[目的]了解女女性行为人群(women who have sex with women,简称WSW)性行为特征和艾滋病(AIDS)、性传播疾病知识水平,为今后对该人群健康教育和行为干预提供理论依据。[方法]2013年1～4月,对聊城"女爱同家园"部分WSW人群进行...[目的]了解女女性行为人群(women who have sex with women,简称WSW)性行为特征和艾滋病(AIDS)、性传播疾病知识水平,为今后对该人群健康教育和行为干预提供理论依据。[方法]2013年1～4月,对聊城"女爱同家园"部分WSW人群进行定性访谈。[结果]合计调查WSW 38人,平均年龄24.72岁,单一同性恋10人,同性恋占主导17人,双性恋8人,不确定3人;与女朋友(女性配偶)同居8人、不定期同居12人、与异性同居2人、单身16人;33人了解血液传播、性传播、母婴传播3种传播途径;24人认为安全套可能预防艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染;获取AIDS知识的主要途径包括网络宣传(35人)、电视宣传(31人)、圈内同伴宣传(25人)、免费的宣传资料(22人)、咨询服务(20人);发生首次同性性行为的年龄为17.12岁,首次性伴为男性者6人,同性者26人;平均同性性伴数3个。29人发生性行为时能采用自认为安全卫生的防护措施。访谈24人,5人在最近1年出现过性病相关症状,其中2人选择到性病专科门诊和综合性医院就诊,其中2人选择私人医疗机构进行就诊,1人到药店买药自己治疗;3人曾患过细菌性阴道炎。[结论]WSW中存在多性伴现象,缺乏健康知识和防护意识,存在感染AIDS性病的危险因素。展开更多
女女性行为人群（Women who have sex with women,WSW）常见的性行为方式有多种形式,有手指-阴蒂接触、手指-阴道接触、口-阴蒂接触、口-阴道接触、口阴蒂-口阴蒂接触（69交）、阴蒂-阴蒂接触（磨镜交）、性器具-阴蒂接触、性器具-阴道...女女性行为人群（Women who have sex with women,WSW）常见的性行为方式有多种形式,有手指-阴蒂接触、手指-阴道接触、口-阴蒂接触、口-阴道接触、口阴蒂-口阴蒂接触（69交）、阴蒂-阴蒂接触（磨镜交）、性器具-阴蒂接触、性器具-阴道接触等。目前,对WSW性行为卫生防护、生殖健康状况国内外报道较少。展开更多
Katherine Mansfield （1888-1923）, a New Zealand＇s celebrated short story writer, was famous for her exquisite portrayals of women and she made great contribution to the British short story as well. Greatly influence...Katherine Mansfield （1888-1923）, a New Zealand＇s celebrated short story writer, was famous for her exquisite portrayals of women and she made great contribution to the British short story as well. Greatly influenced by Anton Chekhov, her writing fmnly fixed on the small details of human behavior. She created her best works in the early 1920s, and her book, The Garden Party, arrived at the peak of great achievement. Set in England, her short story, Mr. and Mrs. Dove, described a story about the man＇s last day in England and a series of things that happened to his visit to his beloved woman＇s home which presented the relationships between his mom and him, and his beloved woman and him. This paper mainly explores the feminist thoughts of the female characters. The paper concludes that the awakening awareness of women in this story was obviously from the perspectives of striking against the patriarchal system and Mansfield was actually a feminist pioneer who promoted the development of feminism in the whole world.展开更多
Gender mainstreaming is a strategy for achieving gender equality that emerged in the United Nations in the 1970s and consists of integrating gender equality issues into all public policies. In the 1990s, the same stra...Gender mainstreaming is a strategy for achieving gender equality that emerged in the United Nations in the 1970s and consists of integrating gender equality issues into all public policies. In the 1990s, the same strategy began to be applied to human rights to draw attention to the fact that the enjoyment of human rights is different for men and women, and that some human rights violations specifically affect women. This is a reflection and a result of the patriarchal organization of society and men＇s position of dominance over women. The European and Inter-American Courts of Human Rights have begun to incorporate gender mainstreaming or a gender perspective in some judgments, especially in cases of violence against women.展开更多
Available cross-country, macro-level evidence regarding gender differences in environmental behaviors shows women are more environmentally concerned and responsive than men.However, while such macro-level evidence hel...Available cross-country, macro-level evidence regarding gender differences in environmental behaviors shows women are more environmentally concerned and responsive than men.However, while such macro-level evidence helps understand patterns of women's environmental behaviors at a much broader level, it does not allow deeper insights into particular patterns at a single location or in much smaller areas. Tailor-made interventions needed to address livelihood and environmental strategies of poor rural women become meaningful if studies aim at revealing context specific, local variations in women's environmental behaviors. In this context, there is only little research for Ethiopia regarding what influences women's response to environmental problems. The objective of this research was to