With the aid of commercial finite element analysis software package ANSYS,investigations are made on the contributions of main components to stiffness of the main module for parallel machine tools,and it is found that...With the aid of commercial finite element analysis software package ANSYS,investigations are made on the contributions of main components to stiffness of the main module for parallel machine tools,and it is found that the frame is the main contributor.Then,influences of constraints,strut length and working ways of the main module have also been investigated.It can be concluded that when one of the main planes of the frame without linear drive unit is constrained,the largest whole stiffness can be acquired.And,the stiffness is much better when the main module is used in a vertical machine tool instead of a horizontal one.Finally,the principle of stiffness variation is summarized when the mobile platform reaches various positions within its working space and when various loads are applied.These achievements have provided critical instructions for the design of the main module for parallel machine tools.展开更多
In this paper, eddy current sensors and thermocouple sensors were employed to measure the thermal field and thermal deformation of a spindle of a telescopic CNC boring-milling machine tool, respectively. A linear regr...In this paper, eddy current sensors and thermocouple sensors were employed to measure the thermal field and thermal deformation of a spindle of a telescopic CNC boring-milling machine tool, respectively. A linear regression method was proposed to establish the thermal error model. Furthermore, two compensation methods were implemented based on the SIEMENS 840D system by using the feed shaft of z direction and telescopic spindle respectively. Experimental results showed that the thermal error could be reduced by 73.79% when using the second compensation method, and the thermal error could be eliminated by using the two compensation methods effectively.展开更多
Aortic stenosis （AS） is a common valvular heart disease in the Western populations, with an estimated overall prevalence of 3% in adults over 75 years. To understand its patho-biological processes represents a prior...Aortic stenosis （AS） is a common valvular heart disease in the Western populations, with an estimated overall prevalence of 3% in adults over 75 years. To understand its patho-biological processes represents a priority. In elderly patients, AS usually involves trileaflet valves and is referred to as degenerative calcific processes. Scientific evidence suggests the involvement of an active ＂atherosclerosis-like＂ pathogenesis in the initiation phase of degenerative AS. To the contrary, the progression could be driven by different forces （such as mechanical stress, genetic factors and interaction between inflammation and calcification）. The improved understanding presents potentially new therapeutic targets for preventing and inhibiting the development and progression of the disease. Furthermore, in clinical practice the management of AS patients implies the evaluation of generalized atherosclerotic manifestations （i.e., in the coronary and carotid arteries） even for prognostic reasons. In counselling elderly patients, the risk stratification should address individual frailty beyond the generic risk scores. In these regard, the co-morbidities, and in particular those linked to the global atherosclerotic burden, should be carefully investigated in order to define the risk/benefit ratio for invasive treatment strategies. We present a detailed overview of insights in pathogenesis of AS with possible practical implications.展开更多
Objectives Inflammation has been shown to be related with acute aortic dissection （AAD）. The present study aimed to evaluate the association of white blood cell counts （WI3Cc） on admission with both in-hospital an...Objectives Inflammation has been shown to be related with acute aortic dissection （AAD）. The present study aimed to evaluate the association of white blood cell counts （WI3Cc） on admission with both in-hospital and long-term all-cause mortality in patients with uncom- plicated Stanford type B AAD. Methods From 2008 to 2010, a total of 377 consecutive patients with uncomplicated type B AAD were enrolled and then followed up. Clinical data and WBCc on admission were collected. The primary end points were in-hospital death and long-term all-cause death. Results The in-hospital death rate was 4.2%, and the long-term all-cause mortality rate was 6.9% during a median follow-up of 18.9 months. WBCc on admission was identified as a risk factor for in-hospital death by univariate Cox regression analysis as both a continuous variable and a categorical variable using a cut off of 11.0 × 109 cell/L （all P 〈 0.05）. After adjusting for age, sex and other risk factors, elevated admission WBCc was still a significant predictor for in-hospital death as both a continuous variable [hazard ratio （HR）： 1.052, 95% CI： 1.024-1.336, P = 0.002] and a categorical variable using a cut off of 11.0 × 109 cell/L （HR： 2.056, 95% CI： 1.673-5.253, P = 0.034）. No relationship was observed between WBCc on admission and long-term all-cause death. Conclusions Our results indicate that elevated WBCc upon admission might be used as a predictor for increased risk of in-hospital death in uncomplicated type B AAD. There might be no predictive value of WBCc for the long-term survival of type B AAD.展开更多
