There are natural ethical debates in ecological ethics, namely whether nature has intrinsic value, whether the nature has its rights. Theoretical basis of argument is the opposite of anthropocentrism and non- anthropo...There are natural ethical debates in ecological ethics, namely whether nature has intrinsic value, whether the nature has its rights. Theoretical basis of argument is the opposite of anthropocentrism and non- anthropocentrism. Ecological ethics controversy concerns the core issue of the relationship between human and nature of the ecological ethics about nature, to correctly understand and deal with the relationship between mankind and nature, ecological ethics and ecological ethics is the starting point and destination debates.展开更多
The present paper offers an opportunity to explore Keynes＇ contribution to our understanding of crisis by returning to him seminal contribution in the theory of the effective demand. The analysis contrasts this appro...The present paper offers an opportunity to explore Keynes＇ contribution to our understanding of crisis by returning to him seminal contribution in the theory of the effective demand. The analysis contrasts this approach with the neoclassical orthodoxy regarding the theory of the interest rate and the relation between saving and investment. The author poses the fundamental question： Can a policy of stimulating saving promote investment？ By using the ＂Saving Paradox＂ presented in chapter sixteen, as a framework for interpreting Bernanke＇s description of the saving glut and the current account deficit of the U.S. economy, the author offers an answer that is useful for understanding the current situation. The author also shows how moral hazard plays a significant role in the current crisis.展开更多
In this paper, we review the concept of quality of ulcer healing （QOUH） in the gastrointestinal tract and its role in the ulcer recurrence. In the past, peptic ulcer disease （PUD） has been a chronic disease with a...In this paper, we review the concept of quality of ulcer healing （QOUH） in the gastrointestinal tract and its role in the ulcer recurrence. In the past, peptic ulcer disease （PUD） has been a chronic disease with a cycle of repeated healing/remission and recurrence. The main etiological factor of PUD is Helicobacter pylori （H. pylorl~, which is also the cause of ulcer recur- rence. However, H. pylori-negative ulcers are pres- ent in 12%-20% of patients; they also recur and are on occasion intractable. QOUH focuses on the fact that mucosal and submucosal structures within ulcer scars are incompletely regenerated. Within the scars of healed ulcers, regenerated tissue is immature and with distorted architecture, suggesting poor QOUH. The abnormalities in mucosal regeneration can be the basis for ulcer recurrence. Our studies have shown that persistence of macrophages in the regenerated area plays a key role in ulcer recurrence. Our studies in a rat model of ulcer recurrence have indicated that proinflammatory cytokines trigger activation of macro- phages, which in turn produce increased amounts of cytokines and chemokines, which attract neutrophils to the regenerated area. Neutrophils release proteolytic enzymes that destroy the tissue, resulting in ulcer re- currence. Another important factor in poor QOUH can be deficiency of endogenous prostaglandins and a defi- ciency and/or an imbalance of endogenous growth fac- tors. Topically active mucosal protective and antiulcer drugs promote high QOUH and reduce inflammatory cell infiltration in the ulcer scar. In addition to PUD, the concept of QOUH is likely applicable to inflammatory bowel diseases including Crohn＇s disease and ulcer- ative colitis.展开更多
Objective:This integrative review aimed to identify the common characteristics of moral distress in nursing and distinguish it from other types of distress by examining nurses’perspectives in the literature.These ins...Objective:This integrative review aimed to identify the common characteristics of moral distress in nursing and distinguish it from other types of distress by examining nurses’perspectives in the literature.These insights will help update existing tools and create new ones to capture moral distress better,guiding the development and implementation of strategies to support nurses in addressing this challenge.Methods:Whittemore and Knafl’s integrative review method was employed to guide a systematic search for literature in three databases(EBSCO Medline,CINAHL,and PubMed).Additionally,two journals,Bioethics and Nursing Ethics,were manually searched to reduce search bias.The included studies were primary resources published in English between 2018 and 2023,utilizing quantitative,qualitative,or mixed methods to examine moral distress’s characteristics,components,and definitions.All of identified studies were screened,extracted,and analyzed independently by two researchers.Results:Nineteen studies were included.The results were grouped into five themes shaping the main characteristics of moral distress:1)experiencing a moral situation,with five ethically conflicted situations identified,including treatment plans,professional and personal moral values,team dynamics,complex contexts,clinical practices,and patient-centered care;2)making a moral judgment,where nurses experience moral distress when they cannot act consistently with their values,ethical principles,and moral duties;3)the presence of constraints,categorized at three levels:individual factors related to the nurse,patient,and patient’s family;team factors related to the team or unit involved;and system factors,including institutional and policy elements;4)moral wrongdoing,which occurs when nurses are unable to perform the right moral action;and 5)moral suffering,with studies showing that moral distress impacts physical,emotional,and psychological well-being.Conclusion:The findings enhance the understanding of moral distress characteristics among nursing staff,highlighting the concept of the crescendo effect,which underscores the cumulative and escalating nature of unresolved moral distress,emphasizing the need to address moral conflicts proactively to prevent the erosion of moral integrity and professional satisfaction.展开更多
Through a semantic analysis of such common words as ＂good,＂ ＂right,＂ and ＂rights,＂ this article tries to argue that ＂justice＂ as a value-term basically means ＂no unacceptable harm to the human＂ or ＂respecti...Through a semantic analysis of such common words as ＂good,＂ ＂right,＂ and ＂rights,＂ this article tries to argue that ＂justice＂ as a value-term basically means ＂no unacceptable harm to the human＂ or ＂respecting the deserved rights of the human＂ in the meta-ethical sense. In real life, then, the becoming of universal justice as an authentic moral virtue depends first and foremost upon the concrete and dynamic cultivation of such a universalistic ethical attitude： regarding neither merely oneself nor some persons specially related to oneself, but everyone as the ＂human,＂ and valuing all of them morally important and dignified so as not to do morally unacceptable harm to them, but to respect their deserved rights.展开更多
文摘There are natural ethical debates in ecological ethics, namely whether nature has intrinsic value, whether the nature has its rights. Theoretical basis of argument is the opposite of anthropocentrism and non- anthropocentrism. Ecological ethics controversy concerns the core issue of the relationship between human and nature of the ecological ethics about nature, to correctly understand and deal with the relationship between mankind and nature, ecological ethics and ecological ethics is the starting point and destination debates.
