孤独症碎镜理论述评

孤独症是泛指一大类在社会交往、沟通方面存在功能缺陷的疾病,至今病因尚未阐明。"碎镜理论"作为孤独症研究领域的新兴理论,在神经—认知层面较先前理论更为全面地解释了孤独症的各种临床行为表现,并为这些异常行为间的相互关系提供了一种统一性的研究视角。文章首先对镜像神经元的发现进行了简介,在此基础上对碎镜理论的由来及其与孤独症相关功能(包括动作识别与模仿、心理理论、共情以及语言理解)缺陷的关系进行了综述,最后通过区分主动模仿和自动模仿,就镜像神经元系统及其调控系统与孤独症关系中存在的问题进行了反思与展望。

基于镜像神经元理论的动作观察疗法对脑卒中患者上肢功能的影响

镜像神经元是一种特殊的神经元,不仅能在行动执行期间有所反应,而且在观察他人的动作的时候也可被激活。动作观察疗法就是先让患者观察日常有意义或有目的肢体动作,然后指导患者进行主动模仿。

陪孩诵读英文经典的实验报告

历时一年多的教学实验报告。相对于现行中小学校的英语教学而言,这是一种全新的尝试。值得研究。

Integrated yaw and rollover control based on differential braking for off-road vehicles with mechanical elastic wheel

Aiming at the issue of yaw and rollover stability control for off-road vehicles with non-pneumatic mechanical elastic wheel(MEW),an integrated control system based on fuzzy differential braking is developed.By simplifying the structure of the MEW,a corresponding fitting brush tire model is constructed and its longitudinal and lateral tire force expressions are set up,respectively.Then,a nonlinear vehicle simulation model with MEW is established to validate the proposed control scheme based on Carsim.The designed yaw and rollover control system is a two-level structure with the upper additional moment controller,which utilizes a predictive load transfer ratio(PLTR)as the rollover index.In order to design the upper integrated control algorithm,fuzzy proportional-integral-derivative(PID)is adopted to coordinate the yaw and rollover control,simultaneously.And the lower control allocator realizes the additional moment to the vehicle by differential braking.Finally,a Carsim-simulink co-simulation model is constructed,and simulation results show that the integrated control system could improve the vehicle yaw and roll stability,and prevent rollover happening.

Computer simulation of active suspension based on the full-vehicle model

Abstract: The current method to solve the problem of active suspension control for a vehicle is often dealt with a quarter-car or half-car model. But it is not enough to use this kind of model for practical applications. In this paper, based on considering the influence of factors such as, seat and passengers, a MDOF(multi-degree-of-freedom) model describing the vehicle motion is set up. The MODF model, which is 8DOF of four independent suspensions and four wheel tracks, is more applicable by comparison of its analysis result with some conventional vehicle models. Therefore, it is more suitable to use the 8DOF full-car model than a conventional 4DOF half-car model in the active control design for car vibration. Based on the derived 8DOF model, a controller is designed by using LQ (linear quadratic ) control theory, and the appropriate control scheme is selected by testing various performance indexes. Computer simulation is carried out for a passenger car running on a road with step disturbance and random road disturbance expressed by Power Spectral Density (PSD). Vibrations corresponding to ride comfort are derived under the foregoing road disturbances. The response results for uncontrolled and controlled system are compared. The response of vehicle vibration is greatly suppressed and quickly damped, which testifies the effect of the active suspension. The results achieved for various controllers are compared to investigate the influence of different control schemes on the control effect.

对儿童语言获得的几点看法─—从追踪研究结果分析影响儿童语言获得的因素

儿童语言获得有普遍性，但也存在某些差异。经分析，影响和决定儿童语言获得普遍性和差异的是同样的四个因素：第一个因素是语言本身有普遍性，但不同语言也存在一些差异；第二个因素是人脑和言语器官有普遍性，但发育水平有差异；第三个因素，儿童的认知发展有普遍性，但存在的某些差异能促进或限制语言获得；第四个因素是儿童与成人的语言交际、成人的语言教援和儿童相应的模仿学习。以及儿童本身的选择性和主动创造性。总之，儿童的语言获得是在人脑和语言器官发育和认知发展的基础上，在与成人和其他儿童的交际过程中，经过成人的言语教授（示范、强化、扩展和激励）和儿童有选择的模仿学习，并经概括而成的。因此，我们不能否认人脑和语言器官、认知发展的作用；同样，我们也不能否认成人言语教授和儿童模仿学习的作用，以及儿童本身在语言获得过程中表现在选择和概括两个方面的主动性和创造性的作用。

Yaw stability control using the fuzzy PID controller for active front steering

In order to improve the yaw stability of the vehicle with active front steering system, an adaptive PID-type fuzzy control scheme is designed to make the yaw rate tracking the desired values as close as possible. A 2-DOF vehicle model with active front steering is built firstly, and then the fuzzy PID controller is designed in detail. The simulation investigations of the yaw stability with different steering ma- neuvers are performed. The simulation results show the effectiveness of the fuzzy PID controller for improving the vehicle＇s yaw stability.

Construction Method of 3D Aorta Model

With the help of engineering technologies, there are varieties of medical supports such as surgical simulations, preoperative plans, intraoperative supports, and diagnostic explanations. In order to perform preoperative plans, the simulation model of the target organ is necessary, and is usually generated from some fine images obtained by imaging devices such as CT （computed tomography） or MRI （magnetic resonance imaging）. These devices, however, are very large and it is difficult to use them during the surgery although there is a kind of MRI that can be used during operations. On the other hand, there is a device called Ultrasonography （US Echo）. It is so handy and can be easily used during operations without radiation or magnetic effect. US images, however, are not usually used for the construction of 3D model for preoperative plans since there are so many noises in the image, and the quality of the image is not so good compared to the images obtained by CT or MRI. Therefore, the authors have tried to construct 3D volumetric shape model from just two 2D US （ultrasound） images, which are the horizontal and vertical cross-section images of the target organ. Their concrete target organ and surgery are the aorta and AAE （annuloaortic ectasia）, respectively. With some technologies of image processing, the boundary of the aorta is extracted for both cross-section images, and the thickness of the aorta is estimated. These processes are applied to not only the aorta wall but also the aorta valve. Finally, the aorta shape model can be constructed by inserting the estimated horizontal aorta images into the estimated vertical one. The constructed model has three dimensions so that it can be viewed from any point of view.

榜样教育系统的协同化探索

榜样教育实效性的发挥体现在个体道德素质的提升和道德行为的养成上。个体道德行为的形成以个体积极、主动模仿榜样行为为基础。在榜样教育的系统中,家庭、学校、社会三个子教育系统扮演不同角色,发挥着不同的作用。

德育在小学语文教学中的渗透

一、德育在小学语文教学中渗透和融合的重要性中国是一个具有悠久历史和文化底蕴的国家,作为礼仪之邦,一直非常重视礼仪与道德的修养,强调人文素质的培养和传承。小学阶段的语文学科应该不断促进德育在小学语文教学中的渗透和融合,这也是当前的素质教育对小学语文教师提出的新要求。德育不仅能够提升个人素质和礼仪水平,还能够提升对语文课程内容的理解水平,具有非常重要的意义。