观境索义释《荀子》

本文运用观境索义的方法,对《荀子》书中几处词句的训诂问题,作了探讨。

论循境求义——《经义述闻》的语言学思想研究

语言中任何一种单位的意义 ,都是在语境中而得以终极确定的 ,因此通过对语境的分析去寻求语义 ,便可称为“循境求义”。王引之认为 :“经之有说 ,触类旁通 ,不通全书 ,不能说一句 ,不通诸经 ,亦不能说一经。”这种以“诸经”为语境、以“全书”为语境的观点 ,较之现代语境学说 ,则显得眼光更为开阔 ,更为高远 ,对学识的要求也更严更高 ,可视为“大语境观”。

《孟子》体现出的“观境索义”思想

"观境索义"是古今中外诠释经典的首要方法,在先秦典籍当中,尤以《孟子》蕴涵的"观境索义"思想最为丰富和鲜明。孟子的"观境索义"思想可以概括为参与原则、历史性原则、约定性原则、大压小原则及具体性原则,这些指导性原则对于我们在新的时代更好地诠释经典、继承优秀的民族文化传统,仍然极富启发性。

汉语句子语义三维表示模型

如何表示和计算汉语句子的语义一直是自然语言理解的主要目标之一.在分析现有国内外关于语义表示研究成果基础上,提出了汉语句子语义的三维表示模型,即"义面—义原—义境"模型.该模型可以使句子包含的信息更准确、更全面地表示出来,为汉语语义知识建模和语义计算的研究提供一种新的思路.

基于句义三维模型的汉语句子相似度计算

通过对句子语义表示的深入分析,提出汉语句义的三维表示模型,并在此基础上提出一种基于句义三维表示模型的句子相似度计算方法。该方法从义面、义原、义境三个侧面来综合描述句子的语义,并通过迭代求解各方的权重,从而使计算结果达到最优。与传统的方法相比,更加全面、准确地衡量句子之间的相似度,取得了较好的实验结果。

语文教学实践中的咬文嚼字——《易水歌》中“还”字的析义辨音

《荆轲刺秦王》出自《战国策·燕策三》,讲述了战国时燕国面对强秦的军事逼迫,荆轲于危难时挺身而出,谋划替燕太子丹前往秦国刺杀秦王的悲壮故事。英雄人物荆轲因其有勇有谋、舍生忘死、侠肝义胆被载入史册,故事中的人物、情节、环境的描写也成为中学语文教学中的一个典范。若另辟蹊径,对文中关键字词适度咬文嚼字、反复揣摩推敲,也能为文本分析和人物赏鉴探寻新的突破口,值得深味。

Redefine Chinese collectivism/individualism

Chinese culture, which has been regarded as a collectivistic one by such great heads as G. Hofstede and Triands for a long time, seldom receives challenge on its very nature. The authors, however, found at least three critical mistakes in Hofstede＇s work, and raised their argument that Chinese culture is not a collectivistic one, but a ＂shi＂ culture which relies heavily on context. The split of mind is the fundamental cause of this ＂shi＂ culture.

The Processing Mechanism of Associative Meaning Under the Cognitive Context Based on Culture

Cognitive context is the cognitionalized context of language, situation and context of culture by the individual which is stored and stimulated in individual＇s mind when meaning is processed. The focus of this article is on context of culture cognitionalized by individuals. Cognitive context based on culture is the inner force of the processing of associative meaning. Cognitive context reflects the similarities and differences of the understanding of different cultural communities towards the world around them.

Phosphorus forms in sediments of the East China Sea and its environmental significance

By means of SEDEX, ASPILA and XRF, depth-dependent changes of different phosphorus forms in sediment cores from specific areas of the offshore Changjiang Estuary (Yangtze Estuary) in 1998 were analyzed. Results show that contents of total phosphorus (TP), organic-phosphorus (OP) and iron-phosphorus (Fe-P) decreased down-core, while those of absorbed-phosphorus (Ad-P) and calcium-phosphorus (Ca-P) increased. The distribution tendency of detritus-phosphorus (De-P) is not obvious. Results also show that TP, Fe-P and OP contents at Meso station of the Changjiang Estuary and Hangzhou Bay are higher than that of the other stations. This suggests that the pollutants carried by the Changjiang and the Qiantang rivers from inland have affected the natural environment in offshore area. TP, Fe-P and OP contents of each station become higher from bottom to top, indicating the amount of the terrestrial pollutants carried by the two rivers has been enhanced since the last 30-50 years. Ad-P, Ca-P, Fe-P and OP are all active phosphorus in sediments, and their re-cycling in sediment is closely related to each other.

