奥司他韦治疗慢阻肺合并甲乙流感染加重患者的治疗效果

探究面向慢阻肺合并甲乙流感染加重患者,给予奥司他韦用药治疗的临床效果。方法 将本院2023年3月至2023年12月收治的慢阻肺合并甲乙流感染加重患者80例随机分为观察组(n=40例,给予“基础+奥司他韦”治疗)与对照组(n=40例,给予“基础+利巴韦林”治疗),从控炎及症状持续向好缓解程度等维度对治疗情况进行综合性、系统性评价。结果 观察组与对照组在疗效(90.000%VS77.50%)、炎性控制(NEUT%、CRP和LYM%)效果有统计学差异(P<0.05)。经治疗后观察组患者的炎性指标NEUT%、CRP和LYM%水平与对照组患者有显著性统计学差异(P<0.05)。观察组患者呼吸困难改善、退热、血气指标好转和住院的时间分别是(4.19±1.15)d、(2.24±0.53)d、(6.03±1.48)d、(7.64±2.41)d均明显短于对照组的(5.48±1.62)d、(3.83±0.75)d、(4.11±0.94)d、(10.29±2.93)d(P<0.05)。结论 在慢阻肺合并甲乙流感染加重患者治疗中,基于“基础+奥司他韦”的用药方案,可以在控炎及有效加速症状持续向好缓解等方面,形成综合性治疗效果,值得临床推广应用。

甲流和乙流患儿几种感染指标的变化及临床分析

目的探讨血清淀粉样蛋白A(SAA)及C-反应蛋白(CRP)和SAA/CRP比值及白细胞(WBC)计数等指标在甲流和乙流患儿的变化及其临床价值。方法选取2019年5月~7月诊断为甲流的101例患儿设为甲流组,诊断为乙流的112例患儿设为乙流组,另选健康儿童100例设为对照组,比较各组SAA、CRP、SAA/CRP比值和WBC等指标的水平变化,用ROC曲线分析各指标诊断甲流和乙流的价值。结果甲流组和乙流组的SAA和SAA/CRP比值均高于对照组(P<0.05);甲流组CRP水平高于对照组,乙流组CRP与对照组比较,无差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);甲流组和乙流组的淋巴细胞绝对值低于对照组(P<0.05)。ROC曲线分析显示,各指标中SAA诊断甲流和乙流的价值较高,分别为0.816(0.749~0.883),0.803(0.740~0.866)。而SAA、CRP和SAA/CRP比值联合应用中性粒细胞绝对值和淋巴细胞绝对值诊断儿童甲流和乙流的AUC分别为0.828(0.765~0.892),0.844(0.740~0.898)。结论SAA、CRP和SAA/CRP比值联合应用中性粒细胞和淋巴细胞绝对值有利于早期诊断儿童甲流和乙流。

2019—2021年北京北苑地区流感病毒流行特征分析

目的分析北京北苑地区流感病毒的流行特征,为流感早期诊治及防控提供参考依据。方法收集北苑地区2019年1月至2021年12月流感样病例标本16974例,采用RNA恒温扩增—金探针层析技术(RGT)进行甲乙流病毒核酸检测,并对2021年5月至2021年12月期间492例乙流阳性样本进行荧光PCR分型检测。结果三年共检出流感病毒核酸阳性病例856例(5.04%),2019年显著高于2020年和2021年,差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=163.363,P<0.05)。三年中,乙流阳性检出率显著高于甲流,差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=114.039,P<0.05);流感病毒流行特点以冬春季节为主;主要感染人群为5~17岁年龄段儿童和青少年(31.43%);流感样病例阳性检出率,门诊(5.24%)高于住院(3.66%),差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=9.467,P<0.05);2021年度乙流以Vitoria谱系为主流病毒株(99.6%)。结论2019至2021年北苑地区冬春季流感以乙流为主,以学龄期儿童和青少年感染率最高,应加强病原学监测,也表明乙型流感疫苗覆盖Vitoria谱系的的必要性。

