Capability matchmaking of semantic web services with preconditions and effects

In order to solve the problem that the current matchmaking methods for semantic web service mainly focus on the matchmaking of IO （inputs, outputs） descriptions which may result in one-sidedness, a description-logic-based IOPE （inputs, outputs, preconditions, effects） description and matchmaking method is proposed for semantic web service. The description logic concept is used to annotate service IO and the description logic assertion is employed to describe service PE（preconditions, effects）. TBox subsumption checking is used to measure the subsumption relationship between IO descriptions of service request and advertising; ABox consistency checking is used for checking the logical implication between PE descriptions of service request and advertising. Based upon the logical implication, four kinds of PE matching degrees are proposed to measure and compare the pros and cons of the results of matchmaking. They are the exact, perfect, side-effect and common match. Experiments show that the method has a higher precision rate under the same recall rate compared with the existing method.

Reducing semantic bias of annotations for semantic web service discovery

In order to improve the effectiveness of semantic web service discovery, the semantic bias between an interface parameter and an annotation is reduced by extracting semantic restrictions for the annotation from the description context and generating refined semantic annotations, and then the semantics of the web service is refined. These restrictions are dynamically extracted from the parsing tree of the description text, with the guide of the restriction template extracted from the ontology definition. New semantic annotations are then generated by combining the original concept with the restrictions and represented via refined concept expressions. In addition, a novel semantic similarity measure for refined concept expressions is proposed for semantic web service discovery. Experimental results show that the matchmaker based on this method can improve the average precision of discovery and exhibit low computational complexity. Reducing the semantic bias by utilizing restriction information of annotations can refine the semantics of the web service and improve the discovery effectiveness.

Supporting web services reuse by semantic service component and composition pattern

Due to the fact that the existing web service description methods cannot address the issue of service reuse of various levels of granularity, the concept of service component is introduced, which packages together web services and choreography, and their operations and properties are presented in a consistent and uniform manner. Service components are published externally as normal web services and can thus be employed by webbased applications. In order to improve reusability and testability of service components, the concept of composition pattern is also proposed, which presents the relationships among service components. The relationships and relationship compositions have a rigorous semantic, so that composite components can be validated at the configuration stage. The composition patterns support to integrate service components of various levels of granularity. Experience indicates that the application assembly can effectively be conducted by understanding, selecting, and reusing components easily.

Efficient semantic web service matching using common ontology

To solve the bottleneck problem in centralized service discovery methods,a novel architecture based on domain ontology for semantic service discovery is proposed.This distributed architecture can adjust the domain partition and allocate system resources automatically.The characteristics of this mechanism are analyzed,including scalability,self-organization and adaptability.In this mechanism,semantic web service discovery is separated into two parts.First,under balance tree topology,registry proxy can rapidly forward requests to the objective registry center,and avoid the bottleneck problem.Secondly,a semantic distance based service matching algorithm is proposed to promote the effect of service searching.The results of simulation experiments show that the proposed mechanism can serve as a scalable solution for semantic web service publication and discovery.And the improved matching algorithm has higher recall and precision than other algorithms.

Web services selection based on semantic similarity

Services discovery based on syntactic matching cannot adapt to the open and dynamic environment of the web. To select the proper one from the web services candidate set provided by syntactic matching, a service selection method based on semantic similarity is proposed. First, this method defines a web services ontology including QoS and context as semantic supporting, which also provides a set of terms to describe the interfaces of web services. Secondly, the similarity degree of two web services is evaluated by computing the semantic distances of those terms used to describe interfaces. Compared with existing methods, interfaces of web services can be interpreted under ontology, because it provides a formal and semantic specification of conceptualization. Meanwhile, efficiency and accuracy of services selection are improved.

Problem of interoperability in semantic web service system

In order to fully realize semantic interoperability among distributed and heterogeneous applications on the web, a set of effective interoperability mechanisms is presented. This mechanism adopts service interactive interfaces （SII） and service aggregative interfaces （SAI） modeled with abstract state machine （ASM） to abstractly describe the behavior of the invoked web service instances, which makes business processing accurately specify tasks and effectively solves the problems of communication and collaboration between service providers and service requesters. The mechanism also uses appropriate mediators to solve the problems of information and coinmunication incompatibility during the course of service interaction, which is convenient for service interoperability, sharing and integration. The mechanism＇ s working principle and interoperability implementation are illustrated by a use case in detail.

