreductive surgery(CRS) and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy(HIPEC) in China's Mainland.METHODS...AIM:To investigate the current status of peritoneal carcinomatosis(PC) management,as well as the usage of cytoreductive surgery(CRS) and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy(HIPEC) in China's Mainland.METHODS:A potentially curative therapeutic strategy for selecting patients with PC,known as "Techniques",consists of CRS in combination with HIPEC.A systemic search of published works and clinical trials was performed.Additional papers were retrieved by crosschecking references and obtaining information from Chinese oncologists and relevant conferences.One hundred and one papers and one registered clinical trial on HIPEC were included.RESULTS:A literature review identified 86 hospitals in 25 out of all 31 areas of China's Mainland that perform HIPEC.The earliest report included in our survey was published in 1993.Different approaches to HIPEC have been utilized,i.e.palliative,prophylactic,and possiblycurative treatment.Only one center has consistently performed HIPEC according to the "Sugarbaker Protocol",which involves evaluating the extent of PC with peritoneal cancer index and the results of CRS with the completeness of cytoreduction.Positive preliminary results were reported:7 of 21 patients with PC survived,free of tumors,during an 8-43-mo follow-up period.Hyperthermic strategies that include HIPEC have been practiced for a long time in China's Mainland,whereas the "Sugarbaker Protocol/Techniques" has been only rarely implemented in China.The Peritoneal Surface Oncology Group International hosts a biannual workshop with the intent to train more specialists in this field and provide support for the construction of quality treatment centers,especially in developing countries like China,whose population is huge and has a dramatically increased incidence of cancer.CONCLUSION:To popularize Sugarbaker Protocol/Techniques in China's Mainland in PC management arising from gastric cancer or colorectal cancer will be the responsibility of the upcoming Chinese Peritoneal Surface Oncology Group.展开更多
China is a mountainous country with a great diversity of landform and geomorphology.This diversity underlines the need for regionalization and classification.This study defines the mountain terrains and regions with t...China is a mountainous country with a great diversity of landform and geomorphology.This diversity underlines the need for regionalization and classification.This study defines the mountain terrains and regions with three criteria-elevation,relative height,and slope,and examines the extent of mountainous regions by using county as the basic administrative unit.According to the three parameters of economic base,resident income and development potential,we classified the economic development level in mountainous regions of China.The findings reveal that the extent of the mountainous region accounts for 74.9% of the China's Mainland's total area.The economic development of mountainous regions in China is classified into 4 main types and 23 subtypes.展开更多
Purpose： The purpose of the study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Chinese-translated Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire-2 （C-BREQ-2） among Chinese university students from the Mainlan...Purpose： The purpose of the study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Chinese-translated Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire-2 （C-BREQ-2） among Chinese university students from the Mainland and Hong Kong of China. Methods： University students from the Mainland （n = 191） and Hong Kong （n=194） of China participated in this study. Factorial validity, discriminant validity, nomological validity, internal reliability, and measurement invariance across sample of the C-BREQ-2 were examined. Results： Confirmatory factor analysis provided support for the factorial validity of the 18-item, 5-factor structure C-BREQ-2. Examination of the 95% confidence interval of the inter-factor correlations suggested that the C-BREQ-2 assesses related but distinct constructs, which provided support for its discriminant validity. The internal consistency reliability of the C-BREQ-2 was found acceptable. Examination of the pattern of inter-factor correlations between different regulations suggested that a simplex-like pattern was displayed, which provided evidence for the nomological validity of C-BREQ-2. The results from multi-group confirmatory factor analysis suggested that the factor loadings and variances/ covariances of the C-BREQ-2 measurement model were invariant across the Chinese university students in the Mainland and Hong Kong of China. Conclusion： The current study provided further psychometric evidence for the C-BREQ-2, which makes the further application and research of self-determination theory （SDT） based motivation in relation to exercise and physical activity in the Mainland of China context possible.展开更多
文摘During the Late Miocene,numerous medium to large-sized herbivores,that resemble the living Ovibos in skeletal morphology,dispersed throughout the Holarctic realm and comprised eleven genera:Lantiantragus,Shaanxispira,Tsaidamotherium,Criotherium,Mesembriacerus,Hezhengia,Urmiatherium,Parurmiatherium,Plesiaddax,Sinotragus,and Prosinotragus.These genera are primarily found in eastern Asia,in which nine genera are found in northern China,as well as in countries in eastern Europe and western Asia.They are distinguished by unique characteristics,including a perpendicular braincase,specialized horn cores,and a robust basioccipital.Previous studies have often classified these‘ovibovin’bovids as part of the conventional subfamily/tribe Ovibovinae/Ovibovini,along with extant Ovibos.Nevertheless,an increasing number of studies do not support the monophyly of the subfamily/tribe Ovibovinae/Ovibovini,nor is a close relationship likely between these Late Miocene‘ovibovin’bovids and extant Ovibos.Among the eleven genera of‘ovibovin’bovids,Plesiaddax,Hezhengia,and Urmiatherium are often considered to have a very close relationship and conventionally form the tribe Urmiatheriini.However,previous phylogenetic analyses do not support the monophyly of Urmiatheriini.This paper presents a summary of the transmutation of the terms Ovibovidae/Ovibovinae/Ovibovini/Ovibovina,the temporal and spatial distribution of the Late Miocene‘ovibovin’bovids in Eurasia,the principal characteristics of these taxa,and the previous phylogenetic analyses.