血常规指标及血小板计数在儿童流感中的指示与区分作用的研究

目的 从儿童流感的临床指标中获得具有提示和区分作用的指标.方法 该研究共纳入2019年11月—2020年02月470例在苏州大学附属儿童医院进行流感治疗的患儿,通过比较甲流和乙流患儿的临床基本资料、血常规指标、血生化全套、心肌三项及C反应蛋白(CRP)等数据.结果 乙流组患儿的年龄显著大于甲流组患儿,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);而在其他项目上两组患儿差异无统计学意义.两组患儿在白细胞计数(WBC)、中性粒细胞(NEU)计数、NEU百分比、淋巴细胞(LY)百分比、单核细胞(MO)百分比及血小板计数(PLT)等指标上差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).两组患儿生化全套指标、心肌三项及CRP指标比较差异无统计学意义.结论 血常规指标在甲流和乙流患儿中有显著差异,可以作为区分两类流感的指示性指标.

2018-2021年淮安市盱眙县流行性感冒流行特征分析

对盱眙县人民医院2018年-2021年就诊的流感样病例(ILI)患者不同年龄、不同性别的流行性感冒阳性率进行分析,追踪流感流行新特点,掌握流感季节性流行趋势,为今后流感防治工作提供科学依据。方法 对呼吸道感染患者咽拭子标本,采用免疫胶体金法对甲型、乙型流感病毒抗原进行快速检测。结果 2018-2021年4年间甲流和乙流阳性率比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。男女组间的甲流和乙流感染差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。在男性组、女性组及总体组中,乙流阳性率均高于甲流阳性率,其差异在统计学上具有重要意义(P0.05)。不同年龄组的甲流阳性率比较,差异无统计学意义( P>0.05 ),不同年龄组的乙流阳性率比较,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。乙流阳性率两两比较,成年组( 12.04% )比儿童组( 8.14% )和老年组( 3.07% )高,儿童组比老年组高,都有统计学意义上的差异( P 0.05 )。甲流和乙流阳性率在不同季节间比较差异具有统计学意义( P0.05 ),冬春较高,夏秋较低。结论 近年来本地区流感仍以乙流为主,但甲流仍可能会造成暴发流行,应引起注意。流感阳性患者的性别差异并不显著,提示人群的易感程度和性别没有任何关系。成年组是乙型流感的高发者,需要保持良好的呼吸卫生习惯,去公共场所或就医时,都需要戴上口罩。流感活动季节性明显,以冬春季为主,在高峰期到来前需要接种流感疫苗,重点人群需加强监测,以减少暴发流行病的发生。

Rheological behavior of fumed silica suspension in polyethylene glycol

The rheological behavior of fumed silica suspensions in polyethylene glycol(PEG) was studied at steady and oscillatory shear stress using AR 2000 stress controlled rheometer. The systems show reversible shear thickening behavior and the shear-thickening behavior can be explained by the clustering mechanism. The viscosity and the degree of shear-thickening of the systems strongly depend on the mass fraction of the silica, the molecular weigh of PEG and the frequency used in the rheological measurement. The silica volume fraction of the systems is 1.16% 3.62%, corresponding to the mass fraction of 4%9%. The shear-thickening taking place in the low volume fraction may contribute to the fractal nature of the silica. At oscillatory shear stress, when the shear stress is less than the critical stress, the storage modulus decreases significantly, meanwhile the loss modulus and the complex viscosity almost remain unchanged; when the shear stress is larger than the critical stress, the storage modulus, the loss modulus and the complex viscosity increase with the increase of shear stress. The loss modulus is larger than the storage modulus in the range of stress studied and both moduli depend on frequency.

Numerical Simulation of Viscoelastic Extrudate Swell Through Elliptical Ring Die

The numerical simulation of extrudate swell is significant in extrusion processing.Precise prediction of extrudate swell is propitious to the control of melt flow and the quality of final products.A mathematical model of three-dimensional（3D）viscoelastic flow through elliptical ring die for polymer extrusion was investigated.The penalty function formulation of viscoelastic incompressible fluid was introduced to the finite element model to analyze 3D extrusion problem.The discrete elastic viscous split stress（DEVSS）and streamline-upwind PetrovGalerkin（SUPG）technology were used to obtain stable simulation results.Free surface was updated by updating the streamlines which needs less memory space.According to numerical simulation results,the effect of zero-shear viscosity and elongation parameter on extrudate swell was slight,but with the increase of volumetric flow rate and relax time the extrudate swell ratio increased markedly.Finally,the numerical simulation of extrudate swell flow for low-density polyethylene（LDPE）melts was investigated and the results agreed well with others’work.These conclusions provided quantitative basis for the forecasting extrudate swell ratio and the controlling of extrusion productivity shape.

