试谈部分英语形容词的主动义和被动义

我们可用understandable作errors的前置定语,不可用understanding作errors的前置定语。我们可用surprising作success的前置定语,不可用surprised作success的前置定语,这是为什么呢?本文拟对这类问题作点粗浅探讨。 英语中有一部分形容词是由表示动作的词构成的。它们是:

介词“通过”与“经过”的句法语义

在句法描写上,应该根据大型语料库的调查从正反两方面全面系统地对比"通过""经过"的句法组合上的异同;在语义提取上,应该以句法差异为切入点,通过形式验证来揭示介词"通过""经过"句法共性背后的语义差异。在句法组合上,"通过""经过"所介引的宾语类型既有共性,也有差异。"通过""经过"在成分关联上的语义差异,从语义性质上来说,存在着"通过"宾语所指事物的媒介义与"经过"宾语所指事件的历时义差异,这一宾语语义类型的差异可以通过以下三个方面得到验证。从数量特征来说,"通过""经过"在宾语修饰语上还存在着媒介的多样义与历时的繁难义差异。从因果关系来看,"通过"句着重于表现施事主语的主动义,而"经过"句则表现受事主语的经受义。从意向特征来看,"通过"句具有较强的采取某种行为的目的义。

论翻译中的意义辨析及处理

翻译主要是译义,形式风格次之。不同的学者从不同的角度、层次对意义进行了不同的定义和分类,其中概念义和情景义、描述义和感情义、本义和喻义、主动义和被动义、主题义和次要义是五对既有联系又有区别的意义。辨析这几对意义直接涉及到翻译中对意义的正确理解及恰当表达。在翻译中译者须根据不同情况,采取灵活的、动态的策略。否则,就会影响到语际间信息意义的转换,影响文化间的交流。

注意主动、被动的表达

人类动作行为可以基本划分为主动和被动两类。说话、写文章时,一定要注意主动行为和被动行为的区别和表达。叙述主动行为,绝不能用被动句式;同样,叙述被动行为,也绝不能用主动句式。 我们注意到,不少人对主动被动之分印象模糊,不够重视,言语交际中常常掉以轻心,以致出现了许多语病。例如下边的一个句子,只是个别词语使用有误,如果我们稍加推敲,主动、被动就会表达得准确清楚:

介词“按照”的分布验证和语义提取

前人对"按照"语法意义的研究在句法描写和语义解释相互验证上存在不足,且忽视与"按照"介宾短语组配的主谓句存在"叙述"(narration)和"肯定"(assertion)的分野。因此,我们按照从句内组配到语义背景这一由内到外、从小到大的逻辑顺序,基于语料调查,分类正反验证能和介词"按照"共现的成分的语义类型,逐层精确定位"按照"的句法分布,结合使用"按照"的语义背景提取并验证其语法意义为"主动参范顺利趋定"。在此基础上,从虚词语义的特点、对构式语法及"精致还原主义"的反思两个角度对汉语介词研究做了方法论总结。

补说“彼”、“无所”

在古代汉语中,“彼”一般用作代词,其特殊用法是位于句首,表示提挈语气的语气词。“无所”为一熟语,“无”与“所”字结构组成动宾关系,若句中主语是“所+V”中的V的施事,“无所”的含义则为“没有……(的)”;若是受事,其义为“没有被……(的)”。

Comparative analysis of residence and diffusion times in rotating bed used for biogas upgrading

Rotating bed can be used in desorption operation of biogas upgrading as a new technology. For enough time to desorb, it is important to study the relationship between the residence time of liquid in rotating bed and the material diffusion time of liquid droplet in desorption process. By theoretical deduction, the exponential relation between residence time and liquid flow rate and rotational speed and kinematic viscosity is obtained. By analyzing the solution of nonlinear partial differential equation, the time law of material diffusion in the droplet is obtained. Moreover, by comparing the residence and diffusion times, the diffusion time can be within or out of residence time range, which has a direct relationship to rotational speed and liquid flow. By experiment, the comparison between residence and diffusion times is more realistic when the rotational speed is higher.

