Background: Vision screening addresses the visual impairments that impact on child development. Tests of long-sightedness are not found in most school screening programmes. The evidence linking mild-moderate hyperopia...Background: Vision screening addresses the visual impairments that impact on child development. Tests of long-sightedness are not found in most school screening programmes. The evidence linking mild-moderate hyperopia and lack of progress in school is insufficient, although strengthened by recent findings of developmental problems in infants. Aims: To report on the relation between hyperopia and education test results in a cohort of primary school children. Methods: A total of 1298 children, aged 8 years, were screened for hyperopia on the basis of fogging test results. School test results (NFER and SATs) were compared between groups categorised by referral status and refractive error. Results: A total of 166 (12.8%)-fogging test failures were referred for ophthalmic assessment. Ophthalmic tests on 105 children provided an accurate diagnosis of vision defects, for reference to their education scores. Fifty per cent of the children examined by optometrists required an intervention (prescription change, glasses prescribed, or referral). Mean (95%CI) NFER scores of children with refractive errors (summed for both eyes) >+3D (98.4, 93.0-103.8, n = 32) or >+1.25D (best eye) (99.3, 93.0-105.6, n = 26) were lower than the respective scores of children with a less positive refractive state (104.8, 100.7-108.9, n = 43) (103.6, 99.7-107.4, n = 49), the non-referred group, and total sample. The SATs results followed a similar trend. A high proportion of the fogging test failures (16%) and confirmed hyperopes (29%) had been referred to an educational psychologist, and the latter group contributed substantially to the poor education scores. Conclusions: The results of this study provide further evidence for a link between hyperopia and impaired literacy standards in children.展开更多
Background: Vision screening addresses the visual impairments that impact on child development. Tests of long-sightedness are not found in most school screening programmes. The evidence linking mild-moderate hyperopia...Background: Vision screening addresses the visual impairments that impact on child development. Tests of long-sightedness are not found in most school screening programmes. The evidence linking mild-moderate hyperopia and lack of progress in school is insufficient, although strengthened by recent findings of developmental problems in infants. Aims: To report on the relation between hyperopia and education test results in a cohort of primary school children. Methods: A total of 1 298 children, aged 8 years, were screened for hyperopia on the basis of fogging test results. School test results (NFER and SATs) were compared between groups categorised by referral status and refractive error. Results: A total of 166 (12.8% ) fogging test failures were referred for ophthalmic assessment. Ophthalmic tests on 105 children provided an accurate diagnosis of vision defects, for reference to their education scores. Fifty per cent of the children examined by optometrists required an intervention (prescription change, glasses prescribed, or referral). Mean (95% CI) NFER scores of children with refractive errors (summed for both eyes) > + 3D (98.4, 93.0- 103.8, n =32) or > + 1.25D (best eye) (99.3, 93.0- 105.6, n=26)- were lower than the respective scores of children with a less positive refractive state (104.8, 100.7- 108.9, n=43)-(103.6, 99.7- 107.4, n=49), the non- referred group, and total sample. The SATs results followed a similar trend. A high proportion of the fogging test failures (16% ) and confirmed hyperopes (29% ) had been referred to an educational psychologist, and the latter group contributed substantially to the poor education scores. Conclusions: The results of this study provide further evidence for a link between hyperopia and impaired literacy standards in children.展开更多
Aim:To study the distribution of anisometropia and anisoa-stigmatismin young Australian children,togetherwith clinical and ocular biometry relations.Method:The Sydney Myopia Study examined 1765 predominantly 6 year ol...Aim:To study the distribution of anisometropia and anisoa-stigmatismin young Australian children,togetherwith clinical and ocular biometry relations.Method:The Sydney Myopia Study examined 1765 predominantly 6 year old children from 34 randomly selected Sydney schools during 2003-4.Keratometry,cycloplegic autorefraction,and questionnaire data were collected.Results:Spherical equivalent(SE)anisometropia(≥ 1 dioptre)prevalence was 1.6%(95% confidence interval(CI)-1.1% to 2.4%).Aniso-astigmatism(≥ 1D)prevalence was 1.0%(CI:0.6% to 1.6%).Both conditions were significantly more prevalent among moderately hyperopic(SE ≥ 2.0D)thanmildly hyperopic(SE 0.5-1.9D)children.Myopic children(SE ≤-0.5D)had higher anisometropia prevalence.Neither condition varied by age,sex,or ethnicity.In multivariate analyses,anisometropia was significantly associated with amblyopia,odds ratio(OR)29,(CI:8.7 to 99),exotropia(OR 7.7,CI:1.2 to 50),and neonatal intensive care unit(NICU)admission(OR 3.6,CI:1.1 to 12.6).Aniso-astigmatism was significantly associated with amblyopia(OR 8.2,CI:1.4 to 47),maternal age > 35 years(OR 4.0,CI:1.3 to 11.9),and NICU admission(OR 4.6,CI:1.2 to 17.2).Anisometropia resulted from relatively large interocular differences in axial length(p < 0.0001)and anterior chamber depth(p=0.0009).Aniso-astigmatism resulted from differences in corneal astigmatism(p < 0.0001).Conclusion:In this predominantly 6 year old population,anisometropia and aniso-astigmatism were uncommon,had important birth and biometry associations,and were strongly related to amblyopia and strabismus.展开更多
