针对重金属对鱼类嗅觉毒性的研究,在组织学、行为学、电生理学及免疫细胞化学等方面已有报道。在所涉及的重金属中,有关Gu<sup>2+</sup>的研究相对多些,且侧重于Cu<sup>2+</sup>对鱼类嗅觉结构及功能的影响和...针对重金属对鱼类嗅觉毒性的研究,在组织学、行为学、电生理学及免疫细胞化学等方面已有报道。在所涉及的重金属中,有关Gu<sup>2+</sup>的研究相对多些,且侧重于Cu<sup>2+</sup>对鱼类嗅觉结构及功能的影响和解毒方法等研究（Rehnberg et al.,1986;Bjerselius et al.,1993;Winberg et al.,1992:Saucier et al.,1995;柴敏娟等,1999）,有关Zn<sup>2+</sup>展开更多
Neutralizing antibodies are recognized to be one of the essential elements of the adaptive immune response that must be induced by an effective vaccine against HIV. However, only a limited number of antibodies have be...Neutralizing antibodies are recognized to be one of the essential elements of the adaptive immune response that must be induced by an effective vaccine against HIV. However, only a limited number of antibodies have been identified to neutralize a broad range of primary isolates of HIV-1 and attempts to induce such antibodies by inununization were unsuccessful. The difficulties to generate such antibodies are mainly due to intrinsic properties of HIV-1 envelope spikes, such as high sequence diversity, heavy glycosylation, and inducible and transient nature of certain epitopes. In vitro neutralizing antibodies are identified using ＂conventional＂ neutralization assay which uses phytohemagglutinin （PHA）-stimulated human PBMCs as target cells. Thus, in essence the assay evaluates HIV-1 replication in CD4^＋T cells. Recently, several laboratories including us demonstrated that some monoclonal antibodies and HIV-1-specific polyclonal IgG purified from patient sera, although they do not have neutralizing activity when tested by the ＂conventional＂ neutralization assay, do exhibit potent and broad neutralizing activity in ＂unconventional＂ ways. The neutralizing activity of these antibodies and IgG fractions is acquired through post-translational modifications, through opsonization of virus particles into macrophages and inunature dendritic cells （iDCs）, or through expression of antibodies on the surface of HIV-1-susceptible cells. This review will focus on recent findings of this area and point out their potential applications in the development of preventive strategies against HIV.展开更多
文摘针对重金属对鱼类嗅觉毒性的研究,在组织学、行为学、电生理学及免疫细胞化学等方面已有报道。在所涉及的重金属中,有关Gu<sup>2+</sup>的研究相对多些,且侧重于Cu<sup>2+</sup>对鱼类嗅觉结构及功能的影响和解毒方法等研究（Rehnberg et al.,1986;Bjerselius et al.,1993;Winberg et al.,1992:Saucier et al.,1995;柴敏娟等,1999）,有关Zn<sup>2+</sup>
基金Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology 973 program grant awarded to Paul Zhou(2006CB504308).
文摘Neutralizing antibodies are recognized to be one of the essential elements of the adaptive immune response that must be induced by an effective vaccine against HIV. However, only a limited number of antibodies have been identified to neutralize a broad range of primary isolates of HIV-1 and attempts to induce such antibodies by inununization were unsuccessful. The difficulties to generate such antibodies are mainly due to intrinsic properties of HIV-1 envelope spikes, such as high sequence diversity, heavy glycosylation, and inducible and transient nature of certain epitopes. In vitro neutralizing antibodies are identified using ＂conventional＂ neutralization assay which uses phytohemagglutinin （PHA）-stimulated human PBMCs as target cells. Thus, in essence the assay evaluates HIV-1 replication in CD4^＋T cells. Recently, several laboratories including us demonstrated that some monoclonal antibodies and HIV-1-specific polyclonal IgG purified from patient sera, although they do not have neutralizing activity when tested by the ＂conventional＂ neutralization assay, do exhibit potent and broad neutralizing activity in ＂unconventional＂ ways. The neutralizing activity of these antibodies and IgG fractions is acquired through post-translational modifications, through opsonization of virus particles into macrophages and inunature dendritic cells （iDCs）, or through expression of antibodies on the surface of HIV-1-susceptible cells. This review will focus on recent findings of this area and point out their potential applications in the development of preventive strategies against HIV.
