论汉语的“义读”——兼论训诂术语的定称

＂义读＂是汉语经籍中以注音的方式说明注字和被注字义同或义通的一种特殊音注,是音义未能严格区分状态下产生的特殊的语言现象。术语是科学理论建设的基础,目前学界关于＂义读＂的称说纷歧,容易引起误解。对＂义读＂及相关术语＂换读、训读、义借、同义替代、音随义转、叶音、读为＂的关系进行梳理和辨析,以明确相关概念的联系和区别,使术语的定称更具科学性,促进训诂学原理的进一步科学化,也有助于正确认识＂义读＂现象,更好地体现其研究价值。

The Joumey of the Magi： A Lyric Monologue for First and Second Voices and Three-in-One Character（s）

Although T. S. Eliot＇s ＂The Journey of the Magi＂ is a religious poem in the profoundest sense, the title of my paper is intended to give only a sly wink at Trinitarianism. My real object is to explain how Eliot contrived to manufacture a poem which, at fu＇st glance, resembles a dramatic monologue （generally understood as a poem for one voice----that of a historical/fictional/mythological character addressing a silent listener, group of listeners or reader）, yet which is slowly revealed as a lyrical monologue （for the poet＇s own voice） which yet--and this quite intentionally----contains considerably more than mere echoes of another two speakers： namely a Magus and the biblical translator and, most famously, sermon writer Archbishop Launcelot Andrewes （1555-1626） court preacher to James 1 and Charles 1 of England. I wish to show how Eliot, in writing what is ultimately confessional verse, goes out of his way to hoodwink the reader by allowing the first two of his ＂{The} Three Voices of Poetry＂ （1957） to overlap with and then incorporate the third. His own descriptions of these voices are （i） lyric, defined as ＂the poet talking to himself＂, （ii） that of the single speakerwho gives a （dramatic） monologuel ＂addressing an {imaginary} audience in an assumed voice＂ and （iii） that of the verse dramatist ＂who attempts to create a dramatic character speaking in verse when he {i.e. the author} is saying.., only what he can say within the limits of one imaginary character addressing another imaginary character＂ yet adding ＂some bit of himself that the author gives to a character may be the germ from which that character starts＂ （Eliot, 1957, pp. 38, 40）. The basis of my argument is that such an act of＂giving of the self＇ as the raw material for the creation of a dramatic monologue persona as well as a character designed for the stage had been part and parcel of Eliot＇s modus operandi up to and including ＂Prufrock＂ and The Waste Land; further, that in ＂The Journey of the Magi＂ and his later commentary upon it he fmally comes out and admits the fact, and in far clearer a manner than he does when defining the Objective Correlative in his essays on Hamlet. Far from attempting to erase the sense of selfhood from his poetry, I believe that Eliot, consciously or not, ended up by demonstrating to those who worshipped the Romantics and their cult of personality just how difficult it was to express the purely subjective self in poetry.

Misreading Rousseau？ Jacques Derrida＇s Deconstructive Reading of Rousseau＇s Essay on the Origin of Languages

Jacques Derrida＇s engagement with Jean-Jacques Rousseau in the second part of Of Grammatology constitutes the most systematic, extensive example of deconstructive reading. Nevertheless, the problem of whether Derrida reproduces Rousseau＇s basic claims adequately has remained a peripheral concern. This has meant that this may constitute a misreading and the consequences that this would have for the deconstructive operation itself have not adequately examined. Hence, this enquiry into Derrida＇s reading of Rousseau centers upon the extent to which Derrida distorts Rousseau＇s text in order to be able to confirm deconstruction＇s radical theoretical positions.

Reading Dickens Romantically： ＂Night Walks＂

This paper will examine the essay, ＂Night Walks＂ （2000）, to see how Charles Dickens （1812-1870）, a social-realist writer of the Victorian era, has used elements adapted from the Romantics in order to draw attention to the pitiable social conditions of Victorian London. Dickens＇ the realist paradoxically reflected a readiness to think and feel ＂without immediate external excitement＂. He expressed his alignment with Romanticism by way of a cultivation of feeling and empathizing. His genius was, as expressed by Bagehot, ＂essentially irregular and unsymmetrical＂ because he was ＂utterly deficient in the faculty of reasoning＂. His daily, or rather nightly walks provided him with the inspiration to follow the Romantic tradition of writing on walks. The essay under consideration, ＂Night Walks＂, clearly supports the notion that Romanticism was fallaciously opposed to realism. The paper will examine the ways in which the theme, style, and structure of the essay evoke the preoccupation of a Romantic soul--for whom the walk becomes a space for ＂encounter and reflection＂--and the Romantic mind which is empowered by ＂imaginative self definition or discovery＂.

