柔性制造系统的外围技术——“自动监视”技术的发展概况

本文叙述了自动监视技术在柔性制造系统中的应用状况及其发展过程,并综合介绍了在柔性制造系统内实行自动监视的各个领域和各种监视检测方法,并对监视及其控制系统的构成和检测技术的各种分类也作了较详细的介绍。图9幅,

明宫裹的侏儒

清饶智元《明宫杂咏》有一首道: 小人嬉笑在深宫,形体么麽顾吩雄。每问左廊邀圣眷,承恩不忍化沙虫。注引《甲申小纪》云:“小人屋在御厕之左廊。人二,夫妇也。长尺许,屋倍之。凡几榻枕席,动用之物,毕具其中,外则绕以栏杆。其声啁哳,亦时作嬉笑怒骂之状。一日,上御厕,出临视焉。二人若甚惊恐,上大笑。”

故宫藏康熙皇帝肖像画(二)

南巡盛典 巡幸是皇帝重要的政务活动。康熙帝较之历代帝王,出巡次数多,范围广,曾离京到各地观民问俗,视察军吏,三巡东北、六下江南,数十次出塞。如此大规模的巡视天下,对他实施治国安邦的策略起到了积极的推进作用。康熙帝分别在康熙二十三年(1684年)、二十八年、三十八年、四十二年、四十四年、四十六年的6次南巡,最重要的目的是临视河工、处理河务,另一个目的是为缓和江南地区的民族矛盾。

十八个综合改革试点县(市)概况(四)——新乡县

新乡县地处华北平原南端,环绕新乡市区,距省会郑州60公里。京广、新荷、新太铁路和107国道贯穿全境。全县辖7乡3镇,228个行政村,总面积524平方公里,总人口40万人。有刘庄、京华等一批先进典型,在国内外知名度较高。党和国家主要领导人毛泽东、江泽民、李鹏、胡耀邦、李先念、胡锦涛等先后亲临视察,并题词勉励。 新乡县农业资源丰富,粮棉连年稳产高产,林果业、畜牧业发展迅速。目前已初步走上了农林牧副渔全面发展的高产高效之路。

Management of functional dyspepsia: Unsolved problems and new perspectives

The common characteristic criteria of all functional gastrointestinal(GI)disorders are the persistence and recurrence of variable gastrointestinal symptoms that cannot be explained by any structural or biochemical abnormalities. Functional dyspepsia (FD) represents one of the important GI disorders in Western countries because of its remarkably high prevalence in general population and its impact on quality of life. Due to its dependence on both subjective determinants and diverse country-specific circumstances, the definition and management strategies of FD are still variably stated.Clinical trials with several drug classes (e.g., proton pump inhibitors, H2-blockers, prokinetic drugs) have been performed frequently without validated diseasespecific test instruments for the outcome measurements.Therefore, the interpretation of such trials remains difficult and controversial with respect to comparability and evaluation of drug efficacy, and definite conclusions can be drawn neither for diagnostic management nor for efficacious drug therapy so far. In view of these unsolved problems, guidelines both on the clinical management of FD and on the performance of clinical trials are needed. In recent years, increasing research work has been done in this area. Clinical trials conducted in adequately diagnosed patients that provided validated outcome measurements may result in better insights leading to more effective treatment strategies.Encouraging perspectives have been recently performed by methodologically well-designed treatment studies with herbal drug preparations. Herbal drugs, given their proven efficacy in clinical trials, offer a safe therapeutic alternative in the treatment of FD which is often favored by both patients and physicians. A fixed combination of peppermint oil and caraway oil in patients suffering from FD could be proven effective by well-designed clinical trials.

