从中美教学方法对比谈创造性思维的培养

创造性思维的培养是课程改革的新方向,高职教学中教师要善于抓住学生特点,解放思想,使学生敢想;解除束缚,使学生敢问;解放嘴巴,使学生敢说;解放双手,使学生敢做、会做,从而有意识地培养学生创造性思维的能力。

关于中美两国高中阶段课堂教学方法的比较研究

教学方法是课堂上师生交往互动的纽带,是课堂教学活动的重要组成部分。中美两国由于历史文化、社会制度和教育传统不同,导致教学方法的操作主体、适用对象范围、使学生获得的学习结果、信息传递的流向和性质与形态有所不同。

The application of integrated literature instruction in freshman English teaching

This paper explores the benefits of using literature to improve freshmen＇s language skills in English. Teaching strategies of literature instruction encouraged peer collaboration and constructing meaning with other students prior to class, in class and after class. Various activities, such as group discussion on guided questions, presentation of reading diary and peer correction of reflection poems were applied to enhance students＇ learning interests. Four intact advanced-level classes of 162 freshmen participated in the study. They answered a questionnaire and took an English proficiency pre/post test. Descriptive statistics, ANOVA, Scheffe post-Hoc test, independent t-test and a paired t-test were used to analyze data. Results showed literature instruction effectively promoted students＇ English skills and their awareness of cultural differences. Watching the adaptation of the novel on DVD before they read the book helped students＇ comprehension. Finally, there was a significant improvement in both students＇ reading and listening exam grades. Future studies may consider looking for participants from different levels of English proficiency and extending the instruction time from one semester to two semesters.

Several pragmatic techniques for harmony of English teaching

A few problems affecting harmonious English teaching exist in both linguistic and non-linguistic aspects at present. Several pragmatic techniques, including individuality, flexibility, the concept of ＂One for all, and all for one＂ are suggested on a trial basis in this paper.

An overview of the research on lexical knowledge in China

This paper serves as a comprehensive guide to the recent work on lexical knowledge in China from the year of 2000 to 2009. It covers the two conventional dimensions of vocabulary knowledge： The breadth and depth. The recent wok on the breadth of vocabulary knowledge extends beyond the old fashion of rigid word counting of learners at various proficiency levels. Meanwhile, multi-dimensional study is also witnessed when it comes to the research into the depth of lexical knoweldge, the developmental and dimensional perspective, along with psycholinguistic account of the incremental nature of the acquisition process.

Cultural constraints on translators＇ selection of translation strategies

This article interprets why domestication and those translation techniques as addition, deletion and shift are widely adopted by most translators in modem China and how the target socio-cultural factors at the time constrain the translators＇ selection of strategies in literary translation.

Analysis of listening strategies employed by college students of science and technology

Based upon the theoretical studies of learning strategies and listening comprehension, an investigation of listening strategies employed by college students of science and technology is conducted to find out the general features of their choices of listening strategies and to reveal the differences in the use of such strategies between effective listeners and less effective ones. The authors hope that this paper may be helpful for the teaching and learning of listening skills.

The relationship between depth of vocabulary knowledge and Iranian EFL learners＇ lexical inferencing strategy use and success

This study was an attempt to examine the relationship between Iranian EFL （English as Foreign Language） learners＇ depth of vocabulary knowledge and their lexical inferencing strategy use and success. The participants in this study were 32 intermediate senior students of Shiraz Azad University majoring in English translation. The Word Associates Test （WAT） （Read, 1993） was used to measure their depth of vocabulary knowledge and lexical inferencing strategy questionnaire which was part of Schmitt （1997）, vocabulary learning strategies as well as a reading passage （Haastrup, 1999）, cited in Nassaji （2004）, were used to determine their lexical inferencing strategy use and success. Results indicate that： （1） Those who have stronger depth of vocabulary knowledge use certain strategies more frequently than those who have weaker depth of vocabulary knowledge; （2） The students with stronger depth of vocabulary knowledge make more effective use of certain types of lexical inferencing strategies. These findings support the importance of depth dimension of vocabulary knowledge and the role it plays in guessing the meaning of unknown words.

Going Home, Staying or Emigrating： Former WWII-Forced Labourers in Ukraine, Great Britain and Germany

Former WWII-forced labourers have dealt with their experiences in various ways. Migrations before, during and after the war have made a lasting impact. So there are individual and collective ways of dealing with these experiences. In an internationally comparative approach, commonalities and differences of these ways will be analysed within the contexts of the respective societal structures, political systems and of the evolving cultures of commemoration since 1945 in three different countries： （1） Ukraine as it was the origin of one of the biggest single national groups of forced labourers; （2） Germany as it was the country that initiated and orchestrated the Europe-wide system of forced labour, but also coerced some of its own citizens to work; and （3） England as it was the most important immigration country for former forced labourers within Europe, while there were also British Prisoners of War who had to perform forced labour; the relation between individual and collective memories with regard to the specific experiences of the former forced labourers is also taken into consideration. Finally, the understanding of the term ＂forced labour＂ that has been developed within historiography is contrasted with the subjective evaluations of the people concerned.

