哮喘的三级预防与四级治疗——哮喘病的温床“临急抱佛脚”

中国自古就有“外科不治癣,内科不治喘”的说法,为什么?这两种病都难以除根是一个原因,另一个原因就是不发作时易忽视(癣病不痒、喘病不憋)。为什么易被忽视呢?这有来自医生和病人两方面的原因。最近一项调查发现,哮喘猝死的原因有:医生对发作的可能性和严重性估计不足;病人对病情的估计和认识不足导致治疗不足;滥用药物导致剂量过大;不能正确掌握用药技术。深入分析就能发现,问题的关键其实只有一个:忽视了缓解期治疗的重要意义。

早期肾损伤指标检测对急性百草枯中毒患者预后的预测价值分析

目的 探讨早期肾损伤指标检测对急性百草枯中毒(APP)患者预后的预测价值。方法 回顾性分析2019年6月—2021年6月广州市第十二人民医院收治的90例APP患者的临床资料,根据患者预后情况将经治疗后死亡的APP患者纳入死亡组(52例),存活的APP患者纳入存活组(38例);对比两组患者入院时与入院后3 d的胱抑素C(Cys-C)、血清肌酐(Scr)、视黄醇结合蛋白(RBP)、血乳酸(Lac)、β2微球蛋白(β2-MG)水平,分析患者入院时的β2-MG、Cys-C、RBP、Scr水平与APACHEⅡ评分、服毒量、Lac间的相关性。结果 入院时与入院后3 d死亡组患者的β2-MG、Cys-C、RBP、Scr、Lac水平均高于存活组(P<0.05);相关分析结果显示,早期APP患者的APACHEⅡ评分与β2-MG水平无显著相关性(r=0.143,P>0.05),与Cys-C、RBP、Scr水平呈正相关(r=0.282、0.386、0.179,P<0.05);早期APP患者的Lac水平与β2-MG、Cys-C、RBP、Scr水平呈正相关(r=0.158、0.179、0.288、0.199,P<0.05);早期APP患者的β2-MG、Cys-C、RBP、Scr水平与患者服毒量呈正相关(r=0.177、0.256、0.373、0.202,P<0.05)。结论β2-MG、Cys-C、RBP、Scr指标检测对APP患者病情及预后的预测价值较高,APP患者病情危重程度与β2-MG、Cys-C、RBP、Scr等指标表达水平均呈正相关。

急性脑梗死患者血清BDNF及IGF-1水平与进展性运动功能缺损的关系

目的 研究血清脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)及胰岛素样生长因子-1(IGF-1)与急性脑梗死患者进展性运动功能缺损(PMD)的关系。方法 选择2017年7月—2019年12月期间成都中医药大学附属医院收治的急性大脑中动脉闭塞(MCAO)患者作为MCAO组,同期体检的健康者作为对照组。MCAO组患者入院后连续5 d留取血清并检测BDNF、IGF-1水平,对照组体检时留取血清并检测BDNF、IGF-1水平。MCAO组患者发病5 d内美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)中运动项目评分增加≥2分且持续24 h以上判断为PMD。采用Pearson检验分析BDNF、IGF-1与NIHSS评分的相关性,采用Logistic回归模型分析BDNF、IGF-1与PMD的关系。结果 MCAO组患者入院第1天血清BDNF、IGF-1水平低于对照组(P<0.05);入院后第1~5天,MCAO组中PMD患者的血清BDNF、IGF-1水平无明显变化,非PMD患者的血清BDNF、IGF-1水平呈逐渐升高趋势,且高于PMD患者(P<0.05);MCAO组患者血清BDNF、IGF-1水平与NIHSS总评分、NIHSS运动评分呈负相关;入院后第1天的BDNF是发生PMD的影响因素。结论 血清BDNF、IGF-1水平降低与急性脑梗死病情加重及PMD发生有关,其中入院第1天的BDNF水平是发生PMD的相关因素。