Peracetic Acid Synthesis by Acetaldehyde Liquid Phase Oxidation in Trickle Bed Reactor

In this paper,shorter residence time（a few minutes）with high yield in the trickle bed process for per- acetic acid synthesis by acetaldehyde liquid phase oxidation can be realized on the selected packing material SA-5118.For acetaldehyde in acetone with ferric ion as catalyst,the optimized process conditions were presented. The main factors influencing the yield,selectivity and conversion are residence time,temperature and acetaldehyde concentration,respectively.The temperature range checked is from 30 to 65℃.High yield of 81.53%with high se- lectivity of 91.84%can be obtained at higher temperature of 55℃when the residence time is 5.5min and the acet- aldehyde concentration is 9.85%（by mass）.And there is a critical acetaldehyde concentration point（Cccp）between 18%and 19.5%（by mass）.At temperature less than 55℃,the highest yield to peracetic acid at each temperature level increases with temperature when the acetaldehyde concentration is below Cccp and decreases with temperature when the acetaldehyde concentration is above Cccp.

Preliminary report of hepatitis B virus genotype prevalence in Iran

AIM： To determine the prevalence of hepatitis B virus （HBV） genotypes in Iranian hepatitis B surface antigen （HBsAg） carriers, chronic hepatitis B and cirrhotic patients. METHODS： A total of 109 HBsAg-positive patients were included in this study. HBV genotypes were determined by using INNO-LiPA methodology which is based on the reverse hybridization principle. RESULTS： The distribution of patients with different stages of liver disease was as follows： 95 （86.4%） chronic hepatitis, 11 （10%） liver cirrhosis, and 3 （2.7%） inactive carrier. Of the chronic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis patients, 26.4% were HBeAg-positive while 70% were HBeAg-negative. Genotype D was the only detected type found in all patients. CONCLUSION： Classifying HBV into genotypes has to be cost-effective and clinically relevant. Our study indicates that HBV genotype D prevails in the Mediterranean area, Near and Middle East, and South Asia. Continued efforts for understanding HBV genotype through international co-operation will reveal further virological differences of the genotypes and their clinical relevance.

Epidemiology and prevention of hepatitis B virus in China

Hepatitis B virus （HBV） infection is prevalent in China. Approximately 600 million people have ever been infected by HBV. About 130 million are HBV chronic carders and 30 million HB patients. Among them, 50% of HBV carriers are caused by carrier mothers to born infants. Around 300 000 people died of liver disease including liver cirrhosis and primary hepatocellular carcinoma each year and 50% of them died of primary hepatocellular carcinoma. HBV infection is not only the health problem but also becoming a social problem. HBV chronic carriers and patients have endured the great pressure from disease burden and social discrimination. According to the report of the national screening program of HBV released by the ministry of health in 2008, China has taken many effective measures to control the HBV infection, including vaccine immunization program, strengthening the management of blood sources and blood productions, prevention of nosocomial HBV infection, strengthening health education on HBV infection and safe injection techniques. The implementation of HB vaccine immunization program, which China officially introduced into the national immunization program since 1992, has dramatically reduced the incidence of HBV infection among infants and children. Integrated with other interventions, the rate of HBV infection decreased gradually. According to the survey of the national screening program of HBV in 2006, compared with the incidence of HBV in 1992, the incidence rate of HBsAg positive has decreased 26.36%, the number of children who have ever been infected by HBV decreased 80 million since 1992. However some problems are still existing. The solutions of low rate of vaccination in rural areas and migration population, lacking of practical measures on management of hepatitis B patients, the occurrence of health care acquired HBV infection, and low rate of vaccination among high risk groups have also been recommended.

