桃源枢纽船闸下游引航道中水期整治技术

桃源枢纽船闸位于江心洲洲尾,中水期枢纽两侧同时泄流,船闸下游引航道及口门区段存在横流和泥沙淤积等碍航问题,有必要通过工程措施予以解决。采用定床水流和定床输沙试验,研究不同中水期整治方案下,船闸下游引航道及口门区的水流泥沙条件。结果表明:1)左侧疏浚区能有效平衡右侧疏浚区的侧向引流作用,疏浚区宽度越宽,河段横向流速和泥沙淤积量越小。相较于直立墙结构,斜坡式石笼坝导墙能够有效避免末端回流的形成,进一步减小口门区横向流速和泥沙淤积。2)沿下游引航道口门区及连接段左侧布置疏浚区,疏浚宽度等于1.5倍引航道宽度,疏浚底高程26.44 m,同时采用斜坡式石笼坝延长左侧导墙200 m,可较好解决中水期河段碍航问题。

Relationship between Living Rate of Bud and Emergence Rate of Ratoon Rice and Characteristics of the First Cropping Mid-season Hybrid Rice

[Objective] The aim was to study the relationship of plant characters with bud living rate and mother stem emergence rate of ratoon rice before harvest. [Method] Eighteen mid-season hybrid rice cultivators approved recently were taken as materials and relationship of plant characters including bud living rate and moth- er stem emergence rate of ratoon rice before harvest was explored, based on relat- ed data. [Result] The shorter rice with lower harvesting index is the main character of high emergence rate for first cropping rice; decline of plant height and increase of ear-bearing percentage would improve emergence of regenerative seedlings. [Conclusion] The research provided scientific reference for breeding of rice cultivars with high regenerative capacity.

CHARACTERISTICS OF RAINFALL VARIATION OVER EAST CHINA FOR THE LAST 50 YEARS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH DROUGHTS AND FLOODS

With the precipitation data of 113 stations in East China during the last 50 years,the characteristics of the precipitation,including Precipitation Concentration Degree (PCD) and Precipitation Concentration Period (PCP) and their tendencies,are analyzed.The results show that the PCD in the northern part of the region is markedly higher than that in the southern part,but the PCP in the south is much earlier than that in the north by about one and a half months,which displays significant regional differences in precipitation.With the global warming,precipitation over East China shows an increasing tendency,but PCD displays a trend that is neither increasing nor decreasing.At the same time,the PCP is later than before,which can be mainly found in Jiangxi and southern Henan provinces.As a result,there are strong associations between the precipitation,PCD and PCP,which can be shown in the years with more precipitation,stronger PCD and later-than-usual PCP.In a word,the abnormal distribution of precipitation,PCP,and PCD over East China results in more extreme events of precipitation and more droughts and floods.

Effects of Gully Erosion and Gully Filling on Soil Degradation in the Black Soil Region of Northeast China

Gully erosion has caused soil degradation and even reduced soil productivity. However, only few studies on the effects of gully erosion and artificial controlling measures on soil degradation in the Black Soil Region of Northeast China are available. Thus, this study explores the relationships between gully erosion, gully filling and soil parameters. Two sets of soil samples were collected in the field at： （1） 72 sample points in the gully erosion study area, 60 sample points in the ephemeral and classical gully erosion area （3,518 m2）, 12 sample points in the deposition zone （443 m2）, （2）1o reference points along a slope unaffected by gully erosion representing the original situation before the gully was formed. All soil samples were analyzed for gravel content （GC）, soil organic matter （SOM）, total nitrogen （TN）, available nitrogen （AN）, available phosphorus （AP）, and available potassium （AK）. The soil property values on unaffected slope were fitted by the polynomial curves as the reference values in no gully erosion area. The interpolated soil property values in gully eroded study area were compared with these polynomial curves, respectively, and then, changes of soil property values were analyzed. Gully erosion caused an increase in GC and a decrease in SOM, TN, AN, AP and AK. The change of GC, SOM, TN, AN, AP, AK was 8.8%, -9.04 g kg-1, -0.92 g kg-1, -62.28 mg kg-1, -29.61 mg kg% -79.68 mg kg-1. The soil property values in the study area were below optimal values. Thus, we concluded that gully erosion and gully filling caused both on-site and off-site soil degradation. Soil degradation area was 0.65 % of the cultivated land. In addition, it was proved that gully filling were an improper soil and water conservation measure, which seems to exacerbate the problem. Thus, it is suggested that soil where soil is deep is moved to fill the gully, and then the area around the filled gullies should be covered by grass for preventing the formation and development of the gully.