Aortic stenosis： insights on pathogenesis and clinical implications

Aortic stenosis （AS） is a common valvular heart disease in the Western populations, with an estimated overall prevalence of 3% in adults over 75 years. To understand its patho-biological processes represents a priority. In elderly patients, AS usually involves trileaflet valves and is referred to as degenerative calcific processes. Scientific evidence suggests the involvement of an active ＂atherosclerosis-like＂ pathogenesis in the initiation phase of degenerative AS. To the contrary, the progression could be driven by different forces （such as mechanical stress, genetic factors and interaction between inflammation and calcification）. The improved understanding presents potentially new therapeutic targets for preventing and inhibiting the development and progression of the disease. Furthermore, in clinical practice the management of AS patients implies the evaluation of generalized atherosclerotic manifestations （i.e., in the coronary and carotid arteries） even for prognostic reasons. In counselling elderly patients, the risk stratification should address individual frailty beyond the generic risk scores. In these regard, the co-morbidities, and in particular those linked to the global atherosclerotic burden, should be carefully investigated in order to define the risk/benefit ratio for invasive treatment strategies. We present a detailed overview of insights in pathogenesis of AS with possible practical implications.

Modeling Photo-dissociation Dynamics of HBr＋ by Vibrational Wave-packet Formalism

Photo dissociation dynamics of diatomic molecular ion HBr＋ interacting with ultra fast laser pulses of different envelop function has been presented both in zero and non zero temperature environment. The calculations pertain primarily to the ground electronic state of the molecular ion HBr＋. The used potential of HBr＋ is calibrated with the help of the ab initio theoretical calculation at the CCSD/6-311＋＋G（3df, 2pd） level and then fitted with appropriate Morse parameters. The numerical bound states vibrational eigenvalues obtained by the time independent Fourier Grid Hamiltonian method have been compared with analytical values of the fitted Morse potential. The effect of temperature, pulse envelops function, and light intensity on the dissociation process has been explored.

Geochemistry and tectonic significance of Early Cretaceous granites in Highland 1248 of Daxing'anling

The Early Cretaceous granitic complex in Highland 1248 of Daxing'anling successively consists of intruded granodiorite,monzonite granite and syenite granite. Through test analysis on the major,trace and rare earth elements of the intrusive complex,this study focuses on the source characteristics and tectonic environment of the original magma of intrusive complex. The results show that the intrusive rocks in Highland 1248 are meta-aluminous-peraluminous rocks in calc-alkaline series with homologous characteristics in δEu negative anomalies; the complex is enriched in LILE( Rb,Cs and K) and depleted in HFSE( lanthanide,Sc,Y,U,Nb and Ta),displaying the geochemical characteristics of I-type granites in active continental-margin subduction zones. The complex also has the characteristics of granites after the collision of plate with rich aluminum and high potassium,but significantly depleted Nb,Ta,Ti,P and other elements,i. e. in the orogenic evolutionary stage. The zircon U-Pb SHRIMP isotopic apparent age of the complex in Highland 1248 is 140. 0--141. 0Ma,and the formation time is in Early Cretaceous.

A Trust Management Scheme Based on Behavior Feedback for Opportunistic Networks

In the harsh environment where n ode density is sparse, the slow-moving nodes cannot effectively utilize the encountering opportunities to realize the self-organized identity authentications, and do not have the chance to join the network routing. However, considering m ost of the communications in opportunistic networks are caused by forwarding operations, there is no need to establish the complete mutual authentications for each conversation. Accordingly, a novel trust management scheme is presented based on the information of behavior feedback, in order to complement the insufficiency of identity authentications. By utilizing the certificate chains based on social attributes, the mobile nodes build the local certificate graphs gradually to realize the web of "Identity Trust" relationship. Meanwhile, the successors generate Verified Feedback Packets for each positive behavior, and consequently the "Behavior Trust" relationship is formed for slow-moving nodes. Simulation result shows that, by implementing our trust scheme, the d elivery probability and trust reconstruction ratio can be effectively improved when there are large numbers of compromised nodes, and it means that our trust management scheme can efficiently explore and filter the trust nodes for secure forwarding in opportunistic networks.