Takayasu＇s arteritis （TA） is a chronic and nonspecific in- flammatory vessel disease that involves the aorta and its major branches. TA results in stenosis, occlusion or aneu- rysmal degeneration of large arteries ...Takayasu＇s arteritis （TA） is a chronic and nonspecific in- flammatory vessel disease that involves the aorta and its major branches. TA results in stenosis, occlusion or aneu- rysmal degeneration of large arteries pathologically. Al- though TA is an unusual disease, it is more commonly ob- served to occur in Asian females compared to the general population worldwide. Aortic dissection is a very rare com- plication of TA, and only a limited number of TA cases presenting with aortic dissection have been published so far.展开更多
Commitment to deliberative democracy as a tool for social and political ordering is shared by political philosophers from many traditions. This paper examines John Rawls and Iris Marion Young＇s respective commitments...Commitment to deliberative democracy as a tool for social and political ordering is shared by political philosophers from many traditions. This paper examines John Rawls and Iris Marion Young＇s respective commitments to deliberative democracy in hopes of finding a methodological proposal for peace between followers of Rawls, the greatest liberal political philosopher of the 20th century, and Young, the late anti-liberal and anti-oppression theorist. While there are important differences between their respective positions, this paper posits that deliberative democracy can appease adherents of both thinkers, providing a shared method for determining conflicts between them. Liberal democracy is preferable, partly since it creates a place for anti-liberal positions （viz., Young＇s position can exist within the larger Rawlsian framework）, but deliberative democracy can succeed even if one is not a liberal democrat.展开更多
Co-evolution has been shown to result in an adaptive reciprocal modification in the respective behaviors of interacting populations over time. In the case of host-parasite co-evolution,the adaptive behavior is most ev...Co-evolution has been shown to result in an adaptive reciprocal modification in the respective behaviors of interacting populations over time. In the case of host-parasite co-evolution,the adaptive behavior is most evident from the reciprocal change in fitness of host and parasite-manifested in terms of pathogen survival versus host resistance. Cytomegaloviruses and their hosts represent a pairing of populations that has co-evolved over hundreds of years. This review explores the pathogenetic consequences emerging from the behavioral changes caused by co-evolutionary forces on the virus and its host.展开更多
Aortic valve stenosis （AS） is common in the elderly. Although surgical replacement of the valve has been the gold standard of management, many patients have been excluded from surgery because they were very old, fra...Aortic valve stenosis （AS） is common in the elderly. Although surgical replacement of the valve has been the gold standard of management, many patients have been excluded from surgery because they were very old, frail, or had co-morbidities that increased operative risks. In the last decade, transcatheter aortic valve implantation （TAVI） has emerged as a new treatment option suitable for these patients. This article reviews the available literature on the role of TAVI in elderly patients with severe aortic stenosis. Published studies showed that elderly individuals who underwent TAVI experienced better in-hospital recovery, and similar short and mid-term mortality compared to those underwent surgical treatment of AS. However, long-term outcomes of TAVI in elderly patients are still unknown. The available data in the literature on the ef-fect of advanced age on clinical outcomes of TAVI are limited, but the data that are available suggest that TAVI is a beneficial and tolerable procedure in very old patients. Some of the expected complications after TAVI are reported more in the oldest patients such as vascular in-jures. Other complications were comparable in TAVI patients regardless of their age group. However, very old patients may need closer monitoring to avoid further morbidities and mortality.展开更多
Traumatic ocular muscle paralysis is nota rare condition in clinical practice. However,complete recovery is very difficult. Withacupuncture at the tragus apex, we treated 16cases in the period of 1992-1996, withsatisf...Traumatic ocular muscle paralysis is nota rare condition in clinical practice. However,complete recovery is very difficult. Withacupuncture at the tragus apex, we treated 16cases in the period of 1992-1996, withsatisfactory therapeutic results reported asfollows.展开更多