Soil Acidification in Response to Acid Deposition in Three Subtropical Forests of Subtropical China

Long-term changes in soil pH, the current status of soil acidification, and the response of bulk soil and soil water pH to experimental nitrogen addition under three subtropical forests were investigated in Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve of subtropical China. The results showed that the mineral soil pH at 0-20 cm depth declined significantly from 4.60-4.75 in 1980s to 3.84-4.02 in 2005. Nitrogen addition resulted in the decrease of pH in both bulk soil and soil water collected at 20-cm depth. The rapid decline of soil pH was attributed to long-term high atmospheric acid deposition (nitrogen and sulphur) therein. The forest at earlier succession stage with originally higher soil pH appeared to be more vulnerable to acid deposition than that at later succession stage with originally low soil pH.

Unified Framework of Performing Chinese Word Segmentation and Part-of-Speech Tagging

The paper proposes a unified framework to combine the advantages of the fast one-at-a-time approach and the high-performance all-at-once approach to perform Chinese Word Segmentation(CWS) and Part-of-Speech(PoS) tagging.In this framework,the input of the PoS tagger is a candidate set of several CWS results provided by the CWS model.The widely used one-at-a-time approach and all-at-once approach are two extreme cases of the proposed candidate-based approaches.Experiments on Penn Chinese Treebank 5 and Tsinghua Chinese Treebank show that the generalized candidate-based approach outperforms one-at-a-time approach and even the all-at-once approach.The candidate-based approach is also faster than the time-consuming all-at-once approach.The authors compare three different methods based on sentence,words and character-intervals to generate the candidate set.It turns out that the word-based method has the best performance.

Effective approaches to extending medium-term forecasting of persistent severe precipitation in regional models

A set of methods designed to improve （i.e.extend） the medium-term forecasting of persistent severe rainfall （PSR） events in China using the regional Weather Research and Forecasting model are summarized.Simulations show that achieving a more efficient use of large-scale atmospheric variations of the global model and retaining small-scale features in the regional model are critical for better forecasting PSR events.For precipitation,the larger the magnitude and longer the lead time,the more significant the improvement-especially for the methods of spectral nudging and updated initial conditions.In terms of large-scale circulation,the anomaly correlation coefficient can be distinctly improved for 1-5-day lead times by adopting the spectral nudging technique,whereas lateral boundary filtering results in marked improvement for 7-11-day lead times.

A Study of the Large Scale Flooding over Eastern China in 1755

Following disastrous flooding in several river valleys over eastern China in 1755, serious flooding occurred in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River in 1756 and 1757, a rarely seen precipitation pattern of north-flood and south-drought in China for two successive years. This is a serious meteorological disaster and extreme climatic event taking place under the climatic background of a warm phase of the Little Ice Age. In this paper, by means of historical literature records, the rainy and flooding situation and the weather characteristics of these years are reconstructed and the maps depicting areas of prolonged rain, flood and concomitant famine, insect pest, and pestilence are made. The results show that, in 1755, the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River and the Yangtze River, and the Huaihe River Basin experienced a prolonged rainy season with multiple torrential rain events. The continuous rainy period exceeded 40 days in the Huang-Huai Region. An early Meiyu occurred, and the duration of the Meiyu period in the lower Yangtze River Basin was 43 days, the longest in the 18th century. Particularly in Nanjing the annual rainfall of 1755 was 1,378 mm, the highest record of the 18th century. The year of 1755 is characterized by lower temperature in summer, early frost in autumn, and heavy snowfall and freezing rain in winter. These characteristics are extremely similar to those of 1823 and 1954, two typical years of extreme rainfall. And all these three years with extreme precipitation axe corresponding to the minimum phase of the solar activity cycle.