高压氧联合糖皮质激素治疗急性一氧化碳中毒迟发性脑病的Meta分析

目的 通过荟萃分析系统评价高压氧(HBO)联合糖皮质激素治疗一氧化碳中毒迟发性脑病(DEACMP)的有效性和安全性。方法 计算机检索PubMed、Web of Science、EMBASE、the Cochrane Library、维普网、万方数据库及中国知网,并辅以查找公开发表和尚未发表的文献,检索时间范围均为建库开始至2022年4月,使用Revman 5.1统计分析程序进行Meta分析。结果 共纳入15个随机对照研究,共计924名患者。Meta分析显示高压氧联合糖皮质激素治疗组的痊愈率,有效率,无效率,治疗后蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MOCA)、美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)、简易智力状态评分量表(MMSE)和日常生活能力Barthel量表(BI)评分等方面均优于单用高压氧组(P<0.01)。结论 高压氧联合糖皮质激素治疗DEACMP的临床疗效优于单用高压氧。

血清CXCL12、CCCK-18水平检测在急性脑出血患者预后评估中的价值

目的 探讨血清CXC趋化因子配体12(CXCL12)、细胞角蛋白18裂解片段(CCCK-18)水平检测在急性脑出血(ACH)患者预后评估中的价值。方法 选取2017年9月—2021年9月收治的168例ACH患者为研究对象,治疗后随访6个月。统计患者预后情况,分析影响ACH患者预后的因素,分析CXCL12、CCCK-18水平预测ACH患者预后的价值。结果 168例ACH患者中有41例出现预后不良情况,剩余127例患者预后良好。Logistic多因素回归分析显示CXCL12、CCCK-18、美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分是影响ACH患者预后的独立因素(P<0.05)。ROC曲线分析显示,CXCL12、CCCK-18及二者联合预测ACH患者预后不良AUC分别为0.759、0.733、0.892。结论 ACH患者预后不良风险高,CXCL12、CCCK-18与ACH患者病预后有关,二者联合预测ACH患者预后效能良好,具有临床推广价值。

急诊抢救中的护理

急诊室护士要具有临危不乱,能应付突发情况的本领;要能迅速联络有关科室,及时协助医生安排专科会诊;要掌握急救理论知识和操作技能,当好医生的参谋助手。急诊室护士在抢救伤病员的过程中其作用举足轻重,直接关系到伤病员的安危和抢救的成功。对此笔者有如下体会:

大力提倡和鼓励一对夫妇只生一个孩子——北京市宣武区独生子女情况的调查

北京市宣武区共有五十三万人口。近几年人口出生面临急剧回升的趋势。一九七六年是该区出生人口最少的一年,全区共出生3,065人,人口出生率为6.38‰,自然增长率为0.06‰,基本上达到了生死相抵。但从一九七七年开始,人口出生出现了回升的趋势,到一九七九年,出生人口增加到5,269人,人口出生率为10.26‰,自然增长率为4.44‰。由于一九七九年四月以来,大抓提倡和鼓励一对夫妇只生一个孩子的工作,有部分夫妇取消了一九八○年生育第二个孩子的计划,但预测一九八○年出生人口将增加到7,060人,人口出生率为13.86‰,

Hepato-splenic lymphoma:a rare entity mimicking acute hepatitis:A case report

We reported a case of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma where liver involvement was the predominant clinical manifestation.A 27-year old man presented wiht markedly elevated serum aspartate aminotrasferase,alanine aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase,reduced prothrombin activity,thrombocytopenic purpura and hepato-splenomegaly without adenopathy.Viral,toxic, autoimmune and metabolic liver diseases were excluded. Bone marrow biopsy showed an intracapillary infiltration of T-lymphocytes with no evidence of lipid storage disease. Because of a progressive spleen enlargement,splenectomy was performed.Histological examination showed lymphomatous intrasinuses invasion of the spleen. Immunohistochemical investigation revealed the T phenotype of the neoplastic cells:CD45+,CD45RO+, CD3+,CD4-,CD8-,TIAl-.About 50 % of the lymphoid cells expressed CD56 antigen.The diagnosis of hepatosplenic T cell lymphoma was done.The patient was treated with chemotherapy,which induced a complete remission.Eighteen months later,he had a first relapse with increased aspartate aminotransferase,alanine aminotransferase,lactate dehydrogenase, thrombocytopenic purpura and blast in the peripheral blood. In spite of autologous bone marrow transplantation,he died twenty months after the diagnosis.Even in the absence of a mass lesion or lymphoadenopathy,hepatosplenic T- cell lymphoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a patient whose clinical course is atypical for acute hepatic dysfunction.