Cervical inlet patch-optical coherence tomography imaging and clinical significance

AIM:To demonstrate the feasibility of optical coherence tomography(OCT)imaging in differentiating cervical inlet patch(CIP)from normal esophagus,Barrett'sesophagus(BE),normal stomach and duodenum. METHODS:This study was conducted at the Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System(VABHS).Patients undergoing standard esophagogastroduodenoscopy at VABHS,including one patient with CIP,one representative patient with BE and three representative normal subjects were included.White light video endoscopy was performed and endoscopic 3D-OCT images were obtained in each patient using a prototype OCT system.The OCT imaging probe passes through the working channel of the endoscope to enable simultaneous video endoscopy and 3D-OCT examination of the human gastrointestinal(GI)tract.Standard hematoxylin and eosin(H and E)histology was performed on biopsy or endoscopic mucosal resection specimens in order to compare and validate the 3D-OCT data. RESULTS:CIP was observed from a 68-year old male with gastroesophageal reflux disease.The CIP region appeared as a pink circular lesion in the upper esophagus under white light endoscopy.OCT imaging over the CIP region showed columnar epithelium structure,which clearly contrasted the squamous epithelium structure from adjacent normal esophagus.3D-OCT images obtained from other representative patients demonstrated distinctive patterns of the normal esophagus,BE,normal stomach,and normal duodenum bulb.Microstructures,such as squamous epithelium,lamina propria, muscularis mucosa,muscularis propria,esophageal glands,Barrett's glands,gastric mucosa,gastric glands, and intestinal mucosal villi were clearly observed with OCT and matched with H and E histology.These results demonstrated the feasibility of using OCT to evaluate GI tissue morphology in situ and in real-time. CONCLUSION:We demonstrate in situ evaluation of CIP microstructures using 3D-OCT,which may be a useful tool for future diagnosis and follow-up of patients with CIP.

Recent advances in cellular and molecular aspects of mammalian retinal ischemia

Retinal ischemia is a common clinical entity and, due to relatively ineffective treatment, remains a common cause of visual impairment and blindness. Generally, ischemic syndromes are initially characterized by low homeostatic responses which, with time, induce injury to the tissue due to cell loss by apoptosis. In this re-spect, retinal ischemia is a primary cause of neuronal death. It can be considered as a sort of fnal common pathway in retinal diseases and results in irreversible morphological and functional changes. This review summarizes the recent knowledge on the effects of ischemia in retinal tissue and points out experimental strategies/models performed to gain better compre-hension of retinal ischemia diseases. In particular, the nature of the mechanisms leading to neuronal damage （i.e., excess of glutamate release, oxidative stress and infammation） will be outlined as well as the potential and most intriguing retinoprotective approaches and the possible therapeutic use of naturally occurring molecules such as neuropeptides. There is a general agreement that a better understanding of the funda-mental pathophysiology of retinal ischemia will lead tobetter management and improved clinical outcome. In this respect, to contrast this pathological state, spe-cifc pharmacological strategies need to be developed aimed at the many putative cascades generated during ischemia.

Clinico-pathological aspects of colorectal serrated adenomas

AIM： To study the association of colorectal serrated adenomas （SAs） with invasive carcinoma, local recurrence, synchronicity and metachronicity of lesions. METHODS： A total of 4536 polyps from 1096 patients over an eight-year period （1987-1995） were retrospectively examined. Adenomas showing at least 50% of serrated architecture were called SAs by three reviewing pathologists. RESULTS： Ninety-one （2%） of all polyps were called SAs, which were found in 46 patients. Invasive carcinomas were seen in 3 out of 46 （6.4%） patients, of whom one was a case of familial adenomatous polyposis （FAP）. A male preponderance was noted and features of a mild degree of dysplasia were seen in majority （n=75, 83%） of serrated adenomas. Follow-up ranged 1-12 years with a mean time of 5.75 years. Recurrences of SAs were seen in 3 （6.4%） cases, synchronous SAs in 16 （34.8%） cases and metachronous SAs in 9 （19.6%） cases. CONCLUSION： Invasive carcinoma arising in serrated adenoma is rare, accounting for 2 （4.3%） cases studied in this series.

