This paper analyzes compositional strategies of Russian avant-garde architecture from the 1920s and 1930s through the study of the work of Ivan Leonidov （1902-1959）, one of the leading and most prolific architects o...This paper analyzes compositional strategies of Russian avant-garde architecture from the 1920s and 1930s through the study of the work of Ivan Leonidov （1902-1959）, one of the leading and most prolific architects of this movement. In this study, Leonidov＇s work is located within its predominant architectural context, and his work is interpreted not only as a reaction against the domineering principles of classicism, but as an evolution and selective continuation of key concepts directly translated from architectural academism. The issues of the use of pure forms--a radical stance at odds with the commonly accepted morphologies of that era--associated with the principles of displaced symmetry, or disorder, are closely looked at and evaluated against both their architectural and political values within the context of post-revolutionary Russia. It is argued that the characteristic of weightlessness in his large-scale planning proposals is revelatory of a particular desire to invade space with political presence, thus demanding to reconsider the relation between space and architectural objects. Parallels are also drawn from French Revolutionary architecture, and from the work of Claude-Nicolas Ledoux in particular, whose search for purity and autonomy in architectural morphology preceded that of Soviet architecture. As Leonidov＇s legacy mainly consists of drawings of buildings that never got built, his influence can often be felt in the work of other architects which until today have drawn formal elements and compositional strategies from his relatively vast volume of un-built work.展开更多
The first step to defining the rights,responsibilities and interests of stakeholders and constructing a compensation mechanism is to identify the stakeholders and clarify their mutual relationships.Nature reserves are...The first step to defining the rights,responsibilities and interests of stakeholders and constructing a compensation mechanism is to identify the stakeholders and clarify their mutual relationships.Nature reserves are complex ecosystems involving nature,the economy and society.There exists a conflict between the public welfare benefits of ecological conservation and the private gains to be realized from social and economic development.There also exist in a nature reserve complex relationships among stakeholders,involving the utilization of ecological resources,ecological conservation and ecological-economic interests.The introduction of tourism brings substantial changes to the existing stakeholder benefit structure in a nature reserve.The implementation of tourism ecological compensation（tourism payment for ecological service）is a process for redefining the distribution of rights,responsibilities and profits among stakeholders and it is also an essential way to balance the interests of the stakeholders.This paper uses a case study of Sanya Coral Reef National Nature Reserve in China to examine the characteristics of stakeholders and analyze their interests.According to the method for defining basic attributes proposed by Mitchel and other scholars,in cases of tourism ecological compensation,stakeholders can be classified as definitive stakeholders,expectant stakeholders and latent stakeholders.This paper applies these classifications and then analyzes the relationships between the rights and responsibilities of these stakeholders and how these change after the implementation of compensation.Additionally,based on the impact compensation has on different stakeholders,changes in the relationships can be analyzed and the structure of the stakeholders can be modelled.This case study of the Sanya Coral Reef National Nature Reserve illustrates the operationalization of a new mechanism for tourism ecological compensation.The paper illustrates a method for coordinating the relationships among the stakeholders involved with this national-level nature reserve.展开更多
文摘This paper analyzes compositional strategies of Russian avant-garde architecture from the 1920s and 1930s through the study of the work of Ivan Leonidov （1902-1959）, one of the leading and most prolific architects of this movement. In this study, Leonidov＇s work is located within its predominant architectural context, and his work is interpreted not only as a reaction against the domineering principles of classicism, but as an evolution and selective continuation of key concepts directly translated from architectural academism. The issues of the use of pure forms--a radical stance at odds with the commonly accepted morphologies of that era--associated with the principles of displaced symmetry, or disorder, are closely looked at and evaluated against both their architectural and political values within the context of post-revolutionary Russia. It is argued that the characteristic of weightlessness in his large-scale planning proposals is revelatory of a particular desire to invade space with political presence, thus demanding to reconsider the relation between space and architectural objects. Parallels are also drawn from French Revolutionary architecture, and from the work of Claude-Nicolas Ledoux in particular, whose search for purity and autonomy in architectural morphology preceded that of Soviet architecture. As Leonidov＇s legacy mainly consists of drawings of buildings that never got built, his influence can often be felt in the work of other architects which until today have drawn formal elements and compositional strategies from his relatively vast volume of un-built work.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(4166111141361107+1 种基金41561111)the Natural Science Foundation of Hainan Province(413125)
文摘The first step to defining the rights,responsibilities and interests of stakeholders and constructing a compensation mechanism is to identify the stakeholders and clarify their mutual relationships.Nature reserves are complex ecosystems involving nature,the economy and society.There exists a conflict between the public welfare benefits of ecological conservation and the private gains to be realized from social and economic development.There also exist in a nature reserve complex relationships among stakeholders,involving the utilization of ecological resources,ecological conservation and ecological-economic interests.The introduction of tourism brings substantial changes to the existing stakeholder benefit structure in a nature reserve.The implementation of tourism ecological compensation（tourism payment for ecological service）is a process for redefining the distribution of rights,responsibilities and profits among stakeholders and it is also an essential way to balance the interests of the stakeholders.This paper uses a case study of Sanya Coral Reef National Nature Reserve in China to examine the characteristics of stakeholders and analyze their interests.According to the method for defining basic attributes proposed by Mitchel and other scholars,in cases of tourism ecological compensation,stakeholders can be classified as definitive stakeholders,expectant stakeholders and latent stakeholders.This paper applies these classifications and then analyzes the relationships between the rights and responsibilities of these stakeholders and how these change after the implementation of compensation.Additionally,based on the impact compensation has on different stakeholders,changes in the relationships can be analyzed and the structure of the stakeholders can be modelled.This case study of the Sanya Coral Reef National Nature Reserve illustrates the operationalization of a new mechanism for tourism ecological compensation.The paper illustrates a method for coordinating the relationships among the stakeholders involved with this national-level nature reserve.