基金National Natural Sciences Foundation of China (30300037)
文摘In present paper the genus Rhithrogena Eaton from Chinese mainland, including a new species to science (Rhithrogena lutea, sp. nov.), 2 new record species from China (R. bajkovae Sowa, R. lepnevae Brodsky) and 3 known species [R. wuyinensis (Gui et al.) (comb. nov.), R. trispina Zhou et Zheng, R. orientalis You (= R. sangangensis You, new synonym)] are revised besed on the imaginal specimens. A key to 7 species imagos is provided. All materials in this study are deposited in Nanjing Normal University.
文摘Five species of the genus Caenis from Chinese mainland are reviewed. Among them, C. parviforcipis (Zhou et al.) (nov. comb.) is transferred from the genus Brachycercus The larvae of the C. sinensis Gui et al. are described for the first time. The previously reported C. nigroforceps Zhou et al. is recognized as a new synonym of the Caenis rivulorum Eaton, and the report of C. nigropunctata Klapálek from China is confirmed. Both imagos and larvae of a new species C. melanoleuca, sp. nov. are described and illustrated in detail.
基金supported by the National 973 Program(Grant No.2008CB425704)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.40975049)
文摘According to the ＂jacking-up＂ theory, which relates the cause of earthquakes to outer core convection ascension bodies, the crust will gradually recover after an earthquake. In such cases, the crust is stretched, the underground temperature is reduced, precipitation decreases, and drought occurs. In this paper, precipitation is compared with ground temperature and seismic data to determine the spatial and temporal relationship between earthquakes and subsequent droughts. Our objective is to develop a new method of drought prediction. With a few exceptions in location, the analysis of the first drought to occur after the Ms 〉 7 earthquakes in China's Mainland and the adjacent areas since 1950 shows that droughts tended to occur in regions near earthquake epicenters and in the eastern regions of the epicenters at the same latitude within six months after the earthquakes. In addition, and the differences between the starting time of the earthquakes and the droughts nearly share the same probability of 0 to 6 months. After careful analysis of 34 Ms 〉 6.5 earthquakes occurring in western China from 1980 to 2011, we determined that a second drought tends to occur approximately six months following the first drought, indicating a quasi-half-year period. Moreover, the duration of the quasi-half-year fluctuation increases with the magnitude of earthquake, at approximately 2.5 years for Ms 6.5 earthquake and approximately 5 years for Ms 8 earthquake.
文摘Objective Acute aortic dissection （AAD） is a catastrophic event with high early mortality rate, but to date, no data on the incidence of AAD in China's Mainland is available. This study aimed to estimate the incidence of AAD in China and characterize the clinical profile, management and in-hospital outcomes of this vascular event. Methods We used the China Health Insurance Research Data （the CHIRA Data） 2011 which comprises all inpatient hospital records （300,886） during the period of Jan. 1st 2011 to Dec. 31 2011 of 3,335,000 randomly sampled beneficiaries （1,718,500 men and 1,616,500 women） from 25 cities and counties in different economic-geographic regions of China's Mainland. Patients with acute aortic dissection were identified according to International Classification of Disease 10m Revision （ICD-10） of I71.0, The estimated incidence of AAD was calculated using the equation： estimated incidence = 2.0 × （40% × hospital admission rate） ＋ 60% × hospital admission rate. Results The hospital admission rate was 2.0/100,000 （65/3,325,000, 95% CI： 1.2-2.8）. The estimated annual incidence of AAD was 2.8/100,000 （95% CI： 1.9-3.6） and was higher in male than in female （3.7 vs. 1.5, P 〈 0.001）. The mean age was 58.9 ± 13.4 years. During the mean hospital stay of 23 ±6 days, the overall in-hospital mortality was 13.9% （9/65）. Conclusions Our study showed relatively lower but not negligible incidence and in-hospital mortality of AAD in the mainland of China. The mean age of patients with AAD in Chinese was younger than that reported by researches from west countries, while the male to female incidence ratio is similar to those reported by other studies.