The manipulative factors behind translated literature： A case study of the Chinese translation of The Gadfly by LI Liang-min

The Gadfly written by Irish authoress Ethel Lilian Voynich remains silent with her work in the Western world. However, after its translation and publication in China in the 1950s by LI Liang-min, it becomes a revolutionary canon and enjoys the equal popularity with some Soviet progressive revolutionary fictions which were prevailing in China. The Gadfly has enormous influence and appeal in China. It was an indubitable canon in readers＇ heart at that time. But the translated version that people read is an abridgement, which includes more than 60 deletions. It is indicated from the analysis that the canonization of The Gadfly in China is far from a casual phenomenon. Instead, it is the result of the manipulation of the prevailing ideology and poetics.

Rebecca West： The Writer out of the Canon

This paper discusses questions of reputation, thematic areas and political affiliation of the remarkable 20th century British woman writer--Rebecca West, whose artistic achievement largely demonstrates her provocative phenomenon and whose status shows her evident separation from the canon of 20th century writers. The study takes the opportunity to observe some conventions in Rebecca West＇s concerns and recommends that they should be read as a thematic cycle, starting with her first unfinished novel The Sentinel （2002） and ending with her last published novel The Birds Fall Down （1966）. It draws a comparative analysis between the two narratives and confirms some thematic traditions, their influences and development in this writer＇s practice. The novels are used to exemplify West＇s complex politics, her independent philosophy and her blunt and arresting voice, which seem to have complicated her position as a woman writer of her time. The analysis suggests that West＇s extensive usage of conflicts, ambiguous female images, suffragist and anti-Soviet ideas as the main themes expressed through her impressive mode of characterization across a variety of different genres, impeded a complete understanding and public perception of her work, while simultaneously demonstrating complexity of her narratives. The study shows that she used these matters to debate contemporary issues and to find new solutions to unravel antagonisms. It proposes, in general, that West＇s work is essential to examine modern traditions of literary practices and women＇s writing in particular, to explore human nature and to inquire into family and gender relations.

Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs： The Adaptation

Adapting is to change a specific material from one genre into another. As one of the most well-known fairy tales, ＂Snow White story＂ has gone through many adaptation processes for a long time. Among those processes, Brother Grimms＇ Snow White and Disney＇s Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs show some remarkable relationships between the source and target materials, because Disney adapted the Grimms＇ version of Snow White for their film version of Snow White. This paper will focus on the similarities between the Grimms＇ Snow White and Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs in adapting from one genre to another. The Grimms collected as many different oral tales of ＂Snow White＂ as they could and wrote them down into letters. While they recorded these tales, they chopped and combined them to fit in the category of pre-Christian Teutonic literature. Disney Production also selected one of various versions of ＂Snow White story＂ and realized to put it into the silver screen. Disney changed, added, omitted and modified some plots of the Grimms＇ Snow White again. This time, the changes were made to appeal this movie to the audiences of the 20th century.

Respecting Silence, Silencing Respect： Foreign Policies of Voice Fostering

Apart from enabling its individuals to cope with external reality, to varying extents a culture may also disable them for identity purposes, i.e., to make them fit into specific roles defining that culture＇s self-representation and hence adequate to reality as perceived by it. Rendering explicit the underlying assumptions of this process through a phenomenological analysis constitutes a necessary step toward a version of education extended beyond schools, and as such meant to deepen the self-understanding of the society in case as a whole. A local cultural sanction can be regarded as symptom of a problematic normalization within the wider, global context--at least as a form of moral apathy if not quite what psychiatrists call ＂la belle indifference＂. Within the international context of education, passive resistance through inculcated shyness acquires a peculiar status closely analyzed here. To remain non-judgmental would mean to make concessions to such resistances, to ascribe to taboo--ultimately, to institute a detrimental cult of the them a sacrosanct status and to protect them by means of a unnamable and unspeakable in the cross-cultural dialogue.

A call for the reengineering of Iranian ESP textbooks

Having paramount importance in any ESP （English for Special Purpose） classroom, textbooks are known as one of the most visible parts of any ESP teaching program. Enjoying an undeniable position, essentially in the societies where English is used as the second or foreign language, such textbooks should have some features on which the needs and objectives of the ESP teaching program are met. Concerning such an importance, this paper intends to evaluate critically the current status of the Iranian ESP textbooks developed and published by The Organization for Research and Compiling University Textbooks in Humanities （SAMT）, as the main governmental organization in studying and compiling ESP university textbooks. Obtaining such an end, it tries： （1） to present the importance of ESP materials development; （2） to provide a clear picture of ESP and ESP materials development in Iran; （3） to introduce the essential drawbacks which such textbooks suffer from; and （4） to present some practical suggestions and solutions to tackle the significant problems and drawbacks of the current ESP textbooks practiced in the Iranian academic setting.

