凉水自然保护区3种森林类型的植物组成和林分结构特征

【目的】探讨凉水自然保护区3类森林的植物组成和林分结构特征,以期为小兴安岭保护区科学管理及经营天然次生林提供基础支撑。【方法】以存在小兴安岭核心区的凉水国家自然保护区及周边的典型针阔混交林、阔叶林和针叶林3类森林为对象,详细调查乔木层(80块30 m×30 m样地)、灌木层(160块5 m×5 m样地)和草本层(160块1 m×1 m样地)的林分结构特征(树高、胸径、枝下高、冠幅、灌高、灌木直径、灌木盖度、草本株高、乔灌草密度等),分析种类组成并计算物种丰富度指数、多样性指数(Shannon-wiener及Simpson指数)和均匀度指数(Pielou和Alatalo指数),并采用方差分析、冗余分析(RDA)探究林分间的差异。【结果】3类森林有乔木28~30种、灌木22~25种、草本78~90种,其乔、灌、草植物种类差异明显,阔叶树种以白桦最多,针叶树种以兴安落叶松最多,灌木最多的是毛榛子,草本以蚊子草和小叶芹最多;针阔混交林的丰富度指数、多样性指数总体上高于针叶林和阔叶林,而阔叶林的均匀度高于其他2个森林类型;同一森林类型的多样性指数和丰富度指数均表现为草本层>乔木层>灌木层;3种森林类型中灌木层的均匀度高于其他层;从结构特征来看,树高和胸径平均为14和18 cm,树高和枝下高表现为针叶林>针阔混交林>阔叶林,灌木层冠幅表现为针阔混交林>阔叶林>针叶林,草本层每个种的平均多度与盖度表现为针叶林显著(P<0.05)高于针阔混交林;冗余排序分析表明,阔叶林和针叶林的多样性特征差异主要由草本层特征解释,而针阔叶混交林则主要受乔木层结构特征影响,其中阔叶林草本植物的多度、密度和株高等可解释48.4%~62.1%的多样性差异,针叶林可解释30.5%~44.3%;针阔混交林中显著影响多样性的林分特征表现为灌木地径>乔木枝下高>草本株高>乔木胸径,合计分析乔木层、灌木层的特征能解释多样性差异的38.8%~40.1%和27.4%~50.7%。【结论】凉水自然保护区乔木优势种以先锋树种白桦和兴安落叶松等为主,个体较小,尚需更长时间保护才能恢复为高质量森林资源;草本层的植物多样性最高,在多样性保护中需关注;植物多样性能在林分结构恢复中得以协同提升,但不同森林类型差异明显,如针阔叶混交林调控乔木枝下高和灌木密度等更有效,而针叶林和阔叶则是调控草本密度或改善草本生长环境才能更有效改善植物多样性。

大兴安岭多布库尔国家级自然保护区植物多样性和群落结构特征

天然林植物多样性保护对于其生态服务功能至关重要,大兴安岭是我国重要国有林区,现有国家级自然保护区保护区林分特征及其耦合关系揭示是天然林保护与生态服务综合提升的基础。于2017年8—9月对多布库尔国家级自然保护区的乔、灌、草和更新层个体大小特征、群落特征和植物多样性特征进行详细调查,冗余分析与方差分解分析解析植物多样性和群落结构特征的耦合关系。结果表明:1)多布库尔保护区主要树种为落叶松,相对多度为42%,其次是白桦和黑桦;灌木中榛所占比例最高,达到60%;草本共记录116种,其中莎草科的羊须草所占比例最大,超过10%;更新层主要树种为蒙古栎,相对多度达54%,其次为白桦。2)多布库尔保护区乔木胸径和树高仅相当于1970年代的55%,乔木和草本丰富度较大兴安岭核心地区(呼中保护区)高出50%—60%。3)冗余分析和方差分解分析结果表明林分个体大小特征的独立效应和乔木层特征对多样性变化贡献最大,乔木层树高与植物多样性变化具有最紧密关系。大兴安岭地区森林已经全部纳入国家天然林保护工程,上述国家自然保护区相关数据是当地本底数据(当地森林以幼龄林为主,尚需要更长时间保护),将为进一步保护区政策制定与天然林保护工程实施提供支持。

Species Abundance Distribution Patterns of a Toona ciliata Community in Xingdoushan Nature Reserve

With the goal of model fitting species abundance distribution patterns of the tree,shrub and herb layers of the natural Toona ciliata community in Xingdoushan Nature Reserve,Enshi Autonomous Prefecture,Hubei Province,we used the data collected from the field survey and employed different ecological niche models.The models tested were the broken stick model(BSM),the overlapping niche model(ONM)and the niche preemption model(NPM),as well as three statistic models,the log-series distribution model(LSD),the log-normal distribution model(LND)and the Weibull distribution model(WDM).To determine the fitted model most suitable to each layer,the fitting effects were judged by criteria of the lowest value of Akaike Information Criterion(AIC),Chi-square and the K-S values with no significant difference(P>0.05)between the theoretical predictions and observed species abundance distribution values.The result showed:(1)The fitting suitability and goodness of fit of the tree,shrub and herb layers by using the three ecological niche models were ranked as:NPM>BSM>ONM.Of the three statistical models,by accepting the fitting results of the three layers,WDM was the best fitting model,followed by LND.By rejecting the fitting tests of the herb layer,LSD had the worst fitting effect.The goodness of the statistical models was ranked as:WDM>LND>LSD.In general,the statistical models had better fitting results than the ecological models.(2)T.ciliata was the dominant species of the tree layer.The species richness and diversity of the herb layer were much higher than those of either the tree layer or the shrub layer.The species richness and diversity of the shrub layer were slightly higher than those of the tree layer.The community evenness accorded to the following order:herb>shrub>tree.Considering the fitting results of the different layers,different ecological niche models or statistical models with optimal goodness of fit and ecological significance can be given priority to in studying the species abundance distribution patterns of T.ciliata communities.