金矿化系列丰度模型与区域资源评价

根据矿化系列的理论，研究成矿区的动力地质条件，定义一个金矿化系列的典型样品，求出矿化密度．建立金矿化丰度模型，讨论金矿资源定量评价方法，并给出一个区域金矿资源预测的应用实例。

志留纪华夏正形贝动物群丰度模型研究及其意义——兼浅介R语言的古生态学应用

底栖组合(Benthic Assemblages)是腕足动物生态学研究中非常重要的概念之一。从多样性及相对丰度可以一定程度地判断底栖组合,然而该方法并无定量指标。丰度模型能反映群落中最基本的结构,提供的信息多于单纯了解多样性及丰度,现代生态学家通过它了解生物群落或组合在资源利用及竞争等生态方面的差异,因而通过丰度模型进行腕足动物底栖组合的研究是一个理论可行的方案,本文通过对志留纪初期的华夏正形贝动物群6个采样点的丰度模型研究,表明结合生态指示分子,进行精细的丰度模型研究,可以更为客观地区分腕足动物底栖组合。此外,针对近年来国际上古生物学者开始使用编程语言进行统计分析,其中使用较多的是R语言平台。本文通过丰度模型的研究简介R语言编程在统计分析中的优势,进而推荐在古生物学相关较复杂的定量研究中使用该语言平台。

水系沉积物成矿元素的丰度在矿产资源量预测中的应用

统计资料表明,湘南地区32个有色金属矿区的矿产储量与其所形成的水系沉积物成矿元素的丰度之间,存在一定的线性关系。当用矿上元素组与矿下元素组的垒加衬度比值对异常丰度进行修正即相乘后,这种线性关系更为明显。这就是区域化探扫面应用丰度模型法的依据。

基于开发适宜性评价的耕地后备资源丰度研究——以山西省襄汾县为例

研究耕地后备资源开发适宜性,测算其丰度值,明确开发模式能够为耕地后备资源合理可持续利用提供科学依据。以山西省襄汾县为研究区,通过构建模糊综合评价模型,对襄汾县生态安全、自然适宜和经济可行3个方面进行开发适宜性评价;在适宜性评价的基础上,通过计算新增耕地系数和新增耕地面积占比,构建耕地后备资源丰度测算模型,并以丰度值为依据,运用ArcGIS空间分析功能,将襄汾县开发模式进行分区研究。结果表明,襄汾县无高等适宜后备资源;较高等适宜面积为2 187.775 4 hm^2;中等适宜面积为11 511.268 1 hm^2;勉强适宜面积为3 782.169 9 hm^2;不适宜开发面积为543.683 5 hm^2。襄汾县耕地后备资源开发分为4种模式,优先开发模式总规模为3 685.640 2 hm^2;重点开发模式总规模为3 413.028 4 hm^2;适度开发模式总规模为5 073.909 4 hm^2;先保护后开发模式总规模为5 852.318 8 hm^2。在耕地后备资源开发过程中,应因地制宜,对不同区域采取差别化开发,以实现耕地后备资源的可持续利用。

钱家店铀矿床钱Ⅴ铀矿床资源预测

为建立钱家店铀矿床资源量评价体系,实现钱Ⅴ铀矿床资源量的定量预测,对钱家店砂岩型铀矿床特征及控矿因素进行分析,认为控制资源量的要素为铀源、构造、层间氧化、还原介质、沉积储层和沉积结构。应用资源丰度类比法原理对钱家店铀矿床进行了系统评价,将钱Ⅱ和钱Ⅳ铀矿床11个矿层单元定为刻度区。通过类比参数体系建立、刻度区丰度模型建立、预测区类比参数求取、有利含矿区圈定、资源量计算5个方面的研究,定量预测了钱Ⅴ矿床资源量,认为钱Ⅴ块铀矿床具有形成大型铀矿床的资源潜力。

Initial Assessment on Large and Medium Sized Terrestrial Mammal Assemblage Using Camera Trapping in Nangunhe Nature Reserve in Yunnan, China