Effects of three fluid resuscitation methods on apoptosis of visceral organs in rats with hemorrhagic shock

Objective: To observe the effects of three fluid resuscitation methods on apoptosis of visceral organs in rats with hemorrhagic shock. Methods: A model of rat with severe hemorrhagic shock and active bleeding was established in 32 SD (Sprague-Dawley) rats. The rats were randomly divided into control group, no fluid resuscitation group (NF group), controlled fluid resuscitation group (NS40 group) and rapid large scale fluid resuscitation group (NS80 group). Each group contained 8 rats. The curative effects were compared. At the same time, the apoptosis in liver, kidney, lung and small intestinal mucosa of survivors after hemorrhage and resuscitation was detected by light microscopy in HE (hematoxylin and eosin) stained tissue sections, flow cytometry and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL). Results: The survival rate of early fluid resuscitation (14/16) was markedly higher than that of NF group (3/8). There was some apoptosis in liver, kidney, lung and small intestinal mucosa of all survivors. Compared with NF and NS40 groups, the apoptosis of liver, kidney and small intestinal mucosa of NS80 group was obviously increased. Conclusions: Among three fluid resuscitation methods, controlled fluid resuscitation can obviously improve the early survival rate and the apoptosis of liver, kidney and small intestinal mucosa in rats with severe and uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock, and may benefit improvement of prognosis.

Role of nitric oxide in the impairment of circular muscle contractility of distended, uninflamed mid-colon in TNBS-induced acute distal colitis in rats

AIM： To evaluate the role of nitric oxide （NO） in the motor disorders of the dilated uninflamed mid-colon （DUMC） from trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid （TNBS）-induced acute distal colitis in rats. METHODS： Colitis was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats by a single intracolonic administration of TNBS. Control rats received an enema of 0.9% saline. The rats were killed 48 h after TNBS or saline administration. Macroscopic and histologic lesions of the colon were evaluated. Myeloperoxidase （MPO） and nitric oxide synthase （NOS） activity were measured on the colonic tissue. In TNBS rats, we evaluated spontaneous and evoked contractile activity in circular muscle strips derived from DUMC in comparison to the same colonic segment of control rats, both in the presence and in the absence of a non-selective NOS isoforms inhibitor N-nitro-L- arginine （L-NNA）. Pharmacological characterization of electric field stimulation （EFS）-evoked contractile responses was also performed. RESULTS： In TNBS rats, the distal colon showed severe histological lesions and a high MPO activity, while the DUMC exhibited normal histology and MPO activity. Constitutive NOS activity was similar in TNBS and control rats, whereas inducible NOS activity was significantly increased only in the injured distal colon of TNBS rats. Isometrically recorded mechanical activity of circular muscle strips from DUMC of TNBS rats showed a marked reduction of the force and frequency of spontaneous contractions compared to controls, as well as of the contractile responses to a contracting stimulus. In the presence of L-NNA, the contractile activity and responses displayed a significantly greater enhancement compared to controls. The pharmacological characterization of EFS contractile responses showed that a cooperative-like interaction between cholinergic muscarinic and tachyldnergic neurokinin 1 and 2 receptors mediated transmission in DUMC of TNBS rats vs a simple additive interaction in controls. CONCLUSION： The results of this study show that, during TNBS-induced acute distal colitis, circular muscle intrinsic contractile mechanisms and possible enteric neural excitatory activity are inhibited in the distended uninflamed mid-colon. Suppression of NO synthesis markedly improves spontaneous and evokes muscle contractions, in spite of any evident change in local NO activity. 2005 The WJG Press and Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved

Experimental evidence of obesity as a risk factor for severe acute pancreatitis

The incidence of acute pancreatitis, an inflammation of the pancreas, is increasing worldwide. Pancreatic injury is mild in 80%-90% of patients who recover without complications. The remaining patients may develop a severe disease with local complications such as acinar cell necrosis, abscess and remote organ injury including lung injury. The early prediction of the severity of the disease is an important goal for physicians in management of patients with acute pancreatitis in order to optimize the therapy and to prevent organ dysfunction and local complications. For that purpose, multiple clinical scale scores have been applied to patients with acute pancreatitis. Recently, a new problem has emerged： the increased severity of the disease in obese patients. However, the mechanisms by which obesity increases the severity of acute pancreatitis are unclear. Several hypotheses have been suggested： （1） obese patients have an increased inflammation within the pancreas; （2） obese patients have an increased accumulation of fat within and around the pancreas where necrosis is often located; （3） increase in both peri- and intra-pancreatic fat and inflammatory cells explain the high incidence of pancreatic inflammation and necrosis in obese patients; （4） hepatic dysfunction associated with obesity might enhance the systemic inflammatory response by altering the detoxiflcation of inflammatory mediators; and （5） ventilation/perfusion mismatch leading to hypoxia associated with a low pancreatic flow might reduce the pancreatic oxygenation and further enhance pancreatic injury. Recent experimental investigations also show an increased mortality and morbidity in obese rodents with acute pancreatitis and the implication of the adipokines leptin and adiponectin. Such models are important to investigate whether the inflammatory response of the disease is enhanced by obesity. It is exciting to speculate that manipulation of the adipokine milieu has the potential to influence the severity of acute pancreatitis.

Role of genetic disorders in acute recurrent pancreatitis

There was remarkable progress in the understanding of the role genetic risk factors in chronic pancreatitis. These factors seem to be much more important than thought in the past. The rare autosomal-dominant mutations N29I and R122H of PRSS1 (cationic trypsinogen) as well as the variant N34S of SPINK1 (pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor) are associated to a disease onset in childhood or youth. Compared to chronic alcoholic pancreatitis the progression is slow so that for a long time only signs of acute-recurrent pancreatitis are found. Only at later time points (more than 10-15 years) there is evidence for chronic pancreatitis in the majority of patients. Acute recurrent pancreatitis may therefore be regarded as a transition state until definite signs of chronic pancreatitis are detectable.

Impact of alanyl-glutamine dipeptide on severe acute pancreatitis in early stage

AIM:To evaluate the therapeutic effect of alanyl- glutamine dipeptide (AGD) in the treatment of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) in early and advanced stage. METHODS: Eighty patients with SAP were randomized and received 100 mL/d of 20% AGD intravenously for 10 d starting either on the day of (early treatment group) or 5 d after (late treatment group) admission. Groups had similar demographics, underlying diseases, Ranson score, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation Ⅱ (APACHE Ⅱ) score, and Balthazar’s computed tomography (CT) score at the beginning of the study and underwent similar other medical and nutritional management. RESULTS: The duration of acute respiratory distress syndrome (2.7 ± 3.3 d vs 12.7 ± 21.0 d, P < 0.01), renal failure (1.3 ± 0.5 d vs 5.3 ± 7.3 d, P < 0.01), acute hepatitis (3.2 ± 2.3 d vs 7.0 ± 7.1 d, P < 0.01), shock (1.7 ± 0.4 d vs 4.8 ± 3.1 d, P < 0.05), encephalopathy (2.3 ± 1.9 d vs 9.5 ± 11.0 d, P < 0.01) and enteroparalysis (2.2 ± 1.4 d vs 3.5 ± 2.2 d, P < 0.01) and hospital stay (28.8 ± 9.4 d vs 45.2 ± 27.1 d, P < 0.01) were shorter in the early treatment group than in the late treatment group. The 15-d APACHE Ⅱ score was lower in the early treatment group than in the late treatment group (5.0 ± 2.4 vs 8.6 ± 3.6, P < 0.01). The infection rate (7.9% vs 26.3%, P < 0.05), operation rate (13.2% vs 34.2%, P < 0.05) and mortality (5.3% vs 21.1%, P < 0.05) in the early treatment group were lower than in the late treatment group.CONCLUSION: Early treatment with AGD achieved a better clinical outcome in SAP patients.