describe women's response to environmental problems in Pawe Woreda and examine the demographic, socioeconomic, and institutional correlates of this response, with particular emphasis to forest resources. Data were primarily obtained from a sample of 363 households in a multi-stage sample survey and were analyzed mainly using a multivariate logistic regression model. We found that all except one of the demographic and socioeconomic variables included in the model were found to be statistically significant correlates of woman's environmental response, but the institutional variable was not significantly associated with a woman's environmental response. However, the qualitative result for additional institutional issues revealed the importance of land tenure. Many of the results are in line with the existing literature.展开更多
After being kept in captivity and isolated from natural predators for more than 1,200 years, P6re David＇s deer has been reintroduced in China and now occurs in a reserve where human activity is the only potential thr...After being kept in captivity and isolated from natural predators for more than 1,200 years, P6re David＇s deer has been reintroduced in China and now occurs in a reserve where human activity is the only potential threat. Antipredator vigilance i~ an important component of survival for many prey animals in their natural habitat. Do deer still adjust vigilance as a function of risk after such a long period of relaxed predation pressure？ Here, we examined vigilance levels in P6re David＇s deer groups as a function of group size, sex and level of human disturbance. The results showed that individual vigilance significantly decreased with group size in all-female groups but not in all-males or mixed-sex groups. In rutting season, males compete with one another and harass females, and we argue that vigilance is partly aimed at threatening males and that such vigilance increases with group size. This explains why overall vigilance did not vary with group size for males in general and for females in mixed-sex groups. Vigilance increased in more disturbed areas but in in male deer only. The results indicate that despite relaxed predation pressure over centuries, P6re David＇s deer can still adjust antipredator responses as a function of perceived risk. Such information may become useful in the rewilding programme now under way for this species in China [Current Zoology 59 （2）： 265-270, 2013].展开更多
文摘[目的]了解女女性行为人群(women who have sex with women,简称WSW)性行为特征和艾滋病(AIDS)、性传播疾病知识水平,为今后对该人群健康教育和行为干预提供理论依据。[方法]2013年1～4月,对聊城"女爱同家园"部分WSW人群进行定性访谈。[结果]合计调查WSW 38人,平均年龄24.72岁,单一同性恋10人,同性恋占主导17人,双性恋8人,不确定3人;与女朋友(女性配偶)同居8人、不定期同居12人、与异性同居2人、单身16人;33人了解血液传播、性传播、母婴传播3种传播途径;24人认为安全套可能预防艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染;获取AIDS知识的主要途径包括网络宣传(35人)、电视宣传(31人)、圈内同伴宣传(25人)、免费的宣传资料(22人)、咨询服务(20人);发生首次同性性行为的年龄为17.12岁,首次性伴为男性者6人,同性者26人;平均同性性伴数3个。29人发生性行为时能采用自认为安全卫生的防护措施。访谈24人,5人在最近1年出现过性病相关症状,其中2人选择到性病专科门诊和综合性医院就诊,其中2人选择私人医疗机构进行就诊,1人到药店买药自己治疗;3人曾患过细菌性阴道炎。[结论]WSW中存在多性伴现象,缺乏健康知识和防护意识,存在感染AIDS性病的危险因素。
文摘女女性行为人群（Women who have sex with women,WSW）常见的性行为方式有多种形式,有手指-阴蒂接触、手指-阴道接触、口-阴蒂接触、口-阴道接触、口阴蒂-口阴蒂接触（69交）、阴蒂-阴蒂接触（磨镜交）、性器具-阴蒂接触、性器具-阴道接触等。目前,对WSW性行为卫生防护、生殖健康状况国内外报道较少。
文摘Katherine Mansfield （1888-1923）, a New Zealand＇s celebrated short story writer, was famous for her exquisite portrayals of women and she made great contribution to the British short story as well. Greatly influenced by Anton Chekhov, her writing fmnly fixed on the small details of human behavior. She created her best works in the early 1920s, and her book, The Garden Party, arrived at the peak of great achievement. Set in England, her short story, Mr. and Mrs. Dove, described a story about the man＇s last day in England and a series of things that happened to his visit to his beloved woman＇s home which presented the relationships between his mom and him, and his beloved woman and him. This paper mainly explores the feminist thoughts of the female characters. The paper concludes that the awakening awareness of women in this story was obviously from the perspectives of striking against the patriarchal system and Mansfield was actually a feminist pioneer who promoted the development of feminism in the whole world.