During surveys for wild felids in Nangunhe Nature Reserve, Yunnan province, China, we conducted a wider mammal survey of the core nature reserve area, using camera trapping techniques. Forty motion-triggered digital camera traps had been set in oldest forest tract of protected area to conduct a species inventory. The total camera trapping effort of 2460 camera trap nights yielded 232 digital photographs of mammals represented by 17 species in ifve orders. The species photographed include rare and elusive species and those that are of high conservation value, such as IUCN endangered species Asiatic elephant （Elephas maximus）, and Phayre’s leaf monkey （Trachypit hecus phayrei）. In addition, IUCN vulnerable species including Asiatic black bear （Ursus thibetanus）, sambar （Rusa unicolor）, northern pig-tailed macaque （Macaca leonine）, and marbled cat （Pardofelis marmorata）, and more common species were found. Al mammals were also listed as key protected wild animals by the State Forestry Administration of China. Of particular importance were the carnivores, with 7 different species recorded. Ungulates and other taxa forming a prey base for these predators,such as rhesus macaque （Macaca mulatta）, red muntjac （Muntiacus muntjac）, sambar, wild boar （Sus scrofa）, and Chinese serow （Capricornis milneedwardsi）, were found to be the most frequently photographed and most widespread species. Opportunities for local people to develop standardized monitoring designs for targeted species were identiifed by these initial assessment results. Local nature reserve staff lacked technical ability to produce standardized survey designs, yet a by product of this type of non-standardized data collection can be very informative and produce inventory information that gives a species richness analysis, as well as initial estimates for occupancy and detection probability for abundant species to drive future standardized survey designs and efforts.

Effects of crop species richness on pest-natural enemy systems based on an experimental model system using a microlandscape

The relationship between crop richness and predator-prey interactions as they relate to pest-natural enemy systems is a very important topic in ecology and greatly affects biological control services.The effects of crop arrangement on predator-prey interactions have received much attention as the basis for pest population management.To explore the internal mechanisms and factors driving the relationship between crop richness and pest population management,we designed an experimental model system of a microlandscape that included 50 plots and five treatments.Each treatment had 10 repetitions in each year from 2007 to 2010.The results showed that the biomass of pests and their natural enemies increased with increasing crop biomass and decreased with decreasing crop biomass;however,the effects of plant biomass on the pest and natural enemy biomass were not significant.The relationship between adjacent trophic levels was significant(such as pests and their natural enemies or crops and pests),whereas non-adjacent trophic levels(crops and natural enemies) did not significantly interact with each other.The ratio of natural enemy/pest biomass was the highest in the areas of four crop species that had the best biological control service.Having either low or high crop species richness did not enhance the pest population management service and lead to loss of biological control.Although the resource concentration hypothesis was not well supported by our results,high crop species richness could suppress the pest population,indicating that crop species richness could enhance biological control services.These results could be applied in habitat management aimed at biological control,provide the theoretical basis for agricultural landscape design,and also suggest new methods for integrated pest management.

Using potential distributions to explore environmental correlates of bat species richness in southern Africa： Effects of model selection and taxonomy

We tested the prediction that at coarse spatial scales, variables associated with climate, energy, and productivity hy- potheses should be better predictor（s） of bat species richness than those associated with environmental heterogeneity. Distribution ranges of 64 bat species were estimated with niche-based models informed by 3629 verified museum specimens. The influence of environmental correlates on bat richness was assessed using ordinary least squares regression （OLS）, simultaneous autoregressive models （SAR）, conditional autoregressive models （CAR）, spatial eigenvector-based filtering models （SEVM）, and Classification and Regression Trees （CART）. To test the assumption of stationarity, Geographically Weighted Regression （GWR） was used. Bat species richness was highest in the eastern parts of southern Africa, particularly in central Zimbabwe and along the western border of Mozambique. We found support for the predictions of both the habitat heterogeneity and climate/productivity/energy hypothe- ses, and as we expected, support varied among bat families and model selection. Richness patterns and predictors of Miniopteridae and Pteropodidae clearly differed from those of other bat families. Altitude range was the only independent variable that was sig- nificant in all models and it was most often the best predictor of bat richness. Standard coefficients of SAR and CAR models were similar to those of OLS models, while those of SEVM models differed. Although GWR indicated that the assumption of stationa- rity was violated, the CART analysis corroborated the findings of the curve-fitting models. Our results identify where additional data on current species ranges, and future conservation action and ecological work are needed.

