试析贵州镇远青龙洞的建筑风格

青龙洞建筑群位于镇远县城车,西临(氵无)水,东依中河山。镇远县是云贵高原向湘西丘陵过渡的斜坡地带,属典型喀斯特地貌区。镇远历史悠久,曾经是黔东南地区交通要冲,是“湘楚”入“夜郎”的咽喉。历史遗存丰富,最具特色的要算地面建筑,民间就有“七寺、八阁、九座庙”之说。在这诸多遗存中犹以青龙洞古建群最具代表性。本文通过青龙洞古建群落的形制、营造、实用性等方面所反映出的建筑风格探讨如下。镇远县青龙洞古建群,始建于明弘治二年(1489),由道士李道坚募捐修建,后几度毁于兵火,现存建筑群为清代重建。

青龙洞建筑艺术探微

国家级文物保护单位的贵州镇远青龙洞古建筑群,是我国古建筑群芳中的一朵绽开的奇葩,也是深藏在苗岭山区鲜为人知的一颗璀灿的古建明珠。从明弘治镇远邑人李道坚弃家修道,化缘募捐在青龙洞口及附近修建庙宇伊始,至清光绪年间,历时400余载。在高80米。

Ecological Environment Problems and Countermeasures of Small and Middle-sized Rivers in Shandong Province

Water uses in small and middle-sized rivers, and non-ecological treatment model has deteriorated local environment in Shandong. The research reviewed ecological environment status quo of small and middle rivers and concluded existing problems. Finally, ecological treatments were proposed based on treatments at home and abroad in order to improve eco-environment of rivers and build better Shandong.

Sources of dissolved inorganic carbon in rivers from the Changbaishan area, an active volcanic zone in North Eastern China

Major elements and carbon isotopes of dissolved inorganic carbon(DIC)have been measured in the waters of Changbaishan mountain,a volcanic area in northeastern China,between June and September 2016 to decipher the origin of the CO_2 involved in chemical weathering reactions.Spatial variations of major elements ratios measured in water samples can be explained by a change of the chemical composition of the volcanic rocks between the volcanic cone(trachytes)and the basaltic shield as evidenced by the variations in the composition of these rocks.Hence,DIC results from the neutralization of CO_2 by silicate rocks.DIC concentrations vary from 0.3 to 2.5 mmol/L and carbon isotopic compositions of DIC measured in rivers vary from-14.2‰to 3.5‰.At a first order,the DIC transported by rivers is derived from the chemical weathering’s consumption of CO_2 with a magmatic origin,enriched in^(13)C(-5%)and biogenic soil CO_2 with lower isotopic compositions.The highest δ^(13)C values likely result from C isotopes fractionation during CO_2 degassing in rivers.A mass balance based on carbon isotopes suggest that the contribution of magmatic CO_2 varied from less than 20%to more than 70%.Uncertainties in this calculation associated with CO_2 degassing in rivers are difficult to quantify,and the consequence of CO_2 degassing would be an overestimation of the contribution of DIC derived from the neutralization of magmatic CO_2 by silicate rocks.

Glacial Runoff Likely Reached Peak in the Mountainous Areas of the Shiyang River Basin,China

Glacier runoff in mountain areas of the Shiyang River Basin(SRB), Qilian Mountain, western China is important for the river and water supply downstream. Small glaciers with area of less than 1km2 are dominant(87%) in the SRB. A modified monthly degree-day model was applied to quantify the glacier mass balance, area, and changes in glacier runoff in the SRB during 1961–2050. The comparison between the simulated and observed snow line altitude, annual glacier runoff, and mass balance from1961 to 2008 suggests that the degree-day model may be used to analyze the long-term change of glacier mass balance and runoff in the SRB. The glacier accumulation shows a significant(p<0.01) decreasing trend of-0.830 mm a-1. The mass balance also shows a significant(p<0.01) decreasing trend of-5.521 mm a-1. The glacier total runoff has significantly(p<0.05)increased by 0.079 × 105 m3 from 1961 to 2008. The monthly precipitation and air temperature are projected to significant(p<0.005) increase during2015 to 2050 under three different scenarios. The ablation is projected to significant(p<0.001) increase,while the accumulation has no significant(p=0.05)trend. The mass balance is projected to decrease, theglacier area is projected to decrease, and the glacier runoff depth is projected to increase. However, the glacier total runoff is projected to decrease. These results indicate that the glacier total runoff over glacier areas observed in 1970 reached its peak in the 2000 s. This will exacerbate the contradiction between water supply and downstream water demands in the SRB.

