热带气旋的登陆及其与中纬度环流系统相互作用的研究

热带气旋的主要灾害往往在登陆前后造成，登陆问题是当今热带气旋 研究的重点。热带气旋与中纬度环流系统相互作用，不仅影响热带气旋的结构和强度变化， 也对中纬度地区天气产生重大影响。西风槽强度的变化可使热带气旋的降水突然 增幅３０％。环境场的急剧调整常引起热带气旋运动突变，在弱环境场中，热带气旋的异常运 动与非对称结构关系紧密。中纬度系统对热带气旋的非对称结构有重要影响。另一方面，热 带气旋向极移动过程中携带了大量可供中纬度地区降水的水汽，在气旋性切变的环境场中， 热带气旋还向环境场输送能量，并激发和增强中纬度气旋性环流系统的发展，触发严重的灾 害性天气。热带气旋有时也会截断低纬向中纬度的水汽输送及中纬度波动的能量频散，９５％ 左右的南海热带气旋对梅雨有显著影响，其中约８６％的热带气旋会导致梅雨减弱中断甚至结 束。

北太平洋副极地海洋锋四季变异特征及其与中纬度大气的联系

基于高分辨率海洋与大气再分析资料,结合统计分析与动力学诊断,揭示了北太平洋副极地海洋锋区(Subarctic Oceanic Frontal Zone,SAFZ)强度四季变异的特征及成因,阐释了与SAFZ四季异常相伴随的中纬度大气环流异常特征及其对应的动力学过程。结果表明,SAFZ在秋、冬、春季较强,夏季相对较弱。海温经向平流过程是秋、冬、春季SAFZ强度维持的主导因素,而海-气界面净热通量交换过程对夏季SAFZ强度减弱起决定作用。在不同季节,伴随SAFZ强度变异,边界层湍流热通量发生变化,非绝热加热异常引起锋区上方低层气温经向梯度与大气斜压性的异常,进而导致大气瞬变涡旋活动异常。由瞬变涡旋涡度强迫异常主导,中纬度北太平洋及中国东部、东北部等地上空对应产生相当正压结构的大气位势高度场异常与风场异常,相应的大气环流异常场存在季节差异。

2018年5月浙江省极端高温气候特征及环流背景

2018年5月浙江省出现历史罕见的极端高温热浪,全省大部极端最高气温达36℃以上,局部地区超过40℃,多站高温日数和极端最高气温破历史同期纪录;高温累积站次和有效积温均居历史第一位。利用浙江省66个常规气象站的逐日观测资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料以及国家气候中心西太副高环流特征量指数资料等对此次高温过程的环流特征进行诊断分析,结果表明:西太平洋副热带高压偏强、偏西、偏北是造成极端高温热浪的直接原因,副高的“西伸”与南亚高压的“东进”相向而行;在副高控制下,850 hPa中国东南部至西北太平洋区域形成强大的反气旋式风场异常,浙江地区盛行下沉气流;5月14—18日强高温过程期间,短波辐射通量表现为正距平,“辐射增温”与“下沉增温”的叠加效应进一步加剧了高温的极端性。副高强度和位置的变化与热带和中纬度环流关系密切。海洋性大陆对流活动增强、热带中太平洋和北印度洋对流异常旺盛、南海地区对流减弱、西太平洋无台风生成均是副高增强的有利因素;200 hPa西风急流轴偏北,利于西太副高的稳定维持。

台风与中纬度槽的相互作用对其转向之后的路径的影响

选取三个台风个例(2004年"桑达"、2005年"彩蝶"、2009年"彩云"),分别以多个相邻时次作为初始时刻进行一系列的数值模拟,结果表明热带气旋(TC)与上游槽相互作用的关键区域的预报误差与TC转向后的路径预报误差表现出显著的相关性。以2010年"马勒卡"台风为个例的敏感性试验证实了中纬度下游环流的发展及TC转向之后的移动路径对TC的强度和TC相对于上游槽的位置很敏感,这个结果给出了TC路径对TC-槽相互作用的敏感性的一个例子或一种方式。若TC增强或更接近上游槽,TC与上游槽的相互作用增强,TC向中纬度输出低PV空气的能力增强,由此导致下游区域的PV梯度增大,同时TC对中纬度梯度的扰动也会加强,因而会引起中纬度下游环流发展增强,且偏经向,TC在转向之后的路径偏北偏西;反之则下游环流偏纬向,路径偏南偏东。