Schwannomas are benign neoplasms arising from Schwann cells of the peripheral,cranial and autonomic nerves.We report a case of schwannoma in the sino-nasal tract,a very rare site of tumour origin with unusual pseudoan...Schwannomas are benign neoplasms arising from Schwann cells of the peripheral,cranial and autonomic nerves.We report a case of schwannoma in the sino-nasal tract,a very rare site of tumour origin with unusual pseudoangiomatous histopathological changes,which we came across in a 22 years male with progressive nasal obstruction.展开更多
Abstract： Malaria, where the causative agent Plasmodium is rapidly gaining resistance to practically all the antimalarial drugs in clinical use, requires the identification of new drug targets to enable the discovery...Abstract： Malaria, where the causative agent Plasmodium is rapidly gaining resistance to practically all the antimalarial drugs in clinical use, requires the identification of new drug targets to enable the discovery of novel, more effective and safer drugs to treat the disease. Advancements in molecular techniques have provided the proof of existence of autophagy in Plasmodium; however, its role（s） in malaria is only becoming to be understood. Nevertheless, some of the recently explored dimensions of autophagy in Plasmodium have indicated its fairly larger role in parasite survival and growth. But then, autophagy is also essential for host cell survival and defence. There is thus need to explore chemotherapeutic strategies to specifically target autophagy in both the parasite and host. This review focuses on autophagy pathways in Plasmodium and in host with a view to identify autophagy-related new drug targets for the discovery of novel antimalarial drugs.展开更多
American Indians are a substantial minority in both the United States and Canada and present with a disproportionate share of mental health and behavioral health problems. While a large proportion of the native popula...American Indians are a substantial minority in both the United States and Canada and present with a disproportionate share of mental health and behavioral health problems. While a large proportion of the native population resides on reservations that are self-managed and have few non-Indian residents, professional health services are mostly provided by clinicians from the dominant culture. The essay tries to highlight specific historical, sociological, and cultural variables the clinician must be aware of to work effectively in this setting. Particular emphasis is placed on using a flexible, eclectic approach, and a case vignette is included to illustrate the principle.展开更多
Electron microscopy(EM) should be used in the front line for detection of agents in emergencies and bioterrorism,on accounts of its speed and accuracy.However,the number of EM diagnostic laboratories has decreased con...Electron microscopy(EM) should be used in the front line for detection of agents in emergencies and bioterrorism,on accounts of its speed and accuracy.However,the number of EM diagnostic laboratories has decreased considerably and an increasing number of people encounter difficulties with EM results.Therefore,the research on viral structure and morphology has become important in EM diagnostic practice.EM has several technological advantages,and should be a fundamental tool in clinical diagnosis of viruses,particularly when agents are unknown or unsuspected.In this article,we review the historical contribution of EM to virology,and its use in virus differentiation,localization of specific virus antigens,virus-cell interaction,and viral morphogenesis.It is essential that EM investigations are based on clinical and comprehensive pathogenesis data from light or confocal microscopy.Furthermore,avoidance of artifacts or false results is necessary to exploit fully the advantages while minimizing its limitations.展开更多
文摘With the aid of commercial finite element analysis software package ANSYS,investigations are made on the contributions of main components to stiffness of the main module for parallel machine tools,and it is found that the frame is the main contributor.Then,influences of constraints,strut length and working ways of the main module have also been investigated.It can be concluded that when one of the main planes of the frame without linear drive unit is constrained,the largest whole stiffness can be acquired.And,the stiffness is much better when the main module is used in a vertical machine tool instead of a horizontal one.Finally,the principle of stiffness variation is summarized when the mobile platform reaches various positions within its working space and when various loads are applied.These achievements have provided critical instructions for the design of the main module for parallel machine tools.
文摘In this paper, eddy current sensors and thermocouple sensors were employed to measure the thermal field and thermal deformation of a spindle of a telescopic CNC boring-milling machine tool, respectively. A linear regression method was proposed to establish the thermal error model. Furthermore, two compensation methods were implemented based on the SIEMENS 840D system by using the feed shaft of z direction and telescopic spindle respectively. Experimental results showed that the thermal error could be reduced by 73.79% when using the second compensation method, and the thermal error could be eliminated by using the two compensation methods effectively.