Habitat Range of two Alpine Medicinal Plants in a Trans-Himalayan Dry Valley,Central Nepal

Understanding of the habitat range of threatened Himalayan medicinal plants which are declining in their abundance due to high anthropogenic disturbances is essential for developing conservation strategies and agrotechnologies for cultivation. In this communication, we have discussed the habitat range of two alpine medicinal plants, Aconitum naviculare （Bruehl） Stapf and Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora （Pennel） Hong in a trans-Himalayan dry valley of central Nepal, Manang district. They are the most prioritized medicinal plants of the study area in terms of ethnomedicinal uses. A. naviculare occurs on warm and dry south facing slopes between 4090-4650 m asl along with sclerophyllous and thorny alpine scrubs, while N. scrophulariiflora is exclusively found on cool and moist north facing slope between 4000 and 4400 m asl where adequate water is available from snow melt to create a suitable habitat for this wetland dependent species. The soil in rooting zone of the two plants differs significantly in organic carbon （OC）, organic matter （OM）, total nitrogen （N） and carbon to nitrogen （C/N） ratio. Due to cool and moist condition of N. scrophulariiflora habitat, accumulation of soil OC is higher, but soil N content is lower probably due to slow release from litter, higher leaching loss and greater retention in perennial live biomass of the plant. The C/N ratio of soil is more suitable in A. navuculare habitat than that of N scrophulariiflora for N supply. Warm and sunny site with N rich soil can be suitable for cultivation ofA. naviculare, while moist and cool site with organic soil for N. scrophulariiflora. The populations of both the plants are fragmented and small. Due to collection by human and trampling damage by livestock, the population of A. naviculare was found absent in open areas in five of the six sampling sites and it was confined only within the bushes of alpine scrubs. For N. serophulariiflora, high probability of complete receding of small glaeiers may be a new threat in future to its habitat. The information about habitat conditions, together with the information from other areas, ean be useful to identify potential habitats and plan for cultivation or domestication of the two medieinal plants.

Division and correlation of Yixian Formation in western Liaoning,China

The Yixian Formation is a series of volcanic-sedimentary rocks in Biepiao area of Liaoning Province. It is mainly composed of basic and intermediate-basic volcanic lava,pyroclasts and terrestrial sedimentary rocks. Based on the regularity of volcanic activity,the Yixian Formation was divided by the present authors into four members in ascending order:the first member is of basal conglomerate,basic and intermediate-basic volcanic rocks; the second member is of lake phrase sedimentary rocks,or in another word,precious fossil-rich sedimentary beds; the third is of basic volcanic rocks; and the fourth is of upper conglomerate. Field mapping and comprehensive study also indicate that there are abundant vertebrate fossils (mainly of Psittacosaurus) in the first member of the Yixian Formation,and the Jehol Biota (including Sinosauropterxy,Confuciusorns sanctus,Archaefructus,etc.) is yielded in the second member of Yixian Formation. From west to east,the volcanic activity of Yixian Formation changed regularly from early to late,and from basic and intermediate-basic to acid (alkali).

Survey and establishment of Nanshimenzi Bed of Tiaojishan Formation in Qinglong,northern Hebei,China

In recent years,many fossil vertebrates,including feathered dinosaurs,have been discovered at Nanshimenzi village,Gangou Town,Qinglong County,Hebei Province,China.A geological section including the fossil-bearing strata was measured at Nanshimenzi,to determine the exact geological age and sedimentary characteristics of the section,and a new lithostratigraphic unit was named as the Nanshimenzi Bed.The Nanshimenzi Bed is about 56.6 m in thickness,mainly consisting of gray sandstones and siltstones and containing fossil vertebrates and several coal streaks.On the basis of survey and comparison,the Nanshimenzi Bed should be assigned to Tiaojishan Formation and probably to the upper part of the formation.

在历史回眸中凝视——在第17期“人大讲堂”上的主持讲话

(2014年10月14日)陈晋主任历时三个小时的讲课,从习近平讲到毛泽东,运用大量翔实史料,高度概括、深入系统地分析了两位领导人的战略领导思想和智慧,尤其对毛泽东同志在领导中国革命和建设事业过程中所体现出来的战略智慧、领导艺术、决策风格和执政理念进行了入情入理的深刻剖析,并从中挖掘出符合时代背景的治国要领,给了我们无穷的思索空间。古罗马思想启蒙家西塞罗曾说,思想厚重之人,总能在不经意间给予他人智慧和启迪。

