This essay suggests that in 1962-1963, before Birmingham and the March on Washington, a coalition of Black and White civil rights activists, labor, and religious leaders were in the vanguard of the struggle both on th...This essay suggests that in 1962-1963, before Birmingham and the March on Washington, a coalition of Black and White civil rights activists, labor, and religious leaders were in the vanguard of the struggle both on the Pacific Slope and in the nation. Berkeley＇s battle for fair housing represented an important phase of the civil rights struggle on the west coast and in cities where racial segregation was not based on law, but part of a conspiracy, silent but quite effective, among realtors, mortgage lenders, and renters, against Blacks and other minorities. Encouraged by state antidiscrimination legislation, Berkeley activists embarked upon a fair housing campaign based on surveys of the problem, efforts to enact legislation, and direct action. The irrationality of racists who defended their right to discriminate was one of the most singular aspects of the fair housing struggle. Though they lost at the local level, the coalition of new political forces succeeded a few months later at the state level and represented an effective force in liberal politics in the city for years to come. Because of the stiff opposition and the limits of reformers＇ liberal fair housing regulations, however, working class and poor African Americans still faced severe housing problems.展开更多
Due to the industrialisation and rapid urbanisation after 1950＇s, housing demand has increased together with an insufficient housing production to meet the need in Turkey. As a consequence of the large deficit betwee...Due to the industrialisation and rapid urbanisation after 1950＇s, housing demand has increased together with an insufficient housing production to meet the need in Turkey. As a consequence of the large deficit between the annual housing demand and supply, squatter housing construction was the major means for shelter of low income families who can not have their place in the housing market as buyers. Squatter houses are located either on the peripheries of the cities or mostly outside of the urban boundaries on public land or illegally subdivided land by creating many physical, social and environmental problems. After 1990＇s, depending on the globalisation wind and neo-liberal policies that enriched the new elites who have new life styles, the housing capital focused on these group. After 1999 earthquake in Turkey, the fear of possible earthquake has also changed the housing preference as from the high-rise apartment buildings to the lower detached houses. As a consequence of this supply-demand chain, the private housing investment was directed to the gated communities which are isolated settlements with restricted access, so that public spaces are privatised or their use is prohibited or controlled on the edge of the metropoliten cities. These settlements also have physical and social problems. This paper will analyze the change of urban periphery, location and relation with the natural thresholds and the main transportation system of these settlements of Turkey in the light of literature review and some development plans and interview with real estate developers and users.展开更多
文摘This essay suggests that in 1962-1963, before Birmingham and the March on Washington, a coalition of Black and White civil rights activists, labor, and religious leaders were in the vanguard of the struggle both on the Pacific Slope and in the nation. Berkeley＇s battle for fair housing represented an important phase of the civil rights struggle on the west coast and in cities where racial segregation was not based on law, but part of a conspiracy, silent but quite effective, among realtors, mortgage lenders, and renters, against Blacks and other minorities. Encouraged by state antidiscrimination legislation, Berkeley activists embarked upon a fair housing campaign based on surveys of the problem, efforts to enact legislation, and direct action. The irrationality of racists who defended their right to discriminate was one of the most singular aspects of the fair housing struggle. Though they lost at the local level, the coalition of new political forces succeeded a few months later at the state level and represented an effective force in liberal politics in the city for years to come. Because of the stiff opposition and the limits of reformers＇ liberal fair housing regulations, however, working class and poor African Americans still faced severe housing problems.
文摘Due to the industrialisation and rapid urbanisation after 1950＇s, housing demand has increased together with an insufficient housing production to meet the need in Turkey. As a consequence of the large deficit between the annual housing demand and supply, squatter housing construction was the major means for shelter of low income families who can not have their place in the housing market as buyers. Squatter houses are located either on the peripheries of the cities or mostly outside of the urban boundaries on public land or illegally subdivided land by creating many physical, social and environmental problems. After 1990＇s, depending on the globalisation wind and neo-liberal policies that enriched the new elites who have new life styles, the housing capital focused on these group. After 1999 earthquake in Turkey, the fear of possible earthquake has also changed the housing preference as from the high-rise apartment buildings to the lower detached houses. As a consequence of this supply-demand chain, the private housing investment was directed to the gated communities which are isolated settlements with restricted access, so that public spaces are privatised or their use is prohibited or controlled on the edge of the metropoliten cities. These settlements also have physical and social problems. This paper will analyze the change of urban periphery, location and relation with the natural thresholds and the main transportation system of these settlements of Turkey in the light of literature review and some development plans and interview with real estate developers and users.