Interpretation of Data in Psychology： A False Problem, a True Issue

In psychology, the concept of interpretation has been namely associated to the subjectivist paradigm underpinning qualitative approaches, rather than the objectivist paradigm charactefising quantitative research. In this article, we challenge this belief by showing how interpretation concerns psychology as a whole. To do this, the authors will first consider some dominant tendencies characterising the psychological field in general, such as the ＂empiricist illusion＂ and the ＂trap of scientism＂ （Vygotsky 1999）. Moreover, they will introduce the cultural perspective in psychology, pertinent to deconstruct several assumptions regarding research within the discipline. Stemming from this approach, ＂indirect methods＂ will be presented with regard to their potential to analyse psychological phenomena both qualitatively and scientifically. They will conclude by describing a set of principles that can be implemented when doing qualitative research as to ensure the quality and the adequacy of interpretation.

Writing as a Supplement： Jacques Derrida＇s Deconstructive Reading of Rousseau＇s Confessions

The present study constitutes a critical appraisal of the deconstructive reading of Rousseau＇s Confessions that Derrida undertakes in the second part of Of Grammatology. In this examination, the author will first list some of the significations into which Derrida disperses （forced, as he asserts himself, by an ＂inassimilable residue＂ in the text itself） the meaning that he has already construed as apparently simple during the first moment of deconstructive reading （i.e., ＂the doubling commentary＂）; the author will then go on to enquire into the operations which enable Derrida to arrive at these self-conflicting significations. The main aim of this essay is to demonstrate that it is not language alone that disables the philosophy of Rousseau and enables the philosophy of Derrida. When Derrida attempts to support his philosophy through an analysis of Rousseau＇s theory of language and the alleged contradictions in Rousseau＇s texts, he misinterprets basic tenets of these texts in order to make them conform to the presuppositions of the deconstructive approach. The ＂reversal＂ and ＂displacement＂ of metaphysical conceptuality in the text of the Confessions is made possible after the text has had meanings transposed into it from a plurality of other texts. Derrida attributes to the text significations he discovers by construing, explicating and over-reading passages that occur elsewhere in Rousseau＇s total oeuvre （especially in the Essay on the Origin of Languages）.

On the significance of theme and thematic progression in the development of text

This paper provides a detailed analysis about the themes and the thematic progression of a certain text, with Halliday＇s Systemic-Functional ideas as the theoretical foundation. Based on this, the paper discloses the significance of theme and thematic progression in the development of text, which includes forming a semantic chain and achieving a comprehensive understanding of a text.

The Babysitter： A Feminist Interpretation

Sexual violence, a prevalent problem in the spousal relationship, is closely related to the issue of female consciousness. In The Babysitter, Coover （1989） tells of a teenage girl babysitting two kids and a baby and of two of her male peers and the children＇s father altogether exploring their obsession towards her and, moreover, traces the evaluation and devaluation of women to the presentation of TV exploring its influence on his heroines, namely Mrs. Tucker and the babysitter serving as victims of the patriarchal society. Through a close engagement with the sexual objectification theory, this paper analyzes in detail men＇s aggressive oppressions upon women as well as women＇s compromise and rebellion towards the sexual violence, and investigates that the awakening of female independent consciousness is a key factor in effectively helping women achieve the gender equality between sexes.

Interpretation of Symbolism in Willa.Cather novel ＂A Lost Lady＂

＂ A Lost Lady＂ is at beginning of the 20th century, a important work of creation of a famous American writer Willa Cather, through a story that a woman in a social swirl in old age gradually fall and sink, it reflects the commercialization of human society and other traditional values and lifestyle impact and erosion, and the desire of mankind for a better civilization. Works use artistic symbolism to play a certain role in the development of the plot, the characters change shape and opposition figures to portray the psychological state.

Fullness out of Minimalism Interpretation on the Narrative Style of Raymond Carver＇ s“Cathedral”

Raymond Carver, American short story writer and poet is a major force in the revitalization of the short story in the ! 980s. Carver＇s writing permeates idiographic techniques and evocative insights into reality. ＂Cathedral＂ is the title story of Carver＇s outstanding collection Cathedral. The story relates that the narrator through the visit of his wife＇s blind friend eliminates the prejudice and goes out of shell of closed-off ignorance. Carver employs precise and concise language to develop plot and reveal characters＇ mind and sets tensions leading to character＇s epiphany. Through the setting of tensions, the achievement of epiphany, and the precise and concise narrative language, Carver makes fullness out of a minimalist style of writing.