Detection of tyrosine,trace metals and nutrients in cow dung:the environmental significance in soil and water environments

This study examined the dissolved organic matter(DOM) components of cow dung using a combination of fluorescence(excitation–emission matrix,EEM)spectroscopy and parallel factor(PARAFAC) modelling along with eleven trace metals using ICP-MS and nutrients(NH_4^+ and NO_3^-) using an AA3 auto analyser. EEM–PARAFAC analysis demonstrated that cow dung predominantly contained only one fluorescent DOM component with two fluorescence peaks(Ex/Em=275/311 nm and Ex/Em=220/311 nm),which could be denoted as tyrosine by comparison with its standard. Occurrence of tyrosine can be further confirmed by the FTIR spectra. Trace metals analysis revealed that Na,K and Mg were significantly higher than Ca,Fe,Mn,Zn Sr,Cu,Ni and Co. The NH_4^+ concentrations were substantially higher than NO_3^-.These results thus indicate that the dissolved components of the cow dung could be useful for better understanding its future uses in various important purposes.

Priority Disputes in Science in the Context of Conflicting Norms：The Case of Isaac Newton and Gottfried Leibniz Revisited

Thomas S. Kuhn is one of the leading philosophers and historians of science that investigated in-depth cases of simultaneous discoveries in science. Although his analysis of the discovery of energy conservation and oxygen did not focus sharply on the priority disputes involved, it is within such contexts that controversy about which scientist was the first to make a discovery takes place. Evidently, Kuhn＇s recourse to historical case studies is a clear departure from the standpoint of traditional mainstream philosophies of science （namely, logical positivism and falsificationism）, which cavalierly dismissed such concerns as irrelevant to philosophical reconstructions of science Challenges to orthodox logistic approaches were prompted by the realisation that the two dominant traditions mentioned above, in their excessive preoccupation with ＂the logical skeleton of science＂, have lost contact with real science. As a contribution to what Michael Polanyi referred to as post-critical philosophy, the present study reanalyses the tension-generating potentials of bipolar values shared by members of scientific communities. It traces the origins of the rebellion against logic-dominated philosophies of science, and identifies different post-positivist approaches that have eme^rged over the years which legitimise broadening the frontiers of the philosophy of science. Consequent upon that, some conflicting values or norms shared by members of scientific communities and how they affect the quest for scientific knowledge are underscored. Using as a case study the acrimonious priority dispute between Isaac Newton and Gottfried Leibniz concerning the discovery of calculus, the paper demonstrates that excessive concern for recognition which sometimes leads to protracted priority disputes tends to bring out the worst kind of behaviours towards colleagues even from the greatest scientists. We submit, by way of conclusion, that despite the heroic （almost god-like） reputation of such scientists, they are human and, therefore, subject to the vicissitudes of emotional turbulence just like everyone else.

The Impact of the Collapse of the IS on the Environment of International Terrorism

Recently, the international campaign against terrorism has made great achievements, with Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, the leader of the Islamic State(IS) killed, the last city Mosul the IS controlled in Iraq liberated and its so-called capital Raqqa in Syria besieged. The visible"Caliphate"of the IS is breaking up with an obvious trend of declining, which will return to a normal terrorist group from a new-type and semi-militarized terrorist organization with an independent army, territories and administrative systems. Such a change will bring about new uncertainties to the IS itself and the environment of international terrorism. For some time to come in the future, how to cope with the impact brought about by such a change of the IS will become a major issue of the international community.