楼观台参访记

去年暑假,我们学员八人,有幸参谒了仰慕已久的陕西省道教圣地——周至县楼观台。俗话说:“关中河山百二,以终南为最胜,终南千里茸翠,以楼观为最佳。”我们一来到终南山北麓的楼观台,确实被这里的景色所迷住。但见山环水复,风光秀丽,竹木葱茏,真可谓神仙境界,洞天之冠。无愧夙誉为“天下第一福地”的美名。楼观台是中国历史上第一座道教宫观。据《楼观本起传》所记:“楼观者,昔周康王大夫关令之故宅也,以结草为楼,观星望气,因以名楼观。即观之始也”。近三千年来,楼观台几经兴废,楼、台、殿、阁、塔、泉、洞、观、堂、池等,有文物古迹点五十余处,现仅存有“说经台”,“炼丹炉”、“宗圣宫”、“老子墓”、“仰天池”等遗迹遗址,都是古楼观很珍贵的文化遗产。楼观台历代屡有修葺或重建。

《唐宗圣观记碑》漫谈

《大唐宗圣观记碑》刻立于唐高祖武德九年(626年)二月十五日,高365cm,宽112cm,螭首龟趺,碑文23行,行60字,欧阳询撰序并隶书,陈叔达撰铭。现存碑石系元代重新洗刻,立于陕西周至县楼观台。楼观台素有'终南门户'之称。据《宗圣观记碑》的描写:'兹观中分秦甸,面距终南,东眺骊峰,接晴岚之(?);西顾太白,粲积雪之皑皑。'

黔东南之最美青龙洞

千里锦绣的山川,那是我爱的家园,歌声飘过的蓝天,那是梦的摇篮——黔东南。黔东南美景甚多,如两江苗寨、舞阳河、月亮山、高过河、雷公山、施秉的杉木河等等。其中我最喜欢的是镇远的青龙洞。青龙洞建于明代中叶,至今已有近500年的历史,曾几度毁于兵火,几度修复,古建筑群经历代修建始成现代规模,位于城东中河山,占地21000平方米,有青龙洞、紫禅书院、中禅院、万寿宫、祝圣桥和香炉岩6部分,共36座单体建筑组成,集儒、道、佛、会馆、桥梁及驿道建筑文化于一身。整群建筑靠山临江,依崖傍洞贴壁凌空、勾心斗角,错落有致。那飞岩翘角、贴壁凌空、红墙青瓦的殿阁楼台。

隐秘的摩崖

我曾游览过东岳泰山,此山峻峨清秀壮观,风光旖旎诱人,可谓名冠四海,誉满天下。然而更令我称奇的是那满山遍岭的大小摩崖,以及镌刻在摩崖上的许多文字,内容多为诗词歌赋,抒情感言,大都出自古代帝王将相、名流学士、文豪诗人之手。它不仅给泰山注入了厚重的历史文化内涵。

Multiple evidences indicate no relationship between prehistoric disasters in Lajia site and outburst flood in upper Yellow River valley, China

All around the world, ancient legends exist about the Great Flood, and the influence of the Great Flood in human evolutionary history is a hotly debated topic. In China, the legend of the prehistoric Great Flood and Yu the Great's flood control has a long history and is considered to be closely linked to the establishment of the Xia Dynasty. However, there is a lack of solid scientific evidence. Against this issue, some scholars have proposed that an earthquake around 1920 BCE in the Guanting Basin along the upper reaches of the Yellow River led to the creation of a lake by damming in the Jishi Gorge and that the outburst of water from that lake led to the massive flood in the Yellow River region. These studies provided new scientific evidence for the Chinese legend. In this paper, we date skeletal samples embedded in earthquake sand blasting from the Lajia site, analyze remains from natural disasters(such as earthquakes and floods) and also archaeological remains. In addition, we compared the skeletal samples dating with that of sediments from the dammed-up lake. Our results are inconsistent with those of previous scholars. The earthquake at the Lajia site occurred no earlier than 1800 BCE, and the dammed-up lake in Jishi Gorge had disappeared by 3600 BCE. Thus, the formation and outburst of the dammed lake, the sudden death of ancient humans at the Lajia site and the ancient earthquake were independent events occurring at different times. In addition, the massive flood in the upper reaches of the Yellow River did not actually happen. Thus, we argue against and invalidate the hypothesis that the massive flood was related to Yu the Great's flood control and the establishment of the Xia Dynasty.