Clinical Features and Treatment of Bronchogenic Cyst in Adults

Objective To investigate the clinical features and management of bronchogenic cyst in the adults. Methods We retrospectively reviewed 50 patients admitted to our hospital with histopathologically proved bronchogenic cyst from January 1983 to December 2007. Of all the patients, 28 were male and 22 were female, with an average age of 36.9 (range, 18 to 64) years. The symptoms, location of the cysts, imaging evaluation, surgical treatment manner, and outcome of these patients were analyzed. Results Symptoms were present in 33 of the 50 patients, and cough was the most common symptom. Thirteen patients presented with complications: hemoptysis, infected cyst, dysphagia, paralysis, and hoarseness. The locations of the cysts included the mediastinum (28 cases), pulmonary parenchyma (12 cases), hilar area (3 cases), visceral pleura (1 case), and some rare locations including the intestinal mesentery (1 case), retroperitoneum (1 case), adrenal gland (1 case), neck (2 cases), and dura matter of the cervical verte-brae (1 case). Chest X-ray was performed in 36 patients and computed tomography (CT) was performed in 41 patients. The bronchogenic cyst in CT was characterized as a round, well circumscribed, unilocular mass, with density ranging from that of water to high density (0-50 Hu). As for treatment, complete resection of the bronchogenic cyst was performed in 47 (94%) patients, subtotal resection was performed in 3 (6%) patients. Open surgery was performed in 45 (90%) patients, and thoracoscopy (video-assisted thoracic surgery) was performed in 5 (10%) paitients. Of the 12 patients with intrapulmonary cyst, 11 patients underwent lobectomy and 1 patient underwent wedge resection. Postoperative sequelae occurred in 2 patients, 1 with persistent air leakage and 1 with hoarseness. All patients were proved with bronchogenic cyst pathologically. The average follow-up period was 6.5 years (range, 4 months to 10 years), and no late sequelae or recurrence of the cyst occurred. Conclusions The clinical and imaging presentations of bronchogenic cyst in adults are variable. Surgical resection is the best way for diagnosis and treatment. Both open surgery and thoracoscopy are appropriate for the selected candidates.

Endoscopic Classification of Esophagic Eosinophilia

Introduction： EoE （eosinophilic esophagitis） is an inflammatory condition characterized by a dense eosinophilic infiltrate in the esophageal epithelium. In Brazil, it remains a poorly diagnosed disease due to the lack of interaction between the clinician, the endoscopist, and the pathologist. The diagnosis is performed by histological study of esophageal biopsies, with at least fifteen eosinophils per high-power field （EOS/HPF）. Some doubts remain with respect to patients with a clinical picture and symptoms compatible with the disease （EoE）, but who have a lower number of eosinophils than established. The main objective of this study was to create an endoscopic classification for EsEo （esophageal eosinophilia）, which pointed the way to the endoscopist towards the diagnosis. Methods： This study was a prospective, two-year study, at a gastrointestinal endoscopy center where all patients with endoscopic symptoms and/or endoscopic findings suggestive of EsEo were biopsied for histological examination of EOS/HPF. After the study and compilation of the results, a retrospective study was performed, based on a review of electronic medical records, where the same diagnosis was searched, although at a period when this classification was not adopted. Results： A total of 4,251 endoscopies were performed between September 2011 and September 2013. Two biopsies were performed, aimed at lesions, in 133 patients with clinical picture or imaging suggestive of EsEo. Eosinophils were found in 55 patients, corresponding to an incidence of 1.29% of the total population studied and 41.35% of the suspected cases of the disease. EoE was diagnosed in 24 patients during the period of this study. In the two-year retrospective study, only two cases of EoE were found. Conclusions： The results of this study demonstrate that the endoscopic standardization of esophageal lesions, suggestive of eosinophilia, in this case by classification, alerts the endoscopist for the diagnosis of EoE, prompting him to perform targeted biopsies. Further, it was observed that two samples of esophageal tissue were sufficient for the diagnosis. The relationship between the clinical picture, endoscopy, and histology was not evident in this study.