Three Tragic Women A Feminist Study of Sons and Lovers

The paper argues that the three women are all tragic characters and their tragedies lie in the fact that they only function as stones in Paul＇s life road to art and the world of men and their suffering from the imprisonment of the patriarchal society. The alleged tragic hero, Paul, is patriarchal, self-centered, and sometimes even sadistic. This paper gives respective analysis of the Victorian morality and industrial civilization. Mrs. Morel is pitifully diagnosed with Oedipus complex, which enables her to be a powerful hermaphrodite and gains access to power Miriam is also imprisoned by Victorian morality, but her world is not purely spiritual. Paul just cannot see the physical aspect of her, so he refuses to enter her world. Clara is the woman who makes Paul a real man, but Paul only sees the physical aspect of her. So Paul＇s patriarchal character is revealed in the discussion of these three women. This paper explores the cause of these women＇s struggle and points out that the problems these characters face still exist and need to be solved today

From the Eyes of the Soul to the Sense of the Body： An Interpretation to the Philip Roth＇s The Human Stain

The Human Stain （2000） is a novel full of the characteristics ofvisualism, making the readers imagine the fair skin of Coleman as a black, as well as the black identity hidden under his fair skin. Black and white, these two colors create the general ideology of the book. Coleman revels in his personal feeling of the body because of the vision of his skin color, thus leading to his irreplaceable desire, emotion, and inner spiritual experience, This paper tries to analyze and explore the racialism existing in the novel by applying the gaze theory and offering a philosophical interpretation to the Coleman＇s tragedy. Coleman feels the pressure of betraying himself from time to time, and confounds himself with the virtual image in other＇s gaze. In order to seize back the subjectivity lost in the adversarial gaze from the white, Coleman resists it at the cost of cutting off relationship with his mother, which impressively shows the solitude and alienation of the black race in the American modem civilization.

Decadence and Mass Culture： The Novel as a Panorama. The Case of Bruges-La-Morte

Today＇s idea of the so-called fin-de-sibcle is still somewhat inexact and incomplete. This lack of precision originates from a deeply rooted methodological approach which consists of considering the respective developments of literature, art, and science in isolation, without paying attention to any interference or reciprocal contamination. This defective method also affects the overlaps and contacts between high culture and popular culture. Despite the progress made over recent years, there are few researchers who approach their objective with a real awareness of the complexity of a time period which saw the appearance of mass culture in the current sense and an unprecedented boom in scientific and technological development.1 To this end, the example of the great German philosopher Walter Benjamin and his studies on Paris during the 19th century----collected in the essays on the great French poet Charles Baudelaire and especially in the monumental and unfinished work The Arcades Project--is, without doubt, a model to follow. Taking the path suggested by Benjamin, this article sets out a revision of the novel Bruges-la-Morte （1892） by the Belgian writer Georges Rodenbach, considered one of the major exponents of thefin-de-sikcle decadence, which goes beyond the usual approach of a symbolist reading, by paying special attention to the frictions between literature and technology on one hand, and between literature and popular entertainment on the other.

Transported into the Bosom of the Empire？ Rethinking How Arthur Conan Doyle Persuades His Readers of British Imperialism in ＂The Speckled Band＂

Melanie C. Green and Timothy C. Brock have proposed their transportation-imagery model of narrative persuasion. They argue that a narrative can evoke imagery in readers＇ mind and then transport readers into the narrative world the author has created, in the course of which the author can persuade readers of the beliefs he＇s put into the narrative. This paper employs this model to rethink how Arthur Conan Doyle persuades his readers of British imperialism in his ＂The Speckled Band＂. First, this model considers the vividness of the narrative and readers＇ participatory response as key factors in readers＇ transportation. The narratives of ＂The Speckled Band＂ are picturesque, and Sherlock Holmes＇ inferential process has reinforced readers＇ participatory response. On the other hand, detective fiction usually has the theme of how the detective/law and order beats the criminal/chaos. That is, Doyle persuades his readers that the British Empire will prevail in ＂The Speckled Band＂ when Holmes, representing the British imperialism, solves the case and kills Dr. Roylott, who represents the evil and savagery in the British colony. According to Green and Brock＇s model, it simply means that there are two narratives （i.e., one is about how the law of the British Empire is challenged, and the other is about how the British Empire＇s stability is restored）, and two complementary transportations before Doyle can successfully persuades his readers. However, if we closely read ＂＇The Speckled Band＂, we can learn that Holmes, who should have represented British law, is guilty of trespassing or taking the law into his own hands. In other words, the complementarity of the two transportations is compromised. Thus, we can conclude that it is highly questionable whether or not Doyle can transport his readers into the bosom of the British Empire.