陈国峻的《兵书要略》一书

文新是越南著名的史学家,他在60年代撰写的这篇论文,一方面介绍了《兵书要略》一书的军事技术和军事思想;另一方面比较客观地阐明了陈国峻的《兵书要略》是吸收了我国孙武兵法和吴起兵书的战略战术;同时,他也介绍了陈国峻并未完成《兵书要略》的撰写工作,此书是在17世纪中期由某一位兵法家把陶维祠的《虎张躯机》一书中的兵法技术补充了陈氏的兵书;19世纪初又由一位军事学家作了补充和修改,这就是当前我们能见到的《兵书要略》一书。

Task-oriented web service discovery algorithm using semantic similarity for adaptive service composition

In order to achieve adaptive and efficient service composition, a task-oriented algorithm for discovering services is proposed. The traditional process of service composition is divided into semantic discovery and functional matching and makes tasks be operation objects. Semantic similarity is used to discover services matching a specific task and then generate a corresponding task-oriented web service composition （TWC） graph. Moreover, an algorithm for the new service is designed to update the TWC. The approach is applied to the composition model, in which the TWC is searched to obtain an optimal path and the final service composition is output. Also, the model can implement realtime updating with changing environments. Experimental results demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the algorithm and indicate that the maximum searching radius can be set to 2 to achieve an equilibrium point of quality and quantity.

一类分数题目的解法探讨

有一类分数题目,难度较大,乍一解答起来确实感到有些吃力。有同志认为这类题目不能直接列式解答,只有运用分数的基本性质,通过分析获解。但我总觉得这样解法不尽如意。经过一段时间的研究,发现解此类题目仍有一个既简单明白又易于掌握的解答规律。现举例介绍如下。

《内经》用韵浅说(三)——医古文基础知识讲座之三

三、研究《内经》有韵文的韵律与整理古医籍的关系作为中医药人员,了解和研究《内经》有韵文的基本韵律(例),主要目的是为整理古医籍、更正确地读懂。

科学技术人员是“第一生产力”的代表者

在传统观念中,把生产力只简单地理解为劳动力。随着人类社会的发展和进步,特别是近代世界科学技术的巨大发展及其运用于生产所显示的巨大作用,使人们逐步认识到了科学技术对生产力的发展所起的重要作用。马克思以其卓越的洞察力把科学技术“首先看成是历史的有力的杠杆,看成是最高意义上的革命力量”(《马克思恩格斯全集》第19卷第372页),并说“劳动生产力是随着科学和技术的不断进步而不继发展的”(《同上第23卷第664页)。

Heuristic web service composition method based on domain ontology

In order to realize automatic web service composition, a heuristic web service composition method based on domain ontology is proposed. First, this method integrates the domain ontology and the artificial intelligence （AI） planning algorithm. Then, it uses the domain ontology and its reasoning capability to infer the semantic relationship among parameters. Finally, it transforms the web service composition problem into the planning problem based on the AI planning heuristic algorithm. The preliminary experimental results show that the above method compensates for the lack of semantics in the previous AI planning method and it can satisfy the requirements of quality and efficiency of composition, thus generating composite web services according to customer requirements automatically and efficiently.

Service composition algorithm using semantic constraint to implement user personality

In order to improve the efficiency and quality of service composition,a service composition algorithm based on semantic constraint is proposed.First, a user’s requirements and services from a service repository are compared with the help of a matching algorithm.The algorithm has two levels and filters out the services which do not match the user’s constraint personality requirements.The mechanism can reduce the searching scope at the beginning of the service composition algorithm.Secondly,satisfactions of those selected services for the user’s personality requirements are computed and those services,which have the greatest satisfaction value to make up the service composition,are used.The algorithm is evaluated analytically and experimentally based on the efficiency of service composition and satisfaction for the user’s personality requirements.

Location and Its Semantics in Location-Based Services

Starting with a simple presentation of location determination techniques, physical location and geographic location as two common kinds of location description methods are discussed. The semantic location concept is then introduced and a correction is given, which especially emphasizes that location property is an important part of semantic location. By analyzing the connotation and extension of every geographic location, what should be contained in a location property is determined. Using a hierarchical model, the relations and associations among locations are clearly described. To realize a formalized description of semantic location, an ontology technique that can adequately describe semantic information of location is used. Organized by ontology web language, a location ontology model allows semantic location to be read and processed by computer. The location ontology model realizes the knowledge description of location information and establishes an important foundation to personalized preference services in location based services.