Severe acute pancreatitis: Clinical course and management

Severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) develops in about 25% of patients with acute pancreatitis (AP). Severity of AP is linked to the presence of systemic organ dysfunctions and/or necrotizing pancreatitis pathomorphologically. Risk factors determining independently the outcome of SAP are early multi-organ failure, infection of necrosis and extended necrosis (> 50%). Up to one third of patients with necrotizing pancreatitis develop in the late course infection of necroses. Morbidity of SAP is biphasic, in the first week strongly related to early and persistence of organ or multi-organ dysfunction. Clinical sepsis caused by infected necrosis leading to multi-organ failure syndrome (MOFS) occurs in the later course after the first week. To predict sepsis, MOFS or deaths in the first 48-72 h, the highest predictive accuracy has been objectified for procalcitonin and IL-8; the Sepsis- Related Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA)-score predicts the outcome in the first 48 h, and provides a daily assessment of treatment response with a high positive predictive value. Contrast-enhanced CT provides the highest diagnostic accuracy for necrotizing pancreatitis when performed after the first week of disease. Patients who suffer early organ dysfunctions or at risk of developing a severe disease require early intensive care treatment. Early vigorous intravenous fluid replacement is of foremost importance. The goal is to decrease the hematocrit or restore normal cardiocirculatory functions. Antibiotic prophylaxis has not been shown as an effective preventive treatment. Early enteral feeding is based on a high level of evidence, resulting in a reduction of local and systemic infection. Patients suffering infected necrosis causing clinical sepsis, pancreatic abscess or surgical acute abdomen are candidates for early intervention. Hospital mortality of SAP after interventional or surgical debridement has decreased in high volume centers to below 20%.

Asymptomatic early acute appendicitis initiated and diagnosed during colonoscopy: A case report

Colonoscopic diagnosis of asymptomatic early acute appendicitis is exceedingly rare. Although obstruction of common physiologic mechanism of acute appendicitis, all of the previously documented cases in the literature have only shown a patent appendiceal lumen with pus flowing into the cecum. We present the case of a patient undergoing colonoscopy for colorectal cancer evaluation with no abdominal symptoms. An obstructed, swollen appendix was seen. The process was probably initiated during the colonoscopy, documenting perhaps the earliest stage of acute appendicitis for the first time. Endoscopic, CT and microsCOpic documentation of the case is also presented.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF SERUM CYTOKINES IL-1β, sIL-2R, IL-6, TNF-α,AND IFN-νIN ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME

Objectives To explore serum cytokines levels (including IL-1β, sIL-2R, IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-ν) and their significance in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and the subsequent follow-ups, with attempt to estimate the role of various serum inflammatory markers in the diagnosis and assessment of ACS. Methods The study population include 40 patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), 40 patients with unstable angina pectoris (UAP), and 40 controls. Among the 80 patients, 60 patients attended a follow up 4 months later. Serum inflammatory markers including IL-1β, sIL-2R, IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-νwere measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. ResultsSerum IL-1β, sIL-2R, IL-6, TNF-αwere significantly higher in AMI group or UAP group compared to the con-trol group and became significantly lower 4 months later in the follow-up patients. Serum levels of IFN-νshows no signifi-cant difference between AMI group or UAP group and controls, also showing no significant change when measured in follow up patients. There was no correlation between serum creatine kinase-MB isoenzyme levels and serum inflammatory markers either in UAP or AMI group. Furthermore, when divided into two subgroups using Wagner’s QRS scoring system in the AMI group, there is no difference of each serum inflammatory marker between ≤6 scores group and > 6 scores group. Conclusion Serum levels of certain inflammatory markers may have some diagnostic value for ACS, and can be a us-eful marker reflecting disease stability.

Balthazar computed tomography severity index is superior to Ranson criteria and APACHE Ⅱ scoring system in predicting acute pancreatitis outcome

AIM： Acute pancreatitis （AP） is a process with variable involvement of regional tissues or organ systems. Multifactorial scales included the Ranson, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation （APACHE Ⅱ） systems and Balthazar computed tomography severity index （CTSI）. The purpose of this review study was to assess the accuracy of CTSI, Ranson score, and APACHE II score in course and outcome prediction of AP. METHODS： We reviewed 121 patients who underwent helical CT within 48 h after onset of symptoms of a first episode of AP between 1999 and 2003. Fourteen inappropriate subjects were excluded; we reviewed the 107 contrastenhanced CT images to calculate the CTSI. We also reviewed their Ranson and APACHE Ⅱ score. In addition, complications, duration of hospitalization, mortality rate, and other pathology history also were our comparison parameters. RESULTS： We classified 85 patients （79%） as having mild AP （CTSI 〈5） and 22 patients （21%） as having severe AP （CTSI ≥5）. In mild group, the mean APACHE II score and Ranson score was 8.6±1.9 and 2.4±1.2, and those of severe group was 10.2±2.1 and 3.1±0.8, respectively. The most common complication was pseudocyst and abscess and it presented in 21 （20%） patients and their CTSI was 5.9±1.4. A CTSI ≥5 significantly correlated with death, complication present, and prolonged length of stay. Patients with a CTSI ≥5 were 15 times to die than those CTSI 〈5, and the prolonged length of stay and complications present were 17 times and 8 times than that in CTSI 〈5, respectively. CONCLUSION： CTSI is a useful tool in assessing the severity and outcome of AP and the CTSI ≥5 is an index in our study. Although Ranson score and APACHE II score also are choices to be the predictors for complications, mortality and the length of stay of AP, the sensitivity of them are lower than CTSI.