Uplift differential of active fold zones during the late Quaternary, northern piedmonts of the Tianshan Mountains, China

On the north piedmont of Tianshan Mountains, China, the Kuytun River and Manas River transverse the Dushanzi and Manas folds, resulted in 7-level and 6-level pedestal terraces, respectively, which are the tectonomorphic marks of folding and uplift of the Dushanzi and Manas anticlines since the late Quaternary. We have collected samples from deposits of all terraces for OSL （optically stimulated luminescence） geological dating using the SMAR （single-multiple-aliquot-regeneration） method on fine grains. We have also performed dating using the ~4C method on the samples from the deposit of terrace T1 along the Kuy- tun River. The results show that all these deposits are of the later phase of the late Pleistocene. Comparison of terrace dating and climate change since 200 ka suggests that the terraces TI, T2, T3, T4 and T5 along the Manas River formed in 6, 8.5, 10, 14 and 32 ka, respectively. The incision time of Kuitun River＇s T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6 and T7 terraces were 1.7, 14, 20, 25, 32 50 and 100 ka years ago, respectively. The terrace T4 along the Manas River and T2 along the Kuytun River were formed dur- ing the late part of the late Pleistocene, i.e., 14 ka. Since 14 ka, the incision of the Manas River has generated three levels of pedestal terraces, while that of the Kuytun River has only produced one level of such terraces. The latest folding and uplift of the Dushanzi anticline took place in 1.7 ka, while that of the Manas anticline occurred in 5 ka. Since 14ka or the later time of the late Pleistocene, the Dushanzi and Manas anticlines have risen by 40 and 95 m, respectively, implying uplift rates 2.7 and 6.8 mm/a for each.

Tree-ring based PDSI reconstruction since 1853 AD in the source of the Fenhe River Basin,Shanxi Province,China

A robust tree-ring-width chronology was developed from two Pinus tabulaeformis sampling sites in the source of the Fenhe River,Shanxi Province,China.Based on the tree-ring-width indices,a 157-year long Palmer Drought Severity Index(PDSI) was reconstructed,which explains 53.7% of the variance of the modeled PDSI over the common period 1957-2008.The drought periods in the study area include 1914-1931 and 1970 to the present,whereas the wet periods were 1866-1892 and 1932-1969.The drought of 1914-1931 was a severe long-lasting drought with a low inter-annual variability,and the drought of 1970-2009 was an overall long-term drought with a high inter-annual variability.The period of 1866-1892 is a continuously wet period with a low inter-annual variability and the period of 1932-1969 is an overall long-term wet period with a high inter-annual variability.The reconstructed PDSI series in the source of the Fenhe River shows synchronous variations with the regional drought/wetness indices.Spatial correlation analyses indicate that the higher correlations lie exclusively in the Fenhe River Basin.This indicates that the reconstructed PDSI has regional representativeness and can represent the drought history of the entire Fenhe River Basin to some extent.Furthermore,the reconstructed PDSI matches with the variability of the per unit yield of summer grain crops in Shanxi Province very well and they have significant correlation.From a long-term perspective the reconstructed PDSI series could supply scientific and valuable information to the water resources management and then help the sustainable development in agricultural production,economic development,and ecosystem balance.

Revisiting Triassic stratigraphy of the Yanshan belt

Age determinations of the Triassic lithostratigraphic units of the Yanshan belt were previously based on plant fossils and regional correlations of lithologies. The Liujiagou and Heshanggou Formations were assigned as the Lower Triassic, and the Ermaying Formation was regarded as the Middle Triassic. We carried out a geochronologic study of detrital zircon grains from the Triassic sandstone in the Xiabancheng and Yingzi basins in northern Hebei where the Triassic strata are exceptionally well preserved. The results show that the Liujiagou, Heshanggou, and Ermaying Formations are all Late Triassic in age. The ages of detrital zircons also revealed that the upper part of the Shihezi Formation and the overlying Sunjiagou Formation, both of which were thought to be the Middle-Late Permian units, are actually late Early to Middle Triassic deposits. This study combines the upper Shihezi and Sunjiagou Formations into a single unit termed as the Yingzi Formation. We also substitute the widely-used Liujiagou, Heshanggou, and Ermaying Formations with the Dingjiagou, Xiabancheng, and Huzhangzi Formations, respectively. Field observations and facies analysis show that the top of the Shihezi Formation is an erosive surface, marking a parallel unconformity between the Middle Permian and Lower Triassic. The Yingzi Formation is composed mainly of meandering river deposits, indicative of tectonic quiescence and low-relief landform in the Early to Middle Triassic. In contrast, the Dingjiagou, Xiabancheng, and Huzhangzi Formations are interpreted as the deposits of sandy/gravelly braided rivers, alluvial fans, fan deltas, and deep lakes in association with volcanism, thus indicating an intense rifting setting. A new Triassic lithostratigraphic division is proposed according to age constraints and facies analysis, and the results are of significance for understanding the early Mesozoic tectonic evolution of the Yanshan belt.