NUMERICAL STUDY OF INFLUENCE OF THE SSTA IN WESTERN PACIFIC WARM POOL ON RAINFALL IN THE FIRST FLOOD PERIOD IN SOUTH CHINA

A brief introduction of a global atmospheric circulation model CCM3, which is used to simulate the precipitation in China, the height and the flow fields of the atmosphere, is made and the reliability of simulation is analyzed. According to the negative correlation between rainfall in the first flood period in South China (FFSC) and sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTA) in a key region in western Pacific warm pool (West Region), two sensitive experiments are designed to investigate the effects of the latter on the former and the possible physical mechanism is discussed. It is found that in cold water (warm water) years, the rainfall in South China (SC) is far more (less) than normal, while the rainfall in the middle and low reaches of the Yangtze River is relatively less (more). The best correlative area of precipitation is located in Guangdong Province. It matches the diagnostic result well. The effect of SSTA on precipitation of FFSC is realized through the abnormality of atmospheric circulation and tested by a P-σnine-layer regional climate model. Moreover, the simulated result of the P-σmodel is basically coincident with that of the CCM3.

Effect of hydrological variability on diatom distribution in Poyang Lake, China

Poyang Lake is the largest freshwater lake in China, and it has a seasonal flooding cycle that significantly changes the water level every year. The aim of this paper was to explain how these hydrological changes influence diatom populations in Poyang Lake. The yearly hydrological cycle can be divided into 4 phases: low water-level phase, increasing water-level phase, high water-level phase and decreasing waterlevel phase. Variations in the abundance of planktonic diatoms were studied using quarterly monitoring data collected from January 2009 to October 2013. Generally, diatoms were dominant in Poyang Lake and accounted for more than 50% of the total phytoplankton biomass except in July 2009(26%) and January 2012(35%). Aulacoseira granulata and Surirella robusta were the predominant species in all four phases, and they accounted for 25.02% to 56.89% and 5.07% to 14.78% of the total phytoplankton biomass, respectively. A redundancy analysis(RDA) showed that changes in physico-chemical parameter were related to the water level, and changes in diatom biomass were related to nitrite levels and p H. These results indicate that changes in environmental parameters related to both seasonal variations and water-level fluctuations caused variations in diatom biomass and community composition in Poyang Lake. Furthermore, extreme hydrological events can have different influences on the diatom community composition in the main channel and lentic regions. This research provides data on the diatom variations in Poyang Lake and will be useful for establishing biological indicators of environmental change and protecting Poyang Lake in the future.

Laboratory Observations on Exorchis mupingensis （Trematoda： Cryptogonimidae）

Life cycle of the trematode worm, Exorchis mupingensis, includes Oncomelania hupensis snail as first intermediate host and several small freshwater fishes as second intermediate hosts, while the carnivorous fish, Parasilurus asotus, serves as a final host of this parasite. P. asotus fish, Labidochromis caeruleus fish and E. mupingensis cercariae were used in the laboratory to determine the time that mature metacercariae of E. mupingensis take to develop into an adult worm within the final host. Results showed that the period of development of the mature metacercariae of E. mupingensis into an adult worm within the final host, P. asotus, is ca. 30 d.