Amazon Kindle for Teaching and Learning Chinese in China's Mainland

As a special milestone of reading revolution, Amazon Kindle has had great success in the market since 2010. This paper discusses its educational significance of teaching and learning Chinese based on a case study in some universities in China's Mainland, then analyzes its advantages and disadvantages comparing with not only the traditional reading media including paper-book, PC （Personal Computer）, mobile device, and others, but also some popular e-book readers such as Hanvon, Nook, or iBooks （iPad, iPod touch, and Macbook）, with especial interests on the compatibility of Chinese characters. Some important issues which comprise the resource, copyright, price, Chinesization, and interaction are discussed in the essay as well. Though it has not been widely accepted by the majority in China's Mainland, even less popular in the field of teaching Chinese, now it is worth paying attention. To catch up with the new technology tendency with its superiority, Amazon Kindle plays a more and more important role in teaching and learning Chinese and is changing the educational custom nowadays. A new look of paperless education prospect is to be anticipated in the consumption era.

A SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIVIST APPROACH TO TEACHING READING:TURNING THE RHETORIC INTO REALITY

Constructivist approaches to learning, based on the work of Vygotsky and others, are gaining momentum in the field of second and foreign language learning. However, social constructivist rhetoric often seems remote and even irrelevant to practising teachers. In this paper, we will briefly explain the constructivist approach to teaching reading to students of English as a foreign language. We will show how a dialogic approach to reading empowers readers to position themselves as participants in making meaning together with the text and its authors, rather than remaining as mute outsiders to the reading process. This shift in constructing reader-roles means that our students need to take a strategic approach to their reading, and will need careful scaffolding to help them develop effective, independent reading strategies and dispositions. We will suggest ways in which such scaffolding can help transform the rhetoric of social constructivist discourse into classroom realities.

SPECIAL ISSUE： A DISCUSSION ON THE SOURCE OF MEANING OF LITERARY WORKS A Brief Discussion of the Generation of Meaning in Literary Works： A Hermeneutic Examination

The sources of meanings of literary works can be reviewed from various angles, one of which should be hermeneutics. Since the mid-20~ century, Western hermeneutics developed two important types of theories： one was the ontological hermeneutics from Martin Heidegger to Hans-Georg Gadamer, orientated towards the reader-centered theory in terms of the view of meanings; the other was the ＂hermeneutics as the general methodology of the Geisteswissenschaften＂ represented by Italian philosopher Emilio Betti, which affirmed that the author （subject） was one of the important sources of meanings of works. Due to intricate reasons, the latter exerted less influence, and Gadamer＇s ontological hermeneutics firmly stuck to a mainstay position in European and American academia. Since the 1990s, the circle of literature in China has also been greatly influenced by the hermeneutic theories from Heidegger and Gadamer to reception aesthetics, and Betti＇s impact almost can be neglected. Consequently, the view of meanings of literary works from the perspective of the reader-centered theory has been widely accepted, and the role of the author to endow initial meanings to his works was belittled and even denied. Since Zhang Jiang advanced the theory of ＂imposed interpretation＂ in 2014, academia has begun to reflect upon the one-sidedness of the reader-centered theory （relativism and subjectivism）, and pick up the significance, which cannot be denied, of the author＇s meaning in the generation of meanings of literary works. In reference to Betti＇s hermeneutic train of thought and methodology, this essay, based on the practice of literary creation, concludes that the meaning of a literary work is created by the author and readers together in their interaction, and constantly generated in the dynamic process of the three factors of author, literary texts and readers, rather than by the author alone, or by readers solely.

Interpretation of Rotation Curves of Spiral Galaxies in Modified Teleparallel Gravity

There is a significant difference between the calculation based on the theory of general relativity and observation of rotation curves of spiral galaxies. To describe this discrepancy, two distinct theories have been proposed so far： existence of dark matter and modification of underlying gravitational theory. In the absence of dark matter, it is assumed that the theory of general relativity on galactic scales needs to be modified. This letter is devoted to explaining this difference in a modified teleparMIeI gravity. We show that modified teleparallel gravity favors flatness of rotation curves of spiral galaxies much in the same way as observation shows.

Three Types of Ambiguity of ＂The Isles of Greece＂ in Don Juan： Its Singer and Meaning

Byron＇s literary fortune in China starts with the debut of ＂The Isles of Greece＂ in the opening of the twentieth century. Even though such reading proves to be deliberate misreading, no serious effort has been made so far to explore the contextual ambiguities of the poem with particular regard to the identity of the singer. In this paper, I intend to take three steps to discuss how the identity of the singer varies with the context and how his shifting identity affects the meaning of the lyric. As a rich locus of historicity, ＂The Isles of Greece,＂ together with its preamble and its concluding notes, may project up multiple layers of a romantic cosmos ; and its reading in China is a typical example of ＂culture in action. ＂