Phytochemicals in ocular health: Therapeutic potential and delivery challenges

Diabetic retinopathy(DR) and age-related macular degeneration(AMD) are the leading causes of blindness in adults. The impact of these conditions on the quality of life is increasing in significance with a rise in life expectancy. The role of hyperglycemia, oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in the development and/or progression of DR and AMD, and several other sight threatening ocular diseases, is well established. In proliferative retinopathy, signals sent by the retina for nourishment, triggers the growth of fragile and abnormal blood vessels. Changes in ocular pressure may lead to rupture of these blood vessels causing severe vision problems. Recent in vitro and preclinical studies demonstrate that certain phytochemicals possessing potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity and ocular blood flow enhancing properties may be very useful in the treatment of, or as a prophylactic measure for, DR and AMD. Apart from these properties they have also been investigated for their anti-bacterial, hormonal, enzyme stimulation, and anti-angiogenic activities. The attractive aspect of these potential therapeutic candidates is that they can act on multiplepathways identified in the etiology of DR, AMD, cataract and other ocular diseases. However, results from clinical trials have been somewhat ambiguous, raising questions about the concentrations of these bioflavonoids achieved in the neural retina following oral administration. Unfortunately, as of date, an efficient noninvasive means to deliver therapeutic agents/candidates to the back-of-the eye is still not available. This review examines some of these promising natural agents and discusses the challenges encountered in delivering them to the posterior segment ocular tissues through the oral route.

看世界

北美太平洋里,生活着一种名叫“艾马拉霍”的鱼。这种鱼身长30公分左右,体内含有大量脂肪。当地居民把灯心线穿过晒干的“艾马拉霍”鱼,点燃露在外面的灯芯,当作蜡烛照明用。

Post-marketing safety surveillance and reevaluation of Motherwort injection：A clinical study of 10094 cases

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the safety profiles of Motherwort injection(MI).METHODS:A multi-center,prospective and drugderived hospital intensive monitoring method was conducted to assess the safety of MI in real world applications.This study was based on a very large population after the injection was approved and marketed in China.All patients using the injection in participating hospitals were monitored to determine the incidence,pattern,severity and outcome of associated adverse events.RESULTS:The post-marketing surveillance was performed in 10 094 female patients from April to December,2015.The incidence of adverse drug reactions(ADRs) was 0.79‰(8/10 094).Among the 8 patients,the reported adverse events mainly included systemic abnormalities,such as fever,chills and eyelid edema;skin and appendages disorders,such as pruritus and rash;gastrointestinal disorders,such as nausea,abdominal distension and pain;heart rate and rhythm disorders,such as palpitation and increased heart rate.All of these ADRs were mild in severity.CONCLUSION:In this study the ADRs incidence rate of MI is very low,which supports that it is generally safe for use in obstetric and gynecological diseases.However,the total number of 8 ADRs recorded over a relatively short time span seems limited,and the low number of reports could not represent an absolute guarantee of safety.

Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery for penetrating thoracic trauma

Purpose： For penetrating thoracic trauma, there is no consensus on whether operative exploration or conservative treatment is better. In this study, we compared the clinical effect of video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery （VATS） and thoracotomy on the patients with penetrating thoracic trauma. Methods： From January 2000 to December 2010, 123 patients with penetrating thoracic trauma were treated in Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University. Based on the inclusion criteria, 80 patients were enrolled and randomly assigned into VATS and thoracotomy group. Results： The operation time, amount of bleeding and drainage in VATS group were all lower than traditional operation （p 〈 0.05）. Conclusion： The results indicate that VATS has the merits of shorter operation time, non-blind area, exact surgical path and less bleeding comparing with traditional operation.