The atmosphere protects humans, plants, ani- mals, and microorganisms from damaging doses of ultra- violet-B （UVB） solar radiation （280-320 nm） because it modifies the UVB reaching the Earth＇s surface. This modif...The atmosphere protects humans, plants, ani- mals, and microorganisms from damaging doses of ultra- violet-B （UVB） solar radiation （280-320 nm） because it modifies the UVB reaching the Earth＇s surface. This modification is a function of the solar radiation＇s path length through the atmosphere and the amount of each attenuator along the path length. The path length is deter- mined by solar zenith angle （SZA）. The present work ex- plains the dependence of hemispherical transmittance of UVB on SZA. The database used consists of five years of hourly UVB and global solar radiation measurements. From 2001 to 2005, the South Valley University （SVU） meteorological research station （26.20°N, 32.75°E） car- ried out these measurements on a horizontal surface. In addition, the corresponding extraterrestrial UVB （UVBe^d and broadband solar radiation （Gext） were estimated. Consequently, the hemispherical transmittance of UVB （KtuvB） and the hemispherical transmittance of global solar radiation （Kt） were estimated. Furthermore, the UVB redaction due to the atmosphere was evaluated. An analy- sis of the dependence between KtuvB and SZA at different ranges of Kt was performed. A functional dependence between KtuvB and SZA （KtuvB=-a（SZA）＋b） for very narrow Kt-ranges （width of ranges was 0.01） was devel- oped. The results are discussed, and the sensitivity of AKtuvB to △SZA for very narrow Kt-ranges was studied. It was found that the sensitivity of △KtUVB to ASZA slightly increases with increased Kt, which means KtuvB is sensi- tive to SZA as Kt increases. The maximum correlation （R） between KtuvB and SZA was equal to -0.83 for Kt= 0.76.展开更多
The use of the trajectory of the Gini coefficient of total income formed by the increase in transfer income combined with the minimum Gini coefficient curve enables us to provide a comprehensive examination of the eff...The use of the trajectory of the Gini coefficient of total income formed by the increase in transfer income combined with the minimum Gini coefficient curve enables us to provide a comprehensive examination of the effect of government income redistribution policies,measure the efficiency of transfer income for income redistribution,and redress the methodological defects of research using the MT index and Gini coefficient decomposition.The findings of our new method of estimation show that China’s social security expenditure can reduce the income gap,but its efficiency in terms of redistribution is relatively low and has already passed the turning point of the Gini coefficient trajectory,resulting in some people being“over-allocated.”Readjusting the distribution of governmental transfers can help lower the Gini coefficient of residents’total income.展开更多
Primitive accumulation refers to during industrialization. This article argues that the early phase of development this Marxist concept implicates a deeper notion of injustice, which contains logic of linearity that c...Primitive accumulation refers to during industrialization. This article argues that the early phase of development this Marxist concept implicates a deeper notion of injustice, which contains logic of linearity that can be further dissected into a trichotomous part worthy of our discussion, namely, temporal ordering, harsh treatment, and inhumane consequences. This ＂linearity＂ as assumed in this concept, nevertheless, was not unchallenged in history. As a matter of fact, in Mao＇s era, China deliberately sought an alternative path to the capitalist mode by attending to social welfare, physical well-being and rights protection for workers. This part of history is well worth re-investigation and re-interpretation.展开更多
基金supported by the Deanship of Scientific Research from King Saud University
文摘The atmosphere protects humans, plants, ani- mals, and microorganisms from damaging doses of ultra- violet-B （UVB） solar radiation （280-320 nm） because it modifies the UVB reaching the Earth＇s surface. This modification is a function of the solar radiation＇s path length through the atmosphere and the amount of each attenuator along the path length. The path length is deter- mined by solar zenith angle （SZA）. The present work ex- plains the dependence of hemispherical transmittance of UVB on SZA. The database used consists of five years of hourly UVB and global solar radiation measurements. From 2001 to 2005, the South Valley University （SVU） meteorological research station （26.20°N, 32.75°E） car- ried out these measurements on a horizontal surface. In addition, the corresponding extraterrestrial UVB （UVBe^d and broadband solar radiation （Gext） were estimated. Consequently, the hemispherical transmittance of UVB （KtuvB） and the hemispherical transmittance of global solar radiation （Kt） were estimated. Furthermore, the UVB redaction due to the atmosphere was evaluated. An analy- sis of the dependence between KtuvB and SZA at different ranges of Kt was performed. A functional dependence between KtuvB and SZA （KtuvB=-a（SZA）＋b） for very narrow Kt-ranges （width of ranges was 0.01） was devel- oped. The results are discussed, and the sensitivity of AKtuvB to △SZA for very narrow Kt-ranges was studied. It was found that the sensitivity of △KtUVB to ASZA slightly increases with increased Kt, which means KtuvB is sensi- tive to SZA as Kt increases. The maximum correlation （R） between KtuvB and SZA was equal to -0.83 for Kt= 0.76.
文摘The use of the trajectory of the Gini coefficient of total income formed by the increase in transfer income combined with the minimum Gini coefficient curve enables us to provide a comprehensive examination of the effect of government income redistribution policies,measure the efficiency of transfer income for income redistribution,and redress the methodological defects of research using the MT index and Gini coefficient decomposition.The findings of our new method of estimation show that China’s social security expenditure can reduce the income gap,but its efficiency in terms of redistribution is relatively low and has already passed the turning point of the Gini coefficient trajectory,resulting in some people being“over-allocated.”Readjusting the distribution of governmental transfers can help lower the Gini coefficient of residents’total income.
文摘Primitive accumulation refers to during industrialization. This article argues that the early phase of development this Marxist concept implicates a deeper notion of injustice, which contains logic of linearity that can be further dissected into a trichotomous part worthy of our discussion, namely, temporal ordering, harsh treatment, and inhumane consequences. This ＂linearity＂ as assumed in this concept, nevertheless, was not unchallenged in history. As a matter of fact, in Mao＇s era, China deliberately sought an alternative path to the capitalist mode by attending to social welfare, physical well-being and rights protection for workers. This part of history is well worth re-investigation and re-interpretation.