Comparison of low-molecular-weight-heparin and unfractionated heparin for acute PTE

Objective: Acute pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) is a serious high mortality pulmonary vascular disease whose effective treatment decreases morbidity and mortality. To determine if low-molecular-weight-heparin (LMWH) is clinically as efficient and safe as unfractionated heparin (UH) in patients with diagnosis of acute non-massive PTE, our study compares the efficacy, adverse effects and costs of LMWH and UH. Methods: One hundred and fourteen patients with non-massive acute PTE were randomly divided into LMWH (nadroparin calcium) and UH groups. Oxygenation index, D-dimer, fibrinogen (FG), lung ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) scan and computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) were observed before anticoagula-tion and on day 14 after anticoagulation. Results: In both groups, the ABG (arterial blood gas) analysis showed PaO2 and PaCO2 were elevated, P(A-a)O2 was decreased and oxygenation index (PaO2/FIO2) was elevated, D-dimer and fibrinogen were decreased, lung V/Q and CTPA showed embolized segments reduced (P<0.05). Hemorrhage and thrombocytopenia occurred in 3.5% of the LMWH group. Hemorrhage occurred in 5.3% and thrombocytopenia occurred in 7.0% of the UH group. The average cost in the LMWH group was RMB 1218.60 Yuan and RMB 1541.40 Yuan in the UH group. Conclusion: LMWH and UH are equally effective for treatment of non-massive acute PTE, but LMWH may have a lower prevalence of complications and is less expen-sive.

Ampullary adenomyoma presenting as acute recurrent pancreatitis

Adenomyoma is a term generally applied to nodular lesions showing proliferation of both epithelial and smooth muscle components. Despite its benign nature,ampullary adenomyoma is usually presented as biliary obstruction. Most cases are misdiagnosed as carcinoma or adenoma by preoperative endoscopic or radiologic procedure. Therefore,it is frequently treated with extensive surgery. To our knowledge,this is the first reported case in English literature of adenomyoma located in the peripancreatic orifice resulting in intermittent pancreatic duct obstruction and recurrent pancreatitis diagnosed by the endoscopic piecemeal resection.

Pancreatic encephalopathy and Wernicke encephalopathy in association with acute pancreatitis: A clinical study

AIM： To investigate clinical characteristics and therapy of pancreatic encephalopathy （PE） and Wernicke encephalopathy （WE）. METHODS： In a retrospective study of 596 patients with acute pancreatitis （AP）, patients with PE were compared to those with WE in regards to history, clinical manifestation, diagnosis, treatment and outcome. RESULTS： There were 93 patients with severe acute pancreatitis （SAP）. Encephalopathies were discovered in 10 patients （1.7%）. Six patients with PE all developed in SAP （6.5%）, and three of them died （3% of SAP, 50% of PE）. Four patients with WE developed in AP （0.7%）, and two of them died （0.3% of AP, 50% of WE）. Two patients with WE were treated with parenteral thiamine and survived. Global confusions were seen in all patients with encephalopathy. Ocular abnormalities were found. Conjugate gaze palsies were seen in 1 of 6 （16.7%） patients with PE. Of 4 patients with WE, one （25%） had conjugate gaze palsies, two （50%） had horizontal nystagmus, three （75%） had diplopia, and one （25%） had myosis. Ataxia was not seen in all patients. None of patients with WE presented with the classic clinical triad. CSF examinations for 2 patients with WE showed lightlyincreased proteins and glucose. CT and MRI of the brain had no evidence of characteristic abnormalities. CONCLUSION： PE occurs in early or reiteration stage of SAP, and WE in restoration stage of SAP/AP. Ocular abnormalities are the hallmarks of WE, and horizontal nystagmus is common. It is difficult to diagnose earlier an encephalopathy as PE or WE, as well as differentiate one from the other. Long fasting, hyperemesis and total enteral nutrition （TPN） without thiamine are main causes of thiamine deficiency in the course of pancreatitis.