An Alternative-Service Recommending Algorithm Based on Semantic Similarity

With the development of the Internet of Things(Io T), people's lives have become increasingly convenient. It is desirable for smart home(SH) systems to integrate and leverage the enormous information available from IoT. Information can be analyzed to learn user intentions and automatically provide the appropriate services. However, existing service recommendation models typically do not consider the services that are unavailable in a user's living environment. In order to address this problem, we propose a series of semantic models for SH devices. These semantic models can be used to infer user intentions. Based on the models, we proposed a service recommendation probability model and an alternative-service recommending algorithm. The algorithm is devoted to providing appropriate alternative services when the desired service is unavailable. The algorithm has been implemented and achieves accuracy higher than traditional Hidden Markov Model(HMM). The maximum accuracy achieved is 68.3%.

Service Function Chain in Small Satellite-Based Software Defined Satellite Networks

Software Defined Satellite Networks(SDSN) are proposed to solve the problems in traditional satellite networks, such as time-consuming configuration and inflexible traffic scheduling. The emerging application of small satellite and research of SDSN make it possible for satellite networks to provide flexible network services. Service Function Chain(SFC) can satisfy this need. In this paper, we are motivated to investigate applying SFC in the small satellite-based SDSN for service delivery. We introduce the structure of the multi-layer constellation-based SDSN. Then, we describe two deployment patterns of SFC in SDSN, the Multi-Domain(MD) pattern and the Satellite Formation(SF) pattern. We propose two algorithms, SFP-MD, and SFP-SF, to calculate the Service Function Path(SFP). We implement the algorithms and conduct contrast experiments in our prototype. Finally, we summarize the applicable conditions of two deployment patterns according to the experimental results in terms of hops, delay, and packet loss rate.

Analysis on the Influence of the Postmodernism Ideological Trend on Fashion Design

Post-modernism began to rise in the mid 20th century, and also rapidly played an influence on the cultures of all the countries in the world. Its combination with the design of art in the development process has brought about a new idea for the aesthetic appreciation of people. The combination of postmodernism with fashion design was mainly reflected in sublation. This has exerted a profound influence on the development of fashion design, which is demonstrated in design theme, design idea, and design methods. In this paper, this is introduced from the concept and characteristics of postmodernism, the influence of postmodernism on fashion design, and the reflection of postmodernism in fashion design. It is found that the post-modernism ideological trend plays a certain role in promoting fashion design.

An Edge-Based Approach for Semantic Matchmaking of Service Capabilities

Semantic Web Services is an emerging technology that promises to enable dynamic, execution-time discovery, composition, and invocation of Web Services. Semantic matchmaking plays a vital role in the automated and dynamic discovery process of Semantic Web Services and consists in measuring the semantic distance between a requested service and an advertised one. In this paper, an innovative approach to effectively compute the semantic distance between Ontology Web Language for Services （OWL-S） annotated services is proposed. First, an edge-based method for measuring the semantic distance between Web Ontology Language （OWL） concepts is presented. Then, a comparison of the proposed measure and the one presented in a recent related work is made in order to show that our method is more efficient and fine-grained. Finally, some equations to compute semantic matchmaking of service capabilities, which are expressed in terms of inputs and outputs, are presented.

Pre-filtering based automatic composition of multi-QoS semantic web services

To support the rapid automatic services composition and fulfill multi-quality of service （multi- QoS） demand, we propose a novel approach to realize services composition automatically by a prefihering process. Aimed at a set of web services with similar functionality and different quality of service （QoS） , a semantic services chain is given and a corresponding constructing algorithm is proposed to construct the data structure. A pre-filtering process is put forward to find whether a composition service before planning exists. It can avoid aborted planning. An optimal planning algorithm is proposed which can choose the most suitable service from a lot of similar candidate services based on semantic service chains and multi-QoS values. The algorithms can improve the correctness and automation performances of automated semantic web services composition. As an example, a concrete composite process is analyzed. Experimental results show the validity of the composite process.

The Influence of Post Modernism on Costume Design

With the unprecedented expansion of human knowledge, the wide application of computer and database and the rapid development of science and technology, post modernism ideology has swept the world with hitherto unknown speed, which has a profound influence on the arts and design field in China. With the expansion of post modern design ＂humanization＂ design idea in various design fields, whether in architectural design, industrial design, graphic design or costume design, designers pay a hitherto unknown attention to the emotional understanding and humanized expression of the design content. When the Chinese designers and consumers almost have no clear concept of ＂ post modernism ideology＂ , the rookies in the design competition have already used the post modem design techniques very skillfully, and ordinary people have already worn the costumes of post modernism style to swagger through the streets.