The ancient Chinese people had developed, on the relationship between the human body, disease and the environment, a variety of explanatory models. ＂From the disease caused by insects＂, the theoretical resources bui...The ancient Chinese people had developed, on the relationship between the human body, disease and the environment, a variety of explanatory models. ＂From the disease caused by insects＂, the theoretical resources built one of the concepts of disease of the Chinese people in the Late Qing Dynasty. From the middle of the nineteenth century, the pathogenicity of bacteria was not only born in the West, but also translated into China through various channels. When China＇s ＂insects＂ and ＂mushroom＂ encountered the Western bacterial pathogenicity, ＂insects＂ and ＂mushroom＂ have become the concept of access to the knowledge base of bacteria. Xi Jun （,~11]~） is one of the many new nouns born in the late Qing Dynasty. China often uses ＂bi ta li ya＂ （~d^J~]~） and other transliteration, such as microbial, mold and other names for translation. Behind the translated name, the complex and diverse knowledge of the people at that time are reflected, showing a reasonable imagination of flying insects in the wind.展开更多
This study makes a comparison between China and foreign countries about the ＂supportive shipping policies＂ in the period of late Qing Dynasty, from 1840 to 1911. After the first opium war, China was forced to open t...This study makes a comparison between China and foreign countries about the ＂supportive shipping policies＂ in the period of late Qing Dynasty, from 1840 to 1911. After the first opium war, China was forced to open the gate of the old oriental country to the world. As more treaty ports opened, the import and export of goods increased the growing trade that brought about the increased demands of shipping transportation. In the same period, British, France, America, Germany and Japan governing bodies instated various kinds of laws, regulations and other policies encouraging their national shipping companies to grab shipping market share. As a result, foreign steamship companies monopolized Chinese shipping market quickly. Faced with this situation, in 1872, the China Merchants＇ Steam Navigation Company was the fisst steamship company of China to be formed. It was a government-supervised and merchant-managed company, and the Qing Dynasty government took a series of measures to support it under the fierce competition, these measures were different from foreign countries＇.展开更多
基金This paper is sponsored by the Beijing YuRun Foundation （北京玉润公益基金会）.
文摘The ancient Chinese people had developed, on the relationship between the human body, disease and the environment, a variety of explanatory models. ＂From the disease caused by insects＂, the theoretical resources built one of the concepts of disease of the Chinese people in the Late Qing Dynasty. From the middle of the nineteenth century, the pathogenicity of bacteria was not only born in the West, but also translated into China through various channels. When China＇s ＂insects＂ and ＂mushroom＂ encountered the Western bacterial pathogenicity, ＂insects＂ and ＂mushroom＂ have become the concept of access to the knowledge base of bacteria. Xi Jun （,~11]~） is one of the many new nouns born in the late Qing Dynasty. China often uses ＂bi ta li ya＂ （~d^J~]~） and other transliteration, such as microbial, mold and other names for translation. Behind the translated name, the complex and diverse knowledge of the people at that time are reflected, showing a reasonable imagination of flying insects in the wind.
文摘This study makes a comparison between China and foreign countries about the ＂supportive shipping policies＂ in the period of late Qing Dynasty, from 1840 to 1911. After the first opium war, China was forced to open the gate of the old oriental country to the world. As more treaty ports opened, the import and export of goods increased the growing trade that brought about the increased demands of shipping transportation. In the same period, British, France, America, Germany and Japan governing bodies instated various kinds of laws, regulations and other policies encouraging their national shipping companies to grab shipping market share. As a result, foreign steamship companies monopolized Chinese shipping market quickly. Faced with this situation, in 1872, the China Merchants＇ Steam Navigation Company was the fisst steamship company of China to be formed. It was a government-supervised and merchant-managed company, and the Qing Dynasty government took a series of measures to support it under the fierce competition, these measures were different from foreign countries＇.