文摘Aortic stenosis （AS） is a common valvular heart disease in the Western populations, with an estimated overall prevalence of 3% in adults over 75 years. To understand its patho-biological processes represents a priority. In elderly patients, AS usually involves trileaflet valves and is referred to as degenerative calcific processes. Scientific evidence suggests the involvement of an active ＂atherosclerosis-like＂ pathogenesis in the initiation phase of degenerative AS. To the contrary, the progression could be driven by different forces （such as mechanical stress, genetic factors and interaction between inflammation and calcification）. The improved understanding presents potentially new therapeutic targets for preventing and inhibiting the development and progression of the disease. Furthermore, in clinical practice the management of AS patients implies the evaluation of generalized atherosclerotic manifestations （i.e., in the coronary and carotid arteries） even for prognostic reasons. In counselling elderly patients, the risk stratification should address individual frailty beyond the generic risk scores. In these regard, the co-morbidities, and in particular those linked to the global atherosclerotic burden, should be carefully investigated in order to define the risk/benefit ratio for invasive treatment strategies. We present a detailed overview of insights in pathogenesis of AS with possible practical implications.
基金We are very grateful to the patients and doctors who participated in the study and for the help and co-operation of the clinic staff. This work was supported by a grant from the National Natural Science Foundation of China to Dr. FAN XH （No. 81570430）.
文摘Objectives Inflammation has been shown to be related with acute aortic dissection （AAD）. The present study aimed to evaluate the association of white blood cell counts （WI3Cc） on admission with both in-hospital and long-term all-cause mortality in patients with uncom- plicated Stanford type B AAD. Methods From 2008 to 2010, a total of 377 consecutive patients with uncomplicated type B AAD were enrolled and then followed up. Clinical data and WBCc on admission were collected. The primary end points were in-hospital death and long-term all-cause death. Results The in-hospital death rate was 4.2%, and the long-term all-cause mortality rate was 6.9% during a median follow-up of 18.9 months. WBCc on admission was identified as a risk factor for in-hospital death by univariate Cox regression analysis as both a continuous variable and a categorical variable using a cut off of 11.0 × 109 cell/L （all P 〈 0.05）. After adjusting for age, sex and other risk factors, elevated admission WBCc was still a significant predictor for in-hospital death as both a continuous variable [hazard ratio （HR）： 1.052, 95% CI： 1.024-1.336, P = 0.002] and a categorical variable using a cut off of 11.0 × 109 cell/L （HR： 2.056, 95% CI： 1.673-5.253, P = 0.034）. No relationship was observed between WBCc on admission and long-term all-cause death. Conclusions Our results indicate that elevated WBCc upon admission might be used as a predictor for increased risk of in-hospital death in uncomplicated type B AAD. There might be no predictive value of WBCc for the long-term survival of type B AAD.
文摘Takayasu＇s arteritis （TA） is a chronic and nonspecific in- flammatory vessel disease that involves the aorta and its major branches. TA results in stenosis, occlusion or aneu- rysmal degeneration of large arteries pathologically. Al- though TA is an unusual disease, it is more commonly ob- served to occur in Asian females compared to the general population worldwide. Aortic dissection is a very rare com- plication of TA, and only a limited number of TA cases presenting with aortic dissection have been published so far.
文摘Commitment to deliberative democracy as a tool for social and political ordering is shared by political philosophers from many traditions. This paper examines John Rawls and Iris Marion Young＇s respective commitments to deliberative democracy in hopes of finding a methodological proposal for peace between followers of Rawls, the greatest liberal political philosopher of the 20th century, and Young, the late anti-liberal and anti-oppression theorist. While there are important differences between their respective positions, this paper posits that deliberative democracy can appease adherents of both thinkers, providing a shared method for determining conflicts between them. Liberal democracy is preferable, partly since it creates a place for anti-liberal positions （viz., Young＇s position can exist within the larger Rawlsian framework）, but deliberative democracy can succeed even if one is not a liberal democrat.
