聚丙烯酸十八酯降凝剂对合成蜡油结蜡特性影响的研究

采用自主研发的Couette结蜡装置研究了聚丙烯酸十八酯(POA)降凝剂对合成蜡油体系结蜡特性的影响。通过对结蜡层表面样(远离结蜡筒)和底部样(靠近结蜡筒)的宏观观察、DSC放热、气相色谱及蜡晶微观结构的分析发现:POA的加入降低了蜡油体系的结蜡速率,加快了蜡油体系的老化速率,且在一定浓度范围内(50~200μg·g^(-1))导致了径向不均质蜡沉积结构的形成,从结蜡层表面到底部含蜡量逐渐升高,但在较高加剂浓度(400μg·g^(-1))时径向不均质蜡沉积结构消失;POA的加入使得结蜡层表面样和底部样的临界碳数(CCN)都由C_(24)升高到C_(25),但结蜡层底部样与表面样相比低碳数正构烷烃(≤C_(25))有所减少,高碳数正构烷烃(≥C_(26))有所增加;随着油样中POA浓度的增大,结蜡层表面样与底部样的蜡晶形貌由针状蜡晶逐渐转变为片状蜡晶,且蜡晶尺寸逐渐变大,结构更为致密。

Experimental and Simulating Study of Supercritical CO_2 Extraction of Ginger Essential Oil

An experimental setup for separating ginger essential oil by supercritical fluid extraction is established. The effects of the extraction pressure, temperature, CO2 flow rate and particle size of raw material on the extraction rate are investigated, and the optimum process conditions of supercritical CO2 extraction are determined. A mathematical simulation model is established based on the mass conservation in differential units of extraction bed. The total mass transfer driving force and the equilibrium absorption constant are evaluated by the linear driving force theory. The results from numerical simulation agree well with the experimental data.

Critical Value of CO of Forecasting Coal Spontaneous Combustion

CO has been used widely in the production process of colliery as an index gas to predict spontaneous combustion of coal. But in some collieries there are CO gas in the upper corner of the face all the times, sometime CO gas even exceeds the regulated critical index. This phenomenon is much more obvious in the fully-mechanized longwall face and fully-mechanized longwall and top-coal caving face. Although many measures of fire-proof and fire-extinguishing have been adopted, the flowing amount of CO gas can be only decreasd, but can not be eliminated completely. Using the different kinds of coal, the experiment of coal oxidation was made at the low temperature. The experiment indicates that some kinds of coal can produce CO under the condition of normal temperature oxidation, sometime the CO consistency is very high, and the intension of CO can be decreased with oxidation time prolonging. Selecting rational critical value of CO is the kev to predicting spontaneous combustion of coal correctly and reliably. The problem of selecting retional critical value of CO was studied. Finally, the amount of CO gas released by different kinds of coal was obtained under normal temperature condition.

Dynamic Supercritical Fluid Devolatilization of Polymers

A number of studies have been reported on the applications of supercritical fluids to polymeric processes. The presence of volatiles can affect the end-use properties of polymer materials. Therefore, these volatiles must be reduced to a level below the maximum permissible limit. Conventional heat-relevant techniques for polymer devolatilization sometimes have limited effectiveness. Devolatilization with supercritical fluids, however, can enhance removal of volatiles from polymers. A model for diffusion-limited extraction is used to characterize dynamic supercritical fluid devolatilization of spherical polymer particles. The rate of supercritical fluid devolailization for styrene/polystyrene system is measured at 343 K and 18 MPa and at CO2 flow rate of 1.93, 3.27 and 5.62 L·min^-1, respectively. The model analysis, which is consistent with experimental results, indicates that the supercritical fluid devolatilization is not solubility-limited but diffusion-limited when CO2 flow rate is above 4.00 L·min^-1.

Solubility of Piperine in Supercritical and Near Critical Carbon Dioxide

Piperine is a member of the lipids family commonly found in peppercorn, ginger and other natural sources and is grouped as an alkaloid. The solubility of piperine has been determined in carbon dioxide at near critical and supercritical conditions in a dynamic extraction apparatus. The conditions studied were at pressures ranging from 10 to 20 MPa and temperatures at 293, 300, 313, 323 and 333 K. The results showed that piperine solubility increased with increasing pressure at all temperatures studied. The solubility of plperme in near critical conditions was slightly higher than that at supercritical conditions only at the low-pressure range. Two semi-empirical density dependent correlations, namely the Chrastil model and the Dilute Solution model, were also used to estimate the solubility data. Although both models showed good correlation with the solubility data, the Dilute Solution model performed better prediction than the Chrastil model.

Phase Equilibrium of Isobutanol in Supercritical CO2

Vapor-liquid phase equilibrium data including composition,densities,molar volume and equilibrium constant of isobutanol in supercritical carbon dioxide from 313.2K to 353.2K were measured in a variable-volume visual cell.The properties of critical point were obtained by extrapolation.The results showed that critical temperature,critical pressure and critical compressibility factor of CO2-isobutanol system decreased with the increase of critical CO2 content.The phase equilibrium model was established by Peng-Robinson equation of state and van der Waals-2 mixing regulation,and model parameters were determined by optimization calculation of nonlinear least square method.The correlation between calculated values and the experimental data showed good agreement.

管输含蜡原油沉积物的性质

随着石油开发逐渐向深海发展,海底管道蜡沉积已成为石油工业面临的一个严峻的流动安全保障问题。采用室内环道装置进行了2组不同温度、不同流速条件下不同沉积时间的蜡沉积试验,分析了含蜡原油沉积物密度、含蜡量、碳数分布、屈服强度等性质的变化情况。结果表明:1沉积物质量随时间延长而增加,且在开始阶段增加较快,而后变缓,沉积厚度是油壁温度与油流冲刷共同作用的结果;2沉积物密度、含蜡量、屈服应力随时间延长而增大,且随着时间延长,沉积物中大于临界碳数的蜡分子含量增加,而小于临界碳数的蜡分子含量减小;3油温越高,更多大碳数的蜡分子可以扩散到壁面并沉积下来,峰值蜡分子向大碳数方向移动。