浅谈三圈环流的图形教学

在高一地理教学中,气压带与风带──三圈环流的相关知识对于学生来说空间思维能力要求非常高,在学习过程中学生要有立体图形在大脑中不断呈现,同时要理解地球自转如何引起水平运动物体发生偏转。笔者主要通过以下步骤带领学生学习。首先,给出一组水平运动示意图,根据地转偏向力,让学生画出水平运动气流的偏转方向(图1)。再让学生在立体图上画水平运动气流的偏转方向(图2)。图形均以北半球为例。

西太平洋遥相关型的大气环流异常特征分析

使用欧洲ECMWF（ERA40）再分析资料，通过合成分析方法探讨与冬季西太平洋遥相关型（WP）相对应的的东亚大气环流的异常特征。研究表明：位势高度场，温度场，纬向风场和经向风场在WP正负指数年表现出反位相的南北偶极子型的相当正压结构在正异常年，阿留申低压和东亚大槽偏弱北移，东亚冬季风偏弱，东亚南区偏暖，西风急流异常北移；负异常年则相反。

大气低频变化研究评述

七十年代以来,随着全球观测资料的日益增多,许多研究工作者对大气环流在各种时间和空间尺度上的变化进行了系统的研究,使早期的关于大气环流的许多认识得到了丰富.其中特别受到众多注意的一个进展就是对大气低频变化(Low Frequency Va-riability,下简称LFV)的研究.

近50年中国干湿气候界线波动及其成因初探

文中在 10a际尺度上详细分析了中国干湿气候界线波动与气候的干湿变化 ,得出 :过去 5 0a中国干湿气候界线波动显著 ,区域差异大 ,呈现出整体移动和东西、南北相异波动的特征。 2 0世纪 6 0～ 70年代中国干湿气候存在一次突变 ,由较湿润变为干旱 ,但各地干旱程度不同。干湿气候界线波动与气候的干湿变化具有显著的年代际特征。在此基础上分析了气候界线波动的可能原因 ,中国干湿气候界线的波动与气候的干湿变化是西太平洋副热带高压强度位置导致的东南季风、孟加拉湾暖流所导致的西南季风以及高原季风、中纬度西风环流等综合作用的结果。中国各地区干湿位相变化不一致 ,区域差异大 ,是不同环流以及环流的不同强弱组合所致。东南季风、西南季风、高原季风、中纬度西风环流、西太平洋副热带高压的年代际变化是过去 5 0a中国干湿气候界线波动与气候干湿变化年代际变化的根本原因。 2 0世纪 6 0～ 70年代的干湿突变 。

2007年夏季降水异常的成因及预测

采用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料、NOAA再分析全球海温和中国国家气候中心整理的160站降水量资料,在回顾2007年夏季中国降水分布及其趋势预测的基础上,探讨了2007年夏季降水异常的可能原因。2007年前期对热带太平洋海温、东亚季风、西太平洋副热带高压等主要物理因子冬夏演变的分析接近实况,但主要多雨带位置仍比预测的偏南。夏季亚洲中纬度大陆高压异常维持可能是造成2007年夏季主要多雨带比预期偏南的主要原因。

巧析大气运动及其与气候形成的关系

大气的运动是"大气环境"一章中的重点和难点,内容较抽象,理解起来较困难。大气运动与各种气候类型形成的关系更是复杂,本文通过不断变换大气运动条件形象生动地演示大气运动过程及其与气候的关系。

Circulation anomalies in the mid–high latitudes responsible for the extremely hot summer of 2018 over northeast Asia