Spatial differentiation in stable isotope compositions of surface waters and its environmental significance in the Issyk-Kul Lake region of Central Asia

Stable isotope values of oxygen （180） and hydrogen （2H） of surface waters were used to study the origin and environmental significanees in the Issyk-Kul basin of Kyrgyzstan in Central Asia, which is the most important intermountain basin in the modern Tien Shan orogen. This study is the first analysis of hydrochemical spatial differentiation in the stable isotopes of surface waters in this watershed. 75 samples were collected from rivers, springs, lakes, rain and snow during the rainy season in July and August of 2o16. Stable isotopes of 180 and 2H were studied for all samples, and cation ratios （Sr/Ca and Mg/Ca） were also determined for lake water samples. Stable isotope values from precipitation scattered around the Local Meteoric Water Line （determined from Urumqi Station of the global network of isotopes in precipitation （GNIP））, together with values of the Deuterium excess parameter （d） from 15.3‰ to 30.5‰, with an average of 19.8‰, indicating that the moisture sources are primarily from regions with low relative humidity. The 8180 and 52H values were significantly different between the river and lake samples, indicating that regional evaporation caused the isotopic enrichment of lake water. Geospatial autocorrelation, measured by Moran＇s I coefficient, indicated weak spatial autocorrelation within stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen in the surface waters of the studied area, which is primarily an effect of climate during the water chemistry evolution. The cation ratios Sr/Ca and Mg/Ca in lake water samples were not correlated with the concentration of total dissolved solids, but did show correlation with stable isotopic values, which is significant for paleoenvironmental reconstruction.

Chemical Characteristics and Environmental Significance of Fresh Snow Deposition on Urumqi Glacier No.1 of Tianshan Mountains, China

Ice and snow chemistry of alpine glaciers is crucial for the research of regional atmospheric environment change. Fresh snow samples were weekly collected from Urumqi Glacier No.1 in the Tianshan Mountains, Xin- jiang, China, and the chemical characteristics and seasonal variations of major ions, mineral dust, δ18O and trace metals were measured. Results show that the concentrations of major ions in the snow are Ca2+ > SO42-> NH4+ > NO3-> Cl-> Na+ > Mg2+ > K+, in which Ca2+ is the dominant cation, and SO42-is the dominant anion. All major ions have close positive correlations with each other except NO3-. δ18O shows positive correlation with air temperature change during the study period. Mineral dust particle and major ionic concentrations in fresh snow have obvious seasonal change, with high concentration in spring but low concentration in summer and autumn, which indicates that the chemical mass input from Asian dust activity to snow is very significant. Temporal changes of trace metals in fresh snow, e.g., Cd, Pb, Zn, Al, Fe, have shown that human-induced pollution of central Asian region also has large contribution to the snow chemistry on alpine glaciers of the Tianshan Mountains.

Physico-chemical Characteristics and Environmental Significance of Snow Deposition on Haxilegen Glacier No.51 in Tian Shan,China

Snow chemistry on the glaciers of alpine regions is a good indicator of atmospheric environmental change.We examine snow chemistry in three snowpits at different altitudes on the Haxilegen Glacier No.51,in the Kuitun River source,Tian Shan,China,during July-September 2004 to 2007.We use correlation analysis,factor analysis and sea-salt tracing methods to examine the characteristics and sources of major ions and mineral dust particles in the snow.Results show that mineral dust particles and major ions in the snow pits vary seasonally.During the Asian dust period in springtime,the concentration of mineral dust particles and major ions deposited in snow is high,while the concentration is relatively low during the non-dust period of summer and autumn.This may be caused by dust storm activity in central Asia.The order of major ionic concentrations in the snow packs was determined to be Ca2+ > SO42-> NH4+ > NO3-> Cl-> Na+ > Mg2+ > K+.Ca2+ was the dominant cation;SO42- was the dominant anion.We find,with the exception of NO3-,that the variabilities of ionic concentrations are highly correlated.Results show that the glacier region was significantly affected by dust activity and anthropogenic source.The major ions,especially Na+,originate from dust sources of central Asia and from the Ocean,transported by the westerly winds.

Grain-size Characteristics of Sediments Formed Since 8600 yr B.P. in Middle Reaches of Yarlung Zangbo River in Tibet and Their Paleoenvironmental Significance

Widespread aeolian sediments have been found in the middle reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River, China, The grain-size characteristics of sediments from Cha＇er Section in the area were analyzed. The results show that the section include one stratum of paleo-mobile dunes, four strata of paleo-semi-fixed dunes, two strata of paleo-fixed dunes, one stratum of sandy immature soils. The paleo-mobile and paleo-semi-fixed dune sand in this section are similar to modem aeolian sand in either grain-size composition or Mz and c distribution. Compared the above types of dunes each other, the content of sand substance decreases, while the content of silt and clay increases for paleo-fixed dunes and sandy immature soils. Combined with age data for each stratum, the analysis shows that these strata are the products of climate changes and the evolution of aeolian landforms. The evolutionary sequence of the paleoclimate and of aeolian activities in the valley since 8600 yr B.P. reveals four stages： 8600-5700 yr B.P., when the paleoclimate was cold and dry, with strong winds, thereby activating dunes; 5700-3600 yr B.P., when it was warm and wet, with weak winds, causing dunes to undergo soil-forming processes; 3600-1900 yr B.P., when climate shifted from cold-dry with strong winds to warm-wet with weak winds, and activated dunes were fixed again; and 1900 yr B.P. -present, when the climate became fine, with weak winds, fixing dunes again.