Biodiversity Assessment of Mammal and Bird Species from Camera Trap Data in Yanchiwan National Nature Reserve,Gansu Province,China

Camera traps serve as an important tool for monitoring species diversity. We used data from camera traps set for capturing snow leopards（Panthera uncia） in the Yanchiwan National Nature Reserve,Gansu Province,China,to assess species richness with respect to mammal and birds species. We also assessed survey efficiency for species detection,and conducted an initial analysis of species interactions. The survey effort of 10,171 camera workdays yielded 2,868 suitable animal image events involving 17 mammal and 20 bird species. Among these,the dhole（Cuon alpinus） is considered to be Endangered,the snow leopard and white-lipped deer（Cervus albirostris） Vulnerable,and the Pallas＇ s cat（Feli smanul）,mountain weasel（Mustela altaica）,Himalayan griffon（Gyps himalayensis） and cinereous vulture（Aegypius monachus） Near Threatened under the IUCN red list. Fourteen species were also listed as key protected wild animals according to China national standards. Both the rarefaction curves and richness estimators suggested our sampling for mammal and pheasant species is sufficient,while more survey efforts are still needed to detect other bird species. With a focus on the dominant species Eurasian lynx（Lynx lynx）,occupancy models were used to estimate site use and detection probability for selected species,and to investigate predator-prey relationships between lynx on the one hand and woolly hare（Lepus oiostolus）,pika（Ochotona spp.）and Tibetan partridge（Perdix hodgsoniae） on the other. We give recommendations on how to increase efficiency in camera-based species inventory and biodiversity monitoring.

A generalized model of island biogeography

MacArthur and Wilson's equilibrium theory is one of the most influential theories in ecology.Although evolution on islands is to be important to island biodiversity,speciation has not been well integrated into island biogeography models.By incorporating speciation and factors influencing it into the MacArthur-Wilson model,we propose a generalized model unifying ecological and evolutionary processes and island features.Intra-island speciation may play an important role in both island species richness and endemism,and the contribution of speciation to local species diversity may eventually be greater than that of immigration under certain conditions.Those conditions are related to the per species speciation rate,per species extinction rate,and island features,and they are independent of immigration rate.The model predicts that large islands will have a high,though not the highest,proportional endemism when other parameters are fixed.Based on the generalized model,changes in species richness and endemism on an oceanic island over time were predicted to be similar to empirical observations.Our model provides an ideal starting point for re-evaluating the role of speciation and re-analyzing available data on island species diversity,especially those biased by the MacArthur-Wilson model.

Investigating the abundance enrichment pattern of heavy elements in the only observed CEMP-r/s star J004441.04-732136.4 of the SMC

The post-AGB star J004441 is the first and the only one CEMP-r/s star found in SMC. Herein, we investigate the observed abun- dance pattern of the heavy elements using our parametric model. A consistent fitting results was obtained for the sample star. Based on the low r = 0.08, the s-process nucleosynthesis occurred in the interior is supposed to belong to the single neutron-exposure v9 ,1/2 mbarn-1 supports a higher efficiency of the s-process nucleosynthesis relative to event. The median value of τ0 =0.44（T9/0.348）mbarn-1 supports a higher efficiency of the s-process nucleosynthesis relative to J004441 than that of the solar system, however, the value is not sufficiently high to favor the formation of a lead star. Thus, J004441 does not belong to lead star group. The large Cs value of J004441 supports the intrinsic characteristic of the s-enrichment. The Cr value is similar with that found in halo CEMP-r/s stars, which indicates that the r-process contributions is critical during heavy element enrichment. This star has a metallicity of [Fe/H] = -1.34, which is larger than that of Galaxy halo CEMP-r/s stars. The reason may be because of the different history of metallicity enrichment between the SMC and the Galaxy halo.