黄河三角洲湿地主导生态服务功能价值估算

黄河三角洲湿地是全球暖温带最典型的河口三角洲湿地,具有多种生态服务功能。本文依据每种生态功能的特点和作用机理,分别运用生态经济学、环境经济学或资源经济学的方法对各主导生态服务功能的价值进行了量化估算。结果表明:在黄河三角洲湿地10项主导生态服务功能中,蓄水调洪和降解污染物的功能价值最大;黄河三角洲湿地单位面积价值大约是全国湿地平均单位面积价值的10倍,其中自然湿地的单位面积价值远高于人工湿地的单位面积价值。本研究结果使人们直观地看到了湿地给人类带来的福利,为湿地生态资源的合理定价、有效补偿提供了科学依据。

基于不同受益者的双台河口湿地生态系统主导服务功能

由于湿地生态系统服务功能具有多样性、空间分布的不均衡性以及人类使用的选择性等特性,在人为活动和自然因素的作用下,服务功能之间会出现权衡或者相互增益的变化特征。明确不同受益者对湿地生态系统服务功能的关注程度,对制定区域发展与湿地生态保护"双赢"的政策措施具有重要意义。本文以典型滨海湿地辽宁省双台河口湿地自然保护区为研究对象,运用层次分析法(AHP)从当地受益者、省域受益者、全国受益者和全球受益者四个层次对双台河口湿地的物质生产、调蓄洪水、固碳、气候调节、大气调节、促於造陆、消浪护岸和休闲旅游等8项服务进行两两比较,并运用专家打分法进行打分。结果表明:当地受益者关注的主导服务功能为物质生产和消浪护岸两项,其权重值分别为0.2234和0.2154;省域受益者主要关注休闲旅游和气候调节,其权重值分别为0.2740和0.2230;全国受益者主要关注气候调节和大气调节,其权重值分别为0.2155和0.2150;全球受益者主要关注固碳和大气调节,其权重值分别为0.2939和0.2161。针对不同受访者社会属性特征包括年龄、收入、教育背景和职业4个方面进行分析,表明不同社会特征的受益者关注的湿地生态系统的主导服务功能并不相同。本研究为今后不同湿地生态系统服务的价值取舍及不同受益者之间的权衡提供理论支撑。

秦巴生态功能保护区多样性现状及主导生态服务功能评价

近年来,随着社会经济的快速发展,人们的环境保护意识越来越强,对生态环境的保护力度也越来越大,生态区域的生态多样性是确保生态区域持续发展的关键。因此,对生态区域的生态多样性进行分析具有十分重要的意义。就秦巴生态功能保护区多样性现状及主导生态服务功能评价进行详细分析。

国土空间规划中生态用地的法律界定——兼谈生态环境损害的范围

在“多规合一”之前的空间规划体系中,生态用地已被纳入其中,并得到了一定的保护。但是,生态用地未得到界定,导致生态用地与其他类型土地的边界不清晰,这不利于国土空间规划及国土空间用途管制制度的实施。生态用地的界定存在生态要素决定论、生态功能决定论和主体功能决定论三种观点。在国土空间规划中,宜采纳主体功能决定论下的生态用地概念,但该主体的生态系统服务应是狭义上的,并以生态安全为价值目标。此外,应以主导功能确定生态用地的生态服务功能类型。因而在生态环境损害公益诉讼中,生态环境损害应仅计算主导生态服务功能的丧失。在国土空间立法上,无论是国土空间规划法还是国土空间开发保护法,生态用地都是指微观、具体地块层面的用地类型,生态空间是指宏观、衔接层面的国土空间。

Delimiting Ecological Space and Simulating Spatial-temporal Changes in Its Ecosystem Service Functions based on a Dynamic Perspective: A Case Study on Qionglai City of Sichuan Province, China

Delimiting ecological space scientifically and making reasonable predictions of the spatial-temporal trend of changes in the dominant ecosystem service functions(ESFs) are the basis of constructing an ecological protection pattern of territorial space, which has important theoretical significance and application value. At present, most research on the identification, functional partitioning and pattern reconstruction of ecological space refers to the current ESFs and their structural information, which ignores the spatial-temporal dynamic nature of the comprehensive and dominant ESFs, and does not seriously consider the change simulation in the dominant ESFs of the future ecological space. This affects the rationality of constructing an ecological space protection pattern to some extent. In this study, we propose an ecological space delimitation method based on the dynamic change characteristics of the ESFs, realize the identification of the ecological space range in Qionglai City and solve the problem of ignoring the spatial-temporal changes of ESFs in current research. On this basis, we also apply the Markov-CA model to integrate the spatial-temporal change characteristics of the dominant ESFs, successfully realize the simulation of the spatial-temporal changes in the dominant ESFs in Qionglai City’s ecological space in 2025, find a suitable method for simulating ecological spatial-temporal changes and also provide a basis for constructing a reasonable ecological space protection pattern. This study finds that the comprehensive quantity of ESF and its annual rate of change in Qionglai City show obvious dynamics, which confirms the necessity of considering the dynamic characteristics of ESFs when identifying ecological space. The areas of ecological space in Qionglai city represent 98307 ha by using the ecological space identification method proposed in this study, which is consistent with the ecological spatial distribution in the local ecological civilization construction plan. This confirms the reliability of the ecological space identification method based on the dynamic characteristics of the ESFs. The results also show that the dominant ESFs in Qionglai City represented strong non-stationary characteristics during 2003–2019,which showed that we should fully consider the influence of the dynamics in the dominant ESFs on the future ESF pattern during the process of constructing the ecological spatial protection pattern. The Markov-CA model realized the simulation of spatial-temporal changes in the dominant ESFs with a high precision Kappa coefficient of above 0.95, which illustrated the feasibility of using this model to simulate the future dominant ESF spatial pattern. The simulation results showed that the dominant ESFs in Qionglai will still undergo mutual conversions during 2019–2025 due to the effect of the their non-stationary nature. The ecological space will still maintain the three dominant ESFs of primary product production, climate regulation and hydrological regulation in 2025, but their areas will change to 32793 ha, 52490 ha and 13024 ha, respectively. This study can serve as a scientific reference for the delimitation of the ecological conservation redline, ecological function regionalization and the construction of an ecological spatial protection pattern.