A Framework for Non-Equilibrium Statistical Ensemble Theory

Since Gibbs synthesized a general equilibrium statistical ensemble theory, many theorists have attempted to generalized the Gibbsian theory to non-equilibrium phenomena domain, however the status of the theory of non-equilibrium phenomena can not be said as firm as well established as the Gibbsian ensemble theory. In this work, we present a framework for the non-equilibrium statistical ensemble formalism based on a subdynamic kinetic equation (SKE) rooted from the Brussels-Austin school and followed by some up-to-date works. The constructed key is to use a similarity transformation between Gibbsian ensembles formalism based on Liouville equation and the subdynamic ensemble formalism based on the SKE. Using this formalism, we study the spin-Boson system, as cases of weak coupling or strongly coupling, and obtain the reduced density operators for the Canonical ensembles easily.

Revolution and Restoration： The Revolution of Quito （Ecuador） Within the Independence Process of Latin America

The Revolution of Quito （1808-1812） in many aspects pioneered the way during the Latin American independence process. After the independence of Haiti （1804） and at its initial stage, the Sovereign Junta in Quito, founded in 1809, took action together with the revolutionary movements of Chuquisaca and La Paz. Controlled, its members persecuted and finally killed, the Revolution of Quito passed from a loyalty to an independence movement which resulted in the creation of the new State of Quito. The defeat of the Revolution of Quito restored the old regime. In the middle of this process, the threat of the Holy Alliance, which was born at the Congress of Vienna （1814-1815）, has particular significance for Quito and Latin America as it was the third attempt of a Spanish conquest The celebrations of the bicentenaries of the independence of Latin American countries have given a reason to value the concepts which the region developed during its anticolonial struggle, the first of its kind in the world and at the dawn of capitalism. G. W. F. Hegel always perceived Latin America as an ＂echo of a foreign Life＂. He never understood nor visited Latin America. He could not understand that another ＂spirit of the people＂ existed here which did not have a place in his elaborate universal history. And as has happened in the past, today Latin America is once again a pioneering region when it comes to setting the foundations for what should become its second independence, an idea which has been revived by the Latin American governments associated with the New Left.

The Deconstruction of American Myth in Thomas Pynchon＇s Fiction

Living and creating in the tumultuous decades from the 1960s through 1980s, Thomas Pynchon unfalteringly chooses the countercultural and civil rights movements in the United States of that age as the permanent topic of his fiction. It can be seen from Pynchon＇s dramatic, sometimes fantastic narratives about these movements that the failure of the countercultural movements lies in their illusive nature in contrast with the hypocrisy and disproportionate power of the government to destruct these movements, and that the presence of American racial problems results to a great degree from the sloth prevailing over various institutions in American society when dealing with racial inequality and from American white racists＇ desire to eliminate an imagined threat in the face of the minorities. This paper tries to provide a different understanding that Pynchon＇s writing of the marginalized or surrealistic issues in these countercultural and civil rights movements is his strategy to expose the falsehood of American myth of democracy.

Optimized transmission coordination mechanisms for opportunistic routing

The successful rate of transmission coordination of opportunistic routing （OK） is analyzea systematically, and then two efficient transmission coordination mechanisms （TCMs） are proposed for OR： a batch sliding window-based TCM and a bit map-based TCM, to reduce the total number of packet transmissions and improve end-to-end throughput for OR. The batch sliding window-based TCM avoids the oscillation of the successful rate of transmission coordination by transmitting packets in continuous batch mode so as to improve the average successful rate of transmission coordination efficiently, while the bit map-based TCM improves end-to-end throughput of OR by reducing the overhead of transmission coordination. Exhaustive simulations show that the average end-to-end throughput gains of the two proposed TCMs are 15.4% and 6.4% over the batch map-based TCM, respectively.

The Making of Japanese Femininity： Women, Civilization, and War, from 1868 to 1945

This article traces the development of modem Japanese femininity from the Meiji Restoration （1868） to the end of the Asia Pacific War （1945）. It explores how modem Japanese femininity was constructed in relation to ＂civilization＂ （bunmei） and war. With the introduction of the Western notion of ＂civilization＂, the Meiji state tried to ＂civilize＂ its views on women to become on par with the West. As the status of women became a major national issue in the late 19th century, women began to regard themselves as important members of the nation through their involvement in patriotic activities. During the Second Sino-Japanese War and Asia Pacific War, women strengthened their ties to the nation by supporting the wars on the home front as mothers, wives, laborers, and members of women＇s association. This made patriotism, frugality, and selflessness essential to the definition of the Japanese woman. In addition to these qualities, chastity was central to the idealized image of the Japanese woman. Through the examination of the historical development of Japanese femininity, this article offers insight into the image of ＂good Japanese woman＂.