Geochemistry of Trace and Rare Earth Elements in Red Soils from the Dongting Lake Area and Its Environmental Significance

Trace element(TE) and rare earth element(REE) contents in red soils from the Dongting Lake area of China were determined to understanding the provenance and weathering characteristics of the red soils.The results showed similar REE distribution patterns among red soils from the Dongting Lake area,Xiashu loess from Zhenjiang,loess and Pliocene red soil from the Loess Plateau.These patterns implied a similar provenance from dust-storms,except for red soil R5 which formed by bedrock weathering and had significant light REE(LREE) enrichment and heavy REE(HREE) depletion due to longer weathering periods and higher intensity of weathering.Trace element,especially the Rb/Sr and Li/Ba ratios,and REE,especially the LREE/HREE ratio and δEu could trace weathering intensity.Higher Rb/Sr,Li/Ba,and LREE/HREE ratios and negative Eu anomalies were present in the red soils from the Dongting Lake area.The weathering intensity was in the decreasing order of R5 in the Dongting Lake area > red soils from the Dongting Lake area(including reticulate red soil,weak reticulate red soil,and homogeneous red soil formed by dust storms) > Xiashu loess from Zhenjiang > loess-paleosol and Pliocene red soil from the Loess Plateau.Variations in the TE and REE contents of soil could be effectively used to study the provenance and the weathering intensity.

Orthographic,Semantic,and Contextual Influences on Initial Processing and Learning of Novel Words During Reading:Evidence From Eye Movements

This study investigates how orthographic,semantic and contextual variables—including word length,concreteness,and contextual support—impact on the processing and learning of new words in a second language(L2)when first encountered during reading.Students learning English as a foreign language(EFL)were recruited to read sentences for comprehension,embedded with unfamiliar L2 words that occurred once.Immediately after this,they received a form recognition test,a meaning recall test,and a meaning recognition test.Eye-movement data showed significant effects of word length on both early and late processing of novel words,along with effects of concreteness only on late-processing eye-tracking measures.Informative contexts were read slower than neutral contexts,yet contextual support did not show any direct influence on the processing of novel words.Interestingly,initial learning of abstract words was better than concrete words in terms of form and meaning recognition.Attentional processing of novel L2 words,operationalized by total reading time,positively predicted L2 learners’recognition of new orthographic forms.Taken together,these results suggest:1)orthographic,semantic and contextual factors play distinct roles for initial processing and learning of novel words;2)online processing of novel words contributes to L2 learners’initial knowledge of unfamiliar lexical items acquired from reading.

Kazakh Nationalism in Eurasian Context

This abstract has concerned primarily with the new look to the stages of post-Soviet Kazakh nationalism development embedded in context of Eurasian concept. Could we prove true widely held predictions about future strengthening of nationalists＇ position in post-crisis country？ As we state, opposite to above mentioned ideas, the more Kazakhstan would be involved in to Russian politics orbit which means further movement to Eurasian ＂path＂ the more undermined should be Kazakh nationalists conventional certainties. Moreover, one of the world crisis consequences could be displayed in leadership authoritarian tendencies strengthening. The latter undoubtedly ought to erode Kazakh nationalists＇ position.

The Influences of CPTED on Fear of Crime and Sense of Community

Fear of crime varies considerably depending on its attitude towards environmental conditions. Sense of community and CPTED （crime prevention through environmental design） are believed to have an influence on fear of crime. This paper investigates the hypotheses of influences of CPTED on FOC （fear of crime） and SOC （sense of community）. A total of 171 respondents from the designated residential areas were involved in this study. The structural equation modeling technique was employed and the results indicate that CPTED has a direct influence on fear of crime and sense of community. However, no significant relationship was found between SOC and FOC.