文摘Background: Vision screening addresses the visual impairments that impact on child development. Tests of long-sightedness are not found in most school screening programmes. The evidence linking mild-moderate hyperopia and lack of progress in school is insufficient, although strengthened by recent findings of developmental problems in infants. Aims: To report on the relation between hyperopia and education test results in a cohort of primary school children. Methods: A total of 1298 children, aged 8 years, were screened for hyperopia on the basis of fogging test results. School test results (NFER and SATs) were compared between groups categorised by referral status and refractive error. Results: A total of 166 (12.8%)-fogging test failures were referred for ophthalmic assessment. Ophthalmic tests on 105 children provided an accurate diagnosis of vision defects, for reference to their education scores. Fifty per cent of the children examined by optometrists required an intervention (prescription change, glasses prescribed, or referral). Mean (95%CI) NFER scores of children with refractive errors (summed for both eyes) >+3D (98.4, 93.0-103.8, n = 32) or >+1.25D (best eye) (99.3, 93.0-105.6, n = 26) were lower than the respective scores of children with a less positive refractive state (104.8, 100.7-108.9, n = 43) (103.6, 99.7-107.4, n = 49), the non-referred group, and total sample. The SATs results followed a similar trend. A high proportion of the fogging test failures (16%) and confirmed hyperopes (29%) had been referred to an educational psychologist, and the latter group contributed substantially to the poor education scores. Conclusions: The results of this study provide further evidence for a link between hyperopia and impaired literacy standards in children.
文摘Background: Vision screening addresses the visual impairments that impact on child development. Tests of long-sightedness are not found in most school screening programmes. The evidence linking mild-moderate hyperopia and lack of progress in school is insufficient, although strengthened by recent findings of developmental problems in infants. Aims: To report on the relation between hyperopia and education test results in a cohort of primary school children. Methods: A total of 1 298 children, aged 8 years, were screened for hyperopia on the basis of fogging test results. School test results (NFER and SATs) were compared between groups categorised by referral status and refractive error. Results: A total of 166 (12.8% ) fogging test failures were referred for ophthalmic assessment. Ophthalmic tests on 105 children provided an accurate diagnosis of vision defects, for reference to their education scores. Fifty per cent of the children examined by optometrists required an intervention (prescription change, glasses prescribed, or referral). Mean (95% CI) NFER scores of children with refractive errors (summed for both eyes) > + 3D (98.4, 93.0- 103.8, n =32) or > + 1.25D (best eye) (99.3, 93.0- 105.6, n=26)- were lower than the respective scores of children with a less positive refractive state (104.8, 100.7- 108.9, n=43)-(103.6, 99.7- 107.4, n=49), the non- referred group, and total sample. The SATs results followed a similar trend. A high proportion of the fogging test failures (16% ) and confirmed hyperopes (29% ) had been referred to an educational psychologist, and the latter group contributed substantially to the poor education scores. Conclusions: The results of this study provide further evidence for a link between hyperopia and impaired literacy standards in children.
文摘Aim:To study the distribution of anisometropia and anisoa-stigmatismin young Australian children,togetherwith clinical and ocular biometry relations.Method:The Sydney Myopia Study examined 1765 predominantly 6 year old children from 34 randomly selected Sydney schools during 2003-4.Keratometry,cycloplegic autorefraction,and questionnaire data were collected.Results:Spherical equivalent(SE)anisometropia(≥ 1 dioptre)prevalence was 1.6%(95% confidence interval(CI)-1.1% to 2.4%).Aniso-astigmatism(≥ 1D)prevalence was 1.0%(CI:0.6% to 1.6%).Both conditions were significantly more prevalent among moderately hyperopic(SE ≥ 2.0D)thanmildly hyperopic(SE 0.5-1.9D)children.Myopic children(SE ≤-0.5D)had higher anisometropia prevalence.Neither condition varied by age,sex,or ethnicity.In multivariate analyses,anisometropia was significantly associated with amblyopia,odds ratio(OR)29,(CI:8.7 to 99),exotropia(OR 7.7,CI:1.2 to 50),and neonatal intensive care unit(NICU)admission(OR 3.6,CI:1.1 to 12.6).Aniso-astigmatism was significantly associated with amblyopia(OR 8.2,CI:1.4 to 47),maternal age > 35 years(OR 4.0,CI:1.3 to 11.9),and NICU admission(OR 4.6,CI:1.2 to 17.2).Anisometropia resulted from relatively large interocular differences in axial length(p < 0.0001)and anterior chamber depth(p=0.0009).Aniso-astigmatism resulted from differences in corneal astigmatism(p < 0.0001).Conclusion:In this predominantly 6 year old population,anisometropia and aniso-astigmatism were uncommon,had important birth and biometry associations,and were strongly related to amblyopia and strabismus.