文摘The present paper offers an opportunity to explore Keynes＇ contribution to our understanding of crisis by returning to him seminal contribution in the theory of the effective demand. The analysis contrasts this approach with the neoclassical orthodoxy regarding the theory of the interest rate and the relation between saving and investment. The author poses the fundamental question： Can a policy of stimulating saving promote investment？ By using the ＂Saving Paradox＂ presented in chapter sixteen, as a framework for interpreting Bernanke＇s description of the saving glut and the current account deficit of the U.S. economy, the author offers an answer that is useful for understanding the current situation. The author also shows how moral hazard plays a significant role in the current crisis.
文摘In this paper, we review the concept of quality of ulcer healing （QOUH） in the gastrointestinal tract and its role in the ulcer recurrence. In the past, peptic ulcer disease （PUD） has been a chronic disease with a cycle of repeated healing/remission and recurrence. The main etiological factor of PUD is Helicobacter pylori （H. pylorl~, which is also the cause of ulcer recur- rence. However, H. pylori-negative ulcers are pres- ent in 12%-20% of patients; they also recur and are on occasion intractable. QOUH focuses on the fact that mucosal and submucosal structures within ulcer scars are incompletely regenerated. Within the scars of healed ulcers, regenerated tissue is immature and with distorted architecture, suggesting poor QOUH. The abnormalities in mucosal regeneration can be the basis for ulcer recurrence. Our studies have shown that persistence of macrophages in the regenerated area plays a key role in ulcer recurrence. Our studies in a rat model of ulcer recurrence have indicated that proinflammatory cytokines trigger activation of macro- phages, which in turn produce increased amounts of cytokines and chemokines, which attract neutrophils to the regenerated area. Neutrophils release proteolytic enzymes that destroy the tissue, resulting in ulcer re- currence. Another important factor in poor QOUH can be deficiency of endogenous prostaglandins and a defi- ciency and/or an imbalance of endogenous growth fac- tors. Topically active mucosal protective and antiulcer drugs promote high QOUH and reduce inflammatory cell infiltration in the ulcer scar. In addition to PUD, the concept of QOUH is likely applicable to inflammatory bowel diseases including Crohn＇s disease and ulcer- ative colitis.
文摘Objective:This integrative review aimed to identify the common characteristics of moral distress in nursing and distinguish it from other types of distress by examining nurses’perspectives in the literature.These insights will help update existing tools and create new ones to capture moral distress better,guiding the development and implementation of strategies to support nurses in addressing this challenge.Methods:Whittemore and Knafl’s integrative review method was employed to guide a systematic search for literature in three databases(EBSCO Medline,CINAHL,and PubMed).Additionally,two journals,Bioethics and Nursing Ethics,were manually searched to reduce search bias.The included studies were primary resources published in English between 2018 and 2023,utilizing quantitative,qualitative,or mixed methods to examine moral distress’s characteristics,components,and definitions.All of identified studies were screened,extracted,and analyzed independently by two researchers.Results:Nineteen studies were included.The results were grouped into five themes shaping the main characteristics of moral distress:1)experiencing a moral situation,with five ethically conflicted situations identified,including treatment plans,professional and personal moral values,team dynamics,complex contexts,clinical practices,and patient-centered care;2)making a moral judgment,where nurses experience moral distress when they cannot act consistently with their values,ethical principles,and moral duties;3)the presence of constraints,categorized at three levels:individual factors related to the nurse,patient,and patient’s family;team factors related to the team or unit involved;and system factors,including institutional and policy elements;4)moral wrongdoing,which occurs when nurses are unable to perform the right moral action;and 5)moral suffering,with studies showing that moral distress impacts physical,emotional,and psychological well-being.Conclusion:The findings enhance the understanding of moral distress characteristics among nursing staff,highlighting the concept of the crescendo effect,which underscores the cumulative and escalating nature of unresolved moral distress,emphasizing the need to address moral conflicts proactively to prevent the erosion of moral integrity and professional satisfaction.
文摘Through a semantic analysis of such common words as ＂good,＂ ＂right,＂ and ＂rights,＂ this article tries to argue that ＂justice＂ as a value-term basically means ＂no unacceptable harm to the human＂ or ＂respecting the deserved rights of the human＂ in the meta-ethical sense. In real life, then, the becoming of universal justice as an authentic moral virtue depends first and foremost upon the concrete and dynamic cultivation of such a universalistic ethical attitude： regarding neither merely oneself nor some persons specially related to oneself, but everyone as the ＂human,＂ and valuing all of them morally important and dignified so as not to do morally unacceptable harm to them, but to respect their deserved rights.