Trial by Fire： The Eastern Ordination of Stephen Dedalus

Section five of James Joyce＇s A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man is designed, among other things, to dramatize a young poet＇s ascension to the rank of ＂priest of art,＂ Where Stephen had previously contemplated being a Catholic priest, he now decides to embrace the world girdling Catholicity of global culture and its full range of spiritual traditions. To show how Stephen becomes a priest of art, Joyce has Stephen face three challengers in the form of MacCann, Davin, and Cranly, who all upbraid Dedalus to abandon his apostasy and conform. These three all try to tempt Dedalus away from his devotion to his individuality and personal integrity, and are analogues to the temptations faced by the Buddha on the eve of his enlightenment under the Bo tree. The Buddha faced Kama, the God of Desire; Mara, the Lord of death; and Dharma, who represents Duty. Stephen faces the temptations of social activism （and its attendant ego inflation） in the form of MacCann, a self-destructive Irish Nationalism in the figure of Davin and finally his obligation to his parochial and demanding family as represented by Cranly＇s arguments. Cranly （Dharma） even enjoins Stephen explicitly to make his Easter duty. These are dangerous distractions which can all keep Stephen from his goal, which is the Nibbana of artistic achievement. When Stephen triumphs over these three tempters he has come through the fire of self-doubt and is ready for his larger fate as an artist.

Comments on the characters of feminism in the Awakening

Kate Chopin＇ s ＂The Awakening＂ is a classical female literature in American literature. In this paper, the novel starts from the portrait of the characters. By analyzing the relationship between the protagonist and the sex with the opposite sex, and her sense of self from germination to enhance the process of choking, this paper is to shows us the social reality and the feminism in this novel, besides it also discusses the important role ＂ the Awakening＂ plays in the social and contemporary context.

Media Representing Shakespeare： Adaptation, Inter-Textuality, and Gender

Applying the theory of adaptation, Feminism, and Performance Studies, this paper explores the adaptation, inter-textuality, and gender in the three films The Tempest （2010） directed by Julie Taymor, Prospero＇s Books （1991） directed by Peter Greenaway, and Shakespeare in Love （1998） directed by John Madden, referenced to Gnomeo and Juliet （2011）, a cartoon animation. Both films of The Tempest show visual spectacle and technology images by CGI （Computer-Generated Cinematic Graphic Image） effect. The author argues the power struggle between Caliban and Prospero played by actress Helen Mirren, changes from post-colonial discourse in the male domain, to be more about the intellect contest between man and woman, and Taymor＇s adaptation is more focused on maternity than actor John Gielgud＇s on politics. Inter-textuality exists in Shakespeare in Love and Shakespeare＇s Romeo and Juliet, and Twelfth Night. Unlike the tragedy in the films, Gnomeo and Juliet ends happily as we can expect from most musicals and fairy tales. The inter-textuality of literature and art, dramatic plays, historical events, and biographical sketches are delicately intertwined. Media represent Shakespeare applied by Jean Baudrillard＇s ＂simulacra＂ and Richard Schechner＇s ＂simulation＂ to present the liminal threshold between reality, role-playing, and theatricality. Shakespeare represented by media rise to visual narratives.

The Intemal Implication of the Economic Ethics in the Alienated Labor Theory of Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844

Alienated labor, also known as labor alienation, was a concept with historical creativity, which was first raised in Marx＇ s Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844. The Manuscripts was important works of Marx, in which the social relations of capitalism private ownership were analyzed by Marx using the concept of alienated labor. A deep analysis was conducted by Marx from the specific historical facts, in which the rational kernel of the alienated problem in the social relations of capitalism was mentioned. Specifically, the alienated labor theory was analyzed from the relationship of laborers with their labor products and labor itself, human＇ s essence, and other people under the condition of the capitalist private ownership; the ＂ought to be＂ ethical characteristics of labors were expounded from the perspective of ethics, and the abnormal labor relations in the process of capitalist production were ethically reviewed and criticized. Therefore, rich economic ethics thoughts were contained in Marx＇ s analysis of the alienated labor theory.