Changing Characteristic of Romantic Poetry in the 19th Century

Change is the law of nature. Every writer enriches literature by coining new ideas. As Aristotle disagreed with Plato by saying that poetry is not blind but creative imitation, and emotions if remain pent up in mind, would erupt sooner or later like a volcano. Later on Classics have written poetry either to praise kings and queens, or to reform the society, but Romantics like Aristotle ushered against Classics and penned down writings bearing entirely different characteristics than earlier poetry with creative imagination. This paper is captivating study of the meanings and changing characteristics of romantic poetry during 19th century. Romanticism means having a visionary, imaginative or emotional appeal, to give emotions upper hand over reason. It was not a sudden movement, tends and tendencies were already there, which reached to its climax in hands of Blake, Wordsworth, Shelley, Keats and Byron, who awakened against Pope, Swift and Johnson. Romanticism has its origin in French revolution. The distinctive features of French revolution are freedom, brotherhood and equality. Romanticism was a revolt against the system through which they tried to change the status of common men. William Blake was foremost among romantics who believed that this vegetable world is, but only a shadow of the real world which is of imagination and attempted to convey the celestial message of love everywhere. In the poetry of Wordsworth and Coleridge, the naturalistic tendency remained more prominent, whereas Keats＇ and Shelley＇s poetry in a more specified sense was romantic marked by the emphasis on love of the supernatural, the marvelous and the exotic mythological world. Victorian poetry was not original like Romantics. Romantics introduced poetry bearing entirely different character than earlier poetry, with original ideas, whereas Victorian poets had written about social problems. Romantics were individualistically supreme in their ideas. Tennyson and Arnold took themes of their poetry from their surrounding, so no egoistic element was in the poetry of that century. Romantics introduced a change by plunging into imagination, whereas Victorians ended this trend by bringing readers into the world of realities, but there change was brought to provide momentarily relief and here its purpose was reformation.

Review on inferential situation models

This paper reviews the theories and studies in the field of inferential situation models. The Construction-Integration （CI） model, the Structure Building Framework （SBF） and 3 empirical studies are introduced. The paper concludes that future studies, from a quantitative approach, should make some improvements in test materials, language proficiency manipulation and language background.

An analysis of Chinese-English soft news translation from a relevance theory perspective

The author gives a thorough interpretation of the translation process and methods under the framework of relevance theory based on the actual pairs of Chinese soft news and the counterpart English versions well selected from authoritative bilingual magazines. The author attests the explanatory force of relevance theory to soft news translation and shows that the aim of all the translation methods is to provide adequate contextual effects and achieve optimal relevance to the target audience, namely, to guarantee the successful communication--the intentions of the communicator and the expectations of the audience meet.

How to Motivate Students in Second Language Writing

Writing competence is considered as the most difficult output ability for an EFL （English as a Foreign Language） learner to master. This paper offers valuable suggestion for second language learners when considering affective variables in Chinese context. Motivation, especially intrinsic motivation plays an increasingly important role in L2 （Second Language） pre-writing, online writing and post-writing processes; besides, with the hope of this awareness it will help teacher to decide greater language learning tasks, and help students achieve better performances in writing.

An Employment of English Reading Strategies by Chinese University Students

The increased strategy use is one of the factors that contribute to the success of English reading comprehension. In addition, strategic reading is significant for a reader to construct meaning effectively from written texts. The study aimed to examine the frequency of the employment of reading strategies by 1,368 Chinese university students in Southwest China; and the relationship between students＇ employment of reading strategies and their genders. The data were collected through the questionnaire and analyzed quantitatively through the ANOVA （Analysis of Variance） and the chi-square tests in terms of examining the significant variation. The results revealed that the frequency of the participants＇ overall reading strategy use fell into the moderate use; the significant differences were found in relation to the students＇ genders. The pedagogical implications in relation to the particular research findings were given at the end of the paper.

Vietnamese final stop consonants/p, t, k/described in terms of formant transition slopes

It is well known that both bursts and formant transitions serve as separate cues to the place of articulation of initial stop consonants. In Vietnamese, final voiceless stop consonants/p, t, k/are unreleased （i.e., produced without an audible burst）. This provides an opportunity to study these final stop consonants and to compare their characteristics with those of the corresponding initial stop consonants. As unreleased final consonants have not been previously studied, this paper analyses the Vowel-Consonant （VC） and Consonant-Vowel-Consonant （CVC） productions in terms of the transition duration, the starting formant transition values and the slopes of the VC transitions. Measurements have shown that in the same preceding vowel contexts, the 3 final stop consonants/p, t, k/are always clearly differentiated by at least one of the 3 slopes of Fl, F2 or F3. In perception tests, synthesized consonant C in the context/a/-C are recognized as/p/, or/t/, or/k/when the slopes of the/a/-C transition ofF2 and F3 are varied. It means that slopes of the VC transition are an important parameter that allows Vietnamese distinguishing the 3 final voiceless stop consonant/p, t, k/in Vietnamese language. These final stop consonants can also be differentiated in the locus equation space. The study also pointes out that the effects of the final consonants on either long vowels or short vowels. The results explain why Vietnamese can not pronounce the short vowels in isolation.