文摘Gender mainstreaming is a strategy for achieving gender equality that emerged in the United Nations in the 1970s and consists of integrating gender equality issues into all public policies. In the 1990s, the same strategy began to be applied to human rights to draw attention to the fact that the enjoyment of human rights is different for men and women, and that some human rights violations specifically affect women. This is a reflection and a result of the patriarchal organization of society and men＇s position of dominance over women. The European and Inter-American Courts of Human Rights have begun to incorporate gender mainstreaming or a gender perspective in some judgments, especially in cases of violence against women.
文摘Available cross-country, macro-level evidence regarding gender differences in environmental behaviors shows women are more environmentally concerned and responsive than men.However, while such macro-level evidence helps understand patterns of women's environmental behaviors at a much broader level, it does not allow deeper insights into particular patterns at a single location or in much smaller areas. Tailor-made interventions needed to address livelihood and environmental strategies of poor rural women become meaningful if studies aim at revealing context specific, local variations in women's environmental behaviors. In this context, there is only little research for Ethiopia regarding what influences women's response to environmental problems. The objective of this research was to describe women's response to environmental problems in Pawe Woreda and examine the demographic, socioeconomic, and institutional correlates of this response, with particular emphasis to forest resources. Data were primarily obtained from a sample of 363 households in a multi-stage sample survey and were analyzed mainly using a multivariate logistic regression model. We found that all except one of the demographic and socioeconomic variables included in the model were found to be statistically significant correlates of woman's environmental response, but the institutional variable was not significantly associated with a woman's environmental response. However, the qualitative result for additional institutional issues revealed the importance of land tenure. Many of the results are in line with the existing literature.
基金Acknowledgements Financial support for this work was provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （No. 31000174 ＆ No. Jl103512）. We thank Prof. Ding Yuhua and other staff members at Dafeng Milu National Natural Reserve for supporting our field research in the reserve. We also thank Xianlong Li, Rongrong Wang, Jia He, Dameng Li, Ruonan Jia, Yilei Hua, and Long Wang for help with the field work, and Chen Ge and Cheng Huang for useful discussions.
文摘After being kept in captivity and isolated from natural predators for more than 1,200 years, P6re David＇s deer has been reintroduced in China and now occurs in a reserve where human activity is the only potential threat. Antipredator vigilance i~ an important component of survival for many prey animals in their natural habitat. Do deer still adjust vigilance as a function of risk after such a long period of relaxed predation pressure？ Here, we examined vigilance levels in P6re David＇s deer groups as a function of group size, sex and level of human disturbance. The results showed that individual vigilance significantly decreased with group size in all-female groups but not in all-males or mixed-sex groups. In rutting season, males compete with one another and harass females, and we argue that vigilance is partly aimed at threatening males and that such vigilance increases with group size. This explains why overall vigilance did not vary with group size for males in general and for females in mixed-sex groups. Vigilance increased in more disturbed areas but in in male deer only. The results indicate that despite relaxed predation pressure over centuries, P6re David＇s deer can still adjust antipredator responses as a function of perceived risk. Such information may become useful in the rewilding programme now under way for this species in China [Current Zoology 59 （2）： 265-270, 2013].