This study investigated the contributions of mid–high-latitude circulation anomalies to the extremely hot summer(July and August;JA)of 2018 over Northeast Asia(NEA).The JA-mean surface air temperature in 2018 was 1.2°C higher than that of the 1979–2018 climatology,with the amplitude of such an anomaly almost doubling the interannual standard deviation,making 2018 the hottest year during the analysis period 1979–2018.The abnormal warming over NEA was caused by a local positive geopotential height anomaly reaching strongest intensity in JA 2018.Further investigation suggested that the upper-tropospheric circulation anomalies over northern Europe and the Caspian Sea were crucial to forming this NEA circulation anomaly through initiating downstream wave trains.Particularly,the geopotential heights over these two regions were concurrently at their highest in JA 2018,and therefore jointly contributed to the profound circulation anomaly over NEA and the hottest summer on record.Due to these two teleconnection patterns,the temperature anomalies in NEA are closely related to those in both northern Europe and the Caspian Sea,where the similarly extreme warming also happened in 2018.

热带气旋的温带变性过程对下游影响的研究进展

热带气旋(TC)在向高纬度地区移动过程中往往会转变为温带气旋,称之为温带变性(ET)过程。ET过程涉及到热带系统与中纬度环流的复杂相互作用,并对局地系统直至大范围环流均产生影响,这种影响甚至向下游延伸到半球的尺度。由于ET过程及其下游影响给中纬度地区带来严重灾害性天气,而对其的预报一直是一个难题,因而关于此问题的科学研究和业务预报是近年来国际上的一个热点,国内的有关工作也已开展。从TC在ET过程中与中纬度环流的相互作用、ET过程对中纬度下游环流的影响和ET过程及其下游影响的数值预报三个方面总结和分析了近年来国内外的有关研究进展,为国内学术界进一步开展相关研究提供参考。主要进展包括:(1)TC高层出流输出低位涡(PV)空气改变温带上层结构以及TC环流直接作用于中纬度流是TC-中纬度流相互作用的主要方式;TC相对于上游槽的位置对ET过程及其下游影响很关键;各种物理过程在相互作用中起到不同的作用;(2)TC所激发的Rossby波在与急流相联系的上层PV梯度上向下游频散是下游发展的主要方式;下游发展具有显著的边界俘获和上下层耦合发展的特征;(3)目标观测、集合预报和变分同化等技术的发展提高了ET及其下游影响的数值预报水平。

Teleconnection Patterns along the Asian Jet Associated with Different Combinations of Convection Oscillations over the Indian Continent and Western North Pacific during Summer

A zonal teleconnection has been found along the Asian jet over the Eurasian continent during summer. In this study, the authors investigated circulation anomalies in the extratropics, in particular for the zonal teleconnection, under different combinations of subtropical convection anomalies over the northern Indian continent （IND） and the westem North Pacific （WNP）. The outof-phase configuration （i.e., stronger （weaker） IND convection and weaker （stronger） WNP convection） was found to be more common than the in-phase configuration （i.e., stronger （weaker） IND convection and stronger （weaker） WNP convection）, which is consistent with previous results. Composite results indicated that circulation anomalies for out-of-phase configurations of 30-60-day convection oscillations are much stronger in the middle latitudes than those for in-phase configurations. In addition, zonal teleconnection patterns are predominant for the out-of-phase configurations, particularly for the configuration of strong IND convection and weak WNP convec- tion; however, they are either weak or obscure for the in-phase configurations. These results suggest that the zonal teleconnection pattem along the Asian jet is dependent on different combinations of the 1ND and WNP subtropical convection anomalies.

Variability Modes of the Winter Upper-Level Wind Field over Asian MidHigh Latitude Region

In this study,the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis dataset was used to analyze the variability modes of the winter upper-level wind field over Asian mid-high latitude region.As shown by the results,the dominant variability modes of the winter upper-level wind field over Asian mid-high latitude region are characterized by the out-of-phase variation in the intensity of the subtropical and temperate jets over East Asia and the meridional shift of the subtropical jet axis,on interannual and multiannual scales,respectively.The first leading variability mode can be used as a good measure to represent the integral variation of atmospheric general circulation in Asian mid-latitude region.Composite analyses suggest that the first leading variability mode of the winter upper-level wind field is intimately related to the atmospheric circulation and temperature anomalies in the northern hemispheric mid-latitude region.