基金supported by US Public Health Service (NIH grants AI041927,AI050468,DE014145,and DE016813)
文摘Co-evolution has been shown to result in an adaptive reciprocal modification in the respective behaviors of interacting populations over time. In the case of host-parasite co-evolution,the adaptive behavior is most evident from the reciprocal change in fitness of host and parasite-manifested in terms of pathogen survival versus host resistance. Cytomegaloviruses and their hosts represent a pairing of populations that has co-evolved over hundreds of years. This review explores the pathogenetic consequences emerging from the behavioral changes caused by co-evolutionary forces on the virus and its host.
文摘Aortic valve stenosis （AS） is common in the elderly. Although surgical replacement of the valve has been the gold standard of management, many patients have been excluded from surgery because they were very old, frail, or had co-morbidities that increased operative risks. In the last decade, transcatheter aortic valve implantation （TAVI） has emerged as a new treatment option suitable for these patients. This article reviews the available literature on the role of TAVI in elderly patients with severe aortic stenosis. Published studies showed that elderly individuals who underwent TAVI experienced better in-hospital recovery, and similar short and mid-term mortality compared to those underwent surgical treatment of AS. However, long-term outcomes of TAVI in elderly patients are still unknown. The available data in the literature on the ef-fect of advanced age on clinical outcomes of TAVI are limited, but the data that are available suggest that TAVI is a beneficial and tolerable procedure in very old patients. Some of the expected complications after TAVI are reported more in the oldest patients such as vascular in-jures. Other complications were comparable in TAVI patients regardless of their age group. However, very old patients may need closer monitoring to avoid further morbidities and mortality.
文摘Traumatic ocular muscle paralysis is nota rare condition in clinical practice. However,complete recovery is very difficult. Withacupuncture at the tragus apex, we treated 16cases in the period of 1992-1996, withsatisfactory therapeutic results reported asfollows.
文摘Schwannomas are benign neoplasms arising from Schwann cells of the peripheral,cranial and autonomic nerves.We report a case of schwannoma in the sino-nasal tract,a very rare site of tumour origin with unusual pseudoangiomatous histopathological changes,which we came across in a 22 years male with progressive nasal obstruction.
文摘Abstract： Malaria, where the causative agent Plasmodium is rapidly gaining resistance to practically all the antimalarial drugs in clinical use, requires the identification of new drug targets to enable the discovery of novel, more effective and safer drugs to treat the disease. Advancements in molecular techniques have provided the proof of existence of autophagy in Plasmodium; however, its role（s） in malaria is only becoming to be understood. Nevertheless, some of the recently explored dimensions of autophagy in Plasmodium have indicated its fairly larger role in parasite survival and growth. But then, autophagy is also essential for host cell survival and defence. There is thus need to explore chemotherapeutic strategies to specifically target autophagy in both the parasite and host. This review focuses on autophagy pathways in Plasmodium and in host with a view to identify autophagy-related new drug targets for the discovery of novel antimalarial drugs.
文摘American Indians are a substantial minority in both the United States and Canada and present with a disproportionate share of mental health and behavioral health problems. While a large proportion of the native population resides on reservations that are self-managed and have few non-Indian residents, professional health services are mostly provided by clinicians from the dominant culture. The essay tries to highlight specific historical, sociological, and cultural variables the clinician must be aware of to work effectively in this setting. Particular emphasis is placed on using a flexible, eclectic approach, and a case vignette is included to illustrate the principle.
基金supported by the Major Scientific and Technological Special Project of China(2009ZX10004-216)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81100809,81271417)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central University of China(2011JBM124)
文摘Electron microscopy(EM) should be used in the front line for detection of agents in emergencies and bioterrorism,on accounts of its speed and accuracy.However,the number of EM diagnostic laboratories has decreased considerably and an increasing number of people encounter difficulties with EM results.Therefore,the research on viral structure and morphology has become important in EM diagnostic practice.EM has several technological advantages,and should be a fundamental tool in clinical diagnosis of viruses,particularly when agents are unknown or unsuspected.In this article,we review the historical contribution of EM to virology,and its use in virus differentiation,localization of specific virus antigens,virus-cell interaction,and viral morphogenesis.It is essential that EM investigations are based on clinical and comprehensive pathogenesis data from light or confocal microscopy.Furthermore,avoidance of artifacts or false results is necessary to exploit fully the advantages while minimizing its limitations.