Coarse aerosol particle size and shape characteristics near ground level of Shijiazhuang city, China

This research sampled subaerial ambient coarse aerosol particles （〉2μm of equivalent area diameter） in the typical air polluted city of Shijiazhuang to measure the particle size distribution and shape characteristics by the analyzer of CIS-50 and the scan electronic microscope of S-570 in the non-heating period and heating period respectively. The results show that the coarse aerosol particle size distribution mode is 2-4μm in the non-heating period and 3-5μm in the heating period, with the size range of 0.8-120μm, mostly under 10μm; and the square or square like particle shape is dominant, the sphere like lesser, the acute-angle and lathy shape sparse. There exist particle size distribution and shape characteristics differences in the non-heating period and heating period influenced greatly by the ground coal combustion emission and windblown dust. In the heating period, particle size average increases by 53.2%, principally in the size range of 5-10μm, and 20-50μm secondly. Meanwhile, the particle number of quasi-round and round shape group and those with convex-concave fractal edge increase obviously. These quasi-round particles are agglomerate derived from combustion in the SEM images. The relationship between particle size and shape is demonstrated by that the percentage of PM5 and the particle number of the quasi-square and square shape group are positively correlative with r of 0.9458; quasi-round and round shape group negatively correlative with r of-0.9726 respectively.

Decadal variations in the season advancement of spring water cycle over Eastern China

Spring is the critical period for atmospheric circulation transition from winter to summer. The spring water cycle is very im- portant to agriculture in planting crop and the initial growth of crop. Note that there was a significant abrupt decadal change in the water budget increase during early spring over eastern China in the late 1970s. Studied here are the decadal variations of water budgets over the key regions and the associated change of water cycle over East Asia and atmospheric circulation over Asia-West Pacific region in early spring, using the observed （OBS） precipitation, the ECMWF （ERA） and NCEP/NCAR rea- nalysis （NRA）, and the Mantua＇s Pacific decadal oscillation index （PDOI）. The water budget increments from March to April exhibited a sharp decrease over the key region around Huaihe River basin （HHR） （111°-120°E; 31°-36°N） after year 1978. Before 1977 the water vapor flux through south boundary of the HHR region increased greatly during March to April by 1.52 mm d^-1 in ERA and 1.88 mm d^-1 in NRA. Concurrently the moisture convergence and precipitation over the region also in- creased greatly. The increment for the moisture convergence was 1.11 mmd^-1 in ERA and 1.22 mm d^-1 in NRA, and for the precipitation was 1.05 mm d^-1 in observation and 1.05 mm d^-1 in ERA. April was the time that the water budgets over HHR increased most rapidly before 1977. But after 1978 the water budgets decreased conversely from Mach to April. The water vapor flux increment through the south boundary was -0.03 mmd^-1 in ERA and 0.01 mm d^-1 in NRA, the moisture conver- gence increment was -0.91 mm d^-1 in ERA and -0.53 mm d^-1 in NRA, and precipitation increment was -0.08 mm d^-1 in ob- servation and -0.15 mm d^-1 in ERA. Further investigation has shown that the large-scale atmospheric circulation in the early spring has correspondingly changed significantly after the late 1970s. During March to April, the weakening of the trough over East Asia became significantly slower, and the strengthening of the ridge over the west China became significantly faster in the middle troposphere after the late 1970s. At the same time, in the lower troposphere, the strengthening and northward extending of the west pan of the subtropical high and the weakening of the trough over the southwest part of the Aleutian low in the early spring became slower, and the weakening of the main part of Asian high became slower, but the strengthening of its west part became faster. This significant decadal change of circulation caused a sharp decrease in the northward extending speed of wa- ter vapor transport, and in the water budgets increasing speed over the southeastern China during early spring after the late 1970s.