Screening of a High Growth Influenza B Virus Strain in Vero Cells

Due to the insufficient supply of embryonated chicken eggs,the preparation of large quantities of inactivated influenza vaccines will require an alternative virus culture system after the emergence or reemergence of a pandemic influenza virus.The Vero cell is one of the ideal options since it was used for producing many kinds of human vaccines.However,most of the influenza viruses can not grow well in Vero cells.To develop a new influenza vaccine with Vero cells as a substrate,the virus needs to adapt to this cell substrate to maintain high growth characteristics.By serial passages in Vero cells,the B/Yunnan/2/2005va(B)strain was successfully adapted to Vero cells,with the hemagglutination titer(HAT)of the virus reaching 1:512.The high growth characteristic of this strain is stable up to 21 passages.The strain was identified by hemagglutination inhibition (HAI)test and sequencing respectively;the HA1 gene sequence of the virus was cloned and analyzed.The screening and establishment of high growth B virus provides an important tool for influenza vaccine production in Vero cells.

Prevalence of occult HBV infection in haemodialysis patients with chronic HCV

AIM： To study the prevalence and clinical effects of occult HBV infection in haemodialysis patients with chronic HCV.METHODS： Fifty chronic hemodialysis patients with negative HbsAg, and positive anti-HCV were included in the study. These patients were divided into two groups： HCV-RNA positive and HCV-RNA negative, based on the results of HCV-RNA PCR. HBV-DNA was studied using the PCR method in both groups.RESULTS： None of the 22 HCV-RNA positive patients and 28 HCV-RNA negative patients revealed HBV-DNA in serum by PCR method. The average age was 47.2±17.0 in the HCV-RNA positive group and 39.6±15.6 in the HCV-RNA negative group.CONCLUSION： The prevalence of occult HBV infection is not high in haemodialysis patients with chronic HCV in our region. This result of our study has to be evaluated in consideration of the interaction between HBsAg positivity （8%-10%） and frequency of HBV mutants in our region.

CFD Simulation of the Two-Phase Flow in a Novel Cooking Tank for Ethanol Production

As a key piece of equipment in bioethanol production, cooking tank is usually used to ensure the uniformity of liquefaction. In this paper, we propose a novel type of cooking tank to ensure a type of starch slurry flow known as a quasi-plug flow in a large-scale process. In the analyses of flow field, we used computational fl uid dynamics(CFD). To simulate the liquid–solid two-phase flow, we chose a Euler–Euler model based on particle dynamics. We investigated the eff ects of several key structural parameters on the flow field. The results show that for a tank with 12,800 mm in height and 1000 mm in diameter, the optimized inlet tube angle and inlet tube diameter range from 0° to 45° and 0.125 to 0.15 D(diameter of cooking tank), respectively. We determined the optimum cone mouth diameter at the exit and its distance to the bottom to range from 0.18 to 0.30 D and 0.045 to 0.070 D, respectively. The analysis results suggest that the tank performs well when its aspect ratio ranges from 9.62 to 12.8. Our findings provide a theoretical basis for designing and optimizing the cooking tank.

Prevalence of hepatitis B and C markers among refugees in Athens

AIM: To assess the prevalence of hepatitis B and C serological markers in a population of refugees living in Athens.METHODS: One hundred and thirty refugees (81 males and 49 females, mean age ±SD: 31.7±8 years) were included in the study. The hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg),the hepatitis B virus core antibody (anti-HBc) and the hepatitis C virus antibody (anti-HCV) were detected using a third-generation immunoassay.RESULTS: Twenty individuals (15.4%) were HBsAg positive and 69 (53.1%) were anti-HBc positive. The prevalence of HBsAg and anti-HBc was higher among refugees from Albania and Asia (statistical significant difference, P＜0.008 and P＜0.001 respectively). The prevalence of these markers was found irrelevant to age or sex. Anti-HCV was detected in the serum of 3 individuals (2.3 %). No differences among age, sex or ethnicity regarding anti-HCV prevalence were found.CONCLUSION: It can be concluded that refugees living in Athens are an immigrant population characterized by a high incidence of HBV infection. The prevalence of HBV markers is higher among refugees from Albania and Asia. It is therefore believed that the adherence to general precautions and the initiation of HBV vaccination programs will be necessary in the future, especially in these communities.Although the prevalence of HCV infection seems to be relatively low, extended epidemiological surveys are needed to provide valid results.