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40971019)National Basic Research Program of China (No. 2007CB411501)
文摘Comprehending regional characteristics and influencing factors of China＇s inbound tourism economy is im- portant to make effective policies that will help inbound tourism develop harmoniously and shrink regional disparity. This paper studied the regional disparity and convergence of China＇s inbound tourism economy during 1996-2008 with the methods of a-convergence, club convergence and r-convergence. The results indicate that 1） inbound tourism receipts per capita （ITRPC） of the whole country, the eastern, central and western regions presented the rapid increasing trend; 2） ITRPC of the whole country was characterized by convergence; 3） the eastern region presented club con- vergence, but the central and western regions did not show this trend; 4） the star-hotel levels and investment in fixed assets for the tourism industry per capita had a same trend to growth rates of ITRPC, promoting inbound tourism de- velopment, and there was no difference among the 31 provinces （municipalities） in the mainland of China; 5） but the proportion of employed persons in the tourism industry accounting for total population and the proportion of the terti- ary industry accounting for GDP had a reversal trend to growth rates of ITRPC, shrinking the provincial disparity in inbound tourism economy, and there were differences between the developed provinces and the developing provinces. Based on these analyses, we put forward some suggestions for the developing provinces to speed up inbound tourism economy.
文摘AIM:To investigate the current status of peritoneal carcinomatosis(PC) management,as well as the usage of cytoreductive surgery(CRS) and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy(HIPEC) in China's Mainland.METHODS:A potentially curative therapeutic strategy for selecting patients with PC,known as "Techniques",consists of CRS in combination with HIPEC.A systemic search of published works and clinical trials was performed.Additional papers were retrieved by crosschecking references and obtaining information from Chinese oncologists and relevant conferences.One hundred and one papers and one registered clinical trial on HIPEC were included.RESULTS:A literature review identified 86 hospitals in 25 out of all 31 areas of China's Mainland that perform HIPEC.The earliest report included in our survey was published in 1993.Different approaches to HIPEC have been utilized,i.e.palliative,prophylactic,and possiblycurative treatment.Only one center has consistently performed HIPEC according to the "Sugarbaker Protocol",which involves evaluating the extent of PC with peritoneal cancer index and the results of CRS with the completeness of cytoreduction.Positive preliminary results were reported:7 of 21 patients with PC survived,free of tumors,during an 8-43-mo follow-up period.Hyperthermic strategies that include HIPEC have been practiced for a long time in China's Mainland,whereas the "Sugarbaker Protocol/Techniques" has been only rarely implemented in China.The Peritoneal Surface Oncology Group International hosts a biannual workshop with the intent to train more specialists in this field and provide support for the construction of quality treatment centers,especially in developing countries like China,whose population is huge and has a dramatically increased incidence of cancer.CONCLUSION:To popularize Sugarbaker Protocol/Techniques in China's Mainland in PC management arising from gastric cancer or colorectal cancer will be the responsibility of the upcoming Chinese Peritoneal Surface Oncology Group.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41571523)the Key Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.KZZDEW-06-03)+1 种基金the National Basic Research Program of China(Grant No.2013CBA01808)the National Key Technology R&D Program of China(Grant No.2014BAC05B01)
文摘China is a mountainous country with a great diversity of landform and geomorphology.This diversity underlines the need for regionalization and classification.This study defines the mountain terrains and regions with three criteria-elevation,relative height,and slope,and examines the extent of mountainous regions by using county as the basic administrative unit.According to the three parameters of economic base,resident income and development potential,we classified the economic development level in mountainous regions of China.The findings reveal that the extent of the mountainous region accounts for 74.9% of the China's Mainland's total area.The economic development of mountainous regions in China is classified into 4 main types and 23 subtypes.
文摘Purpose： The purpose of the study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Chinese-translated Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire-2 （C-BREQ-2） among Chinese university students from the Mainland and Hong Kong of China. Methods： University students from the Mainland （n = 191） and Hong Kong （n=194） of China participated in this study. Factorial validity, discriminant validity, nomological validity, internal reliability, and measurement invariance across sample of the C-BREQ-2 were examined. Results： Confirmatory factor analysis provided support for the factorial validity of the 18-item, 5-factor structure C-BREQ-2. Examination of the 95% confidence interval of the inter-factor correlations suggested that the C-BREQ-2 assesses related but distinct constructs, which provided support for its discriminant validity. The internal consistency reliability of the C-BREQ-2 was found acceptable. Examination of the pattern of inter-factor correlations between different regulations suggested that a simplex-like pattern was displayed, which provided evidence for the nomological validity of C-BREQ-2. The results from multi-group confirmatory factor analysis suggested that the factor loadings and variances/ covariances of the C-BREQ-2 measurement model were invariant across the Chinese university students in the Mainland and Hong Kong of China. Conclusion： The current study provided further psychometric evidence for the C-BREQ-2, which makes the further application and research of self-determination theory （SDT） based motivation in relation to exercise and physical activity in the Mainland of China context possible.