Assessing the Impacts of Eurasian Snow Conditions on Climate Predictability with a Global Climate Model

On the basis of two ensemble experiments conducted by a general atmospheric circulation model(Institute of Atmospheric Physics nine-level atmospheric general circulation model coupled with land surface model,hereinafter referred to as IAP9L_CoLM),the impacts of realistic Eurasian snow conditions on summer climate predictability were investigated.The predictive skill of sea level pressures(SLP)and middle and upper tropospheric geopotential heights at mid-high latitudes of Eurasia was enhanced when improved Eurasian snow conditions were introduced into the model.Furthermore,the model skill in reproducing the interannual variation and spatial distribution of the surface air temperature(SAT)anomalies over China was improved by applying realistic(prescribed)Eurasian snow conditions.The predictive skill of the summer precipitation in China was low;however,when realistic snow conditions were employed,the predictability increased,illustrating the effectiveness of the application of realistic Eurasian snow conditions.Overall,the results of the present study suggested that Eurasian snow conditions have a significant effect on dynamical seasonal prediction in China.When Eurasian snow conditions in the global climate model(GCM)can be more realistically represented,the predictability of summer climate over China increases.

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF SSTA IMPACTS OVER THE GLOBAL OCEAN ON THE ANOMALOUS CIRCULATION OVER EURASIA IN JANUARY 2008

In this paper, we discussed the features of atmospheric circulations over Eurasia as a response to sea surface temperature anomalies （SSTAs） over the tropical Indian Ocean, the equatorial Pacific, Kuroshio and the North Atlantic. Our results are shown as follows： （1） CAM3.0, driven by the combined SSTAs over the four oceanic regions, can simulate well the features of anomalous atmospheric circulations over Eurasia in January 2008, indicating that the effects of the SSTAs over these four regions were one of the key causes of the anomalous systems over Eurasia. （2） The SSTAs over each key region contributed to the intensification of blocking over the Urals Mountains and a main East Asian trough. However, the influence of the SSTAs over individual oceanic regions differed from one another in other aspects. The SSTAs over the North Atlantic had an impact on the 500-hPa anomalous height （Z500A） over the middle-high latitudes and had a somewhat smaller effect over the low latitudes. For the warm SSTAs over Kuroshio, the subtropical high was much stronger, spread farther north than usual, and had an anomalous easterly that dominated the northwest Pacific Ocean. The warm SSTAs over the tropical Indian Ocean could have caused a negative Z500A from West Asia to Middle Asia, a remarkably anomalous southwesterly from the Indian Ocean to the south of China and an anomalous anticyclone circulation over the South China Sea-Philippine Sea region. Because of the La Nifia event, the winter monsoon was stronger than normal, with an anomalously cooler northerly over the southeastern coastal areas of China. （3） The combined effects of the SSTAs over the four key regions were likely more important to the atmospheric circulation anomalies of January 2008 over Eurasia than the effects of individual or partly combined SSTAS. This unique SSTA distribution possibly led to the circulation anomalies over Eurasia in January 2008, especially the atmospheric circulation anomalies over the subtropics, which were more similar to those of the winter E1 Nifio events than to the circulation anomalies following La Nifia.

新课程理念下地理课堂有效教学的思考

新课程的教学理念是以促进学生的发展为核心,教学过程不再是如何"教"的过程,而是引导学生如何"学"的过程。在此过程中,改变了过去强调接受学习、死记硬背、机械训练的现象,倡导学生主动参与、乐于探究、勤于动手,培养学生主动获得知识的能力、分析和解决问题的能力以及交流与合作的能力。所以在教学设计时,教师应适时地引导学生关注社会、关注生活。