Intra-familial prevalence of hepatitis B virologic markers in HBsAg positive family members in Nahavand, Iran

AIM, To determine the prevalence of hepatitis B in Nahavand and evaluate the HBsAg positive prevalence in families with a member who was confirmed to have HBV infection. METHODS： This study was performed in two phases. In the first phase, 1 824 subjects in Nahavand city were selected. The interviewers visited the houses of chosen families to flU the questionnaire and take the blood samples. All subjects signed an informed consent before interviews and blood sampling. The samples were evaluated for HBV virologic markers. In the second phase, 115 HBsAg-positive cases were enrolled and evaluated for HBV virologic markers. RESULTS： The prevalence of positive HBsAg in Nahavand was 2.3%. The most frequent relatives of index cases were sons and daughters （32.2% and 23.5% respectively）. Twelve （11%） of all family members were HBsAg positive. Fifty （56.2%） were isolated HBsAb positive and only one person （2.5%） was isolated HBcAb positive. The higher rates of HBsAg marker were detected in the brothers （1-25%） and fathers （1-12.5%）. The infection rate in husbands and wives of index cases was 10%. Only two （16.7%） of all HBsAg-positive participants reported previous HBV vaccination. CONCLUSION： The prevalence of intr-familial HBV infection is lower in Nahavand of Iran compared to other studies. More attention should be paid to HBV vaccination and risk-lowering activities.

A Novel Enhancer for Fe^(2+)-Catalyzed Light Emission Reaction of Luminol and Dissolved Oxygen

EDTA was used as an enhancer for Fe 2+ catalyzed light emission from luminol oxidation by dissolved oxygen. As a result, the limit of detection for ferrous ion with flow injection analysis was improved by a factor of 160 by addition of EDTA to the luminol solution. Fe 2+ and Fe 3+ were determined simultaneously with a novel copper-coated zinc reductor minicolumn installed in one of the shunt after sample splitting in the manifold. The reductor minicolumn can be used for 3000 determinations at least. The dynamic range of determination was 1×10 -9 ～1×10 -5 mol·L -1 , with the limit of detection of 2.7×10 10 and 3.5×10 10 mol·L 1 ,for Fe 2+ and Fe 3+ , respectively. The preci sion for determination of 2×10 7 mol·L 1 of Fe 2+ and Fe 3+ was 2.3% and 4.0% (n=8), respectively, at a sampling rate of 60 h -1 . Cr 3+ and Co 2+ interfere. Fe 2+ and Fe 3+ in mixture were determined with satisfactory results. Samples of Fe 2+ and Fe 3+ were determined simultaneously and the results in good agreement with the standard spectrophotometric method. Indications were shown that EDTA functions as an enhancer, Fe 2+ as a catalyst, and oxygen is the oxidant of the chemiluminescent reaction, and the mechanism of the reaction was discussed.

Is percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube placement safe in patients with ventriculoperitoneal shunts?

AIM:To investigate whether percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube placement is safe in patients with ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunts.METHODS: This was a retrospective study of all patients undergoing PEG insertion at our institution between June 1999 and June 2006. Post-PEG complications were compared between two groups according to the presence or absence of VP shunts. VP shunt infection rates, the interval between PEG placement and VP shunt catheter insertion, and long-term follow-up were also investigated.RESULTS: Fifty-five patients qualified for the study. Seven patients (12.7%) had pre-existing VP shunts. All patients received prophylactic antibiotics. The complication rate did not differ between VP shunt patients undergoing PEG (PEG/VP group) and non-VP shunt patients undergoing PEG (control group) [1 (14.3%) vs 6 (12.5%), P=1.000]. All patients in the PEG/VP group had undergone VP shunt insertion prior to PEG placement. The mean interval between VP shunt insertion and PEG placement was 308.7 d (range, 65-831 d). The mean follow-up duration in the PEG/VP group was 6.4 mo (range, 1-15 mo). There were no VP shunt infections, although one patient in the PEG/VP group developed a minor peristomal infection during follow-up.CONCLUSION: Complications following PEG placement in patients with VP shunts were infrequent in this study.

Preparation and characterization of ferromagnetic fluids for hyperthermia of tumor

Aim To prepare and characterize ferromagnetic fluids for hyperthermia of tumor. Methods Ferromagnetic fluids （FFs） of magnetite （Fe3O4） was prepared in the presence of polyethylene glycol （PEG