A climatological comparison of column-integrated water vapor for the third-generation reanalysis datasets

The atmospheric reanalysis datasets have been widely used to understand the variability of atmospheric water va- por on various temporal and spatial scales for climate change research. The difference among a variety of reanalysis datasets, however, causes the uncertainty of corresponding results. In this study, the climatology of atmospheric column-integrated wa- ter vapor for the period from 2000 to 2012 was compared among three latest third-generation atmospheric reanalyses including European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts Interim Re-Analysis （ERA-Interim）, Modem-Era Retrospective Analy- sis for Research and Applications （MERRA）, and Climate Forecast System Reanalysis （CFSR）, while possible explanation on the difference between them was given. The results show that there are significant differences among three datasets in the mul- ti-year global distribution, variation of interannual cycle, long-term trend and so on, though high similarity for principal mode describing the variability of water vapor. Over oceans, the characteristics of long-term CWV variability are similar, whereas the main discrepancy among three datasets is located around the equatorial regions of the Intertropical Convergence Zone, the South Pacific Convergence Zone and warm cloud area, which is related with the difference between reanalysis models for the scheme of convective parameterization, the treatment of warm clouds, and the assimilation of satellite-based observations. Moreover, these CWV products are fairly consistent with observations （satellite-based retrievals） for oceans. On the other hand there are systematic underestimations about 2.5 kg/m2 over lands for all three CWV datasets, compared with radiosonde ob- servations. The difference between models to solve land-atmosphere interaction in complex environment, as well as the pauci- ty in radiosonde observations, leads to significant water vapor gaps in the Amazon Basin of South America, central parts of Africa and some mountainous regions. These results would help better understand the climatology difference among various reanalysis datasets better, and more properly choose water vapor datasets for different research requirements.

Carbonate formation and water level changes in a paleo-lake and its implication for carbon cycle and climate change, arid China

Carbonate deposition is a main inorganic carbon sink in lakes, which varies depending on climate change and internal lake dynamics. Research on the relationship between lake carbonate and climate will help to understand mechanisms of carbon cycle in lacustrine systems. The approach of this study is to explicitly link carbonate formation with Holocene long-term climate change and lake evolution in a paleo-lake （Zhuye Lake）, which is a terminal lake of a typical inland drainage basin in arid China. This paper presents analysis on grain-size, carbonate content and mineralogical composition of sediment samples from different locations of Zhuye Lake. The results show that calcite and aragonite are two main components for the lake carbonate, and the carbonate enrichment is associated with lake expansion during the Late Glacial and early to middle Holocene. Holocene lake expansion in arid regions of China is usually connected with high basin-wide precipitation that can strengthen the basin-wide surface carbonate accumulation in the terminal lake. For this reason, Zhuye Lake plays a role of carbon sinks during the wet periods of the Holocene.

Variations of mercury distribution in the water column during the course of a tidal cycle in the Yangtze Estuarine intertidal zone,China

Tidally induced resuspension processes play an important role in the release of mercury (Hg) into the water column, which increases the risk of Hg exposure to estuarine eco-systems. In order to further understand the geochemical activities of Hg in the intertidal area, the temporal variations of dissolved Hg (Hg D ) and particulate Hg (Hg P ) in the water column during the course of a tidal cycle and its geochemical processes were studied in the southern intertidal zone of the Yangtze Estuary, China. The concentrations of Hg D and Hg P varied between 37-612 ng/L and 51-638 ng/L respectively during the tidal cycle. The increase of Hg D was distinguished at the early flood tide and late ebb tide when the water flow rates were higher. The Hg D concentrations were negatively correlated with Hg P (r = 0.523, p < 0.05) and positively correlated with dissolved organic carbon (DOC) (r = 0.605, p < 0.05) in the bottom water, indicating that the Hg D released from the sediments into the overlying water was associated with the simultaneously released colloidal material in the bottom water. The main pathways for the translocation of Hg from the sediments to the overlying water include the processes of desorption from resuspended particles, advection or diffusion from sediments, and the oxidation of resuspended sulfide. The results of principal components analysis (PCA) and Pearson correlation analysis showed that the combined effects of the total suspended substrate (TSS), DOC, pH and dissolved oxygen (DO) influenced the geochemical activities of Hg in the water column during the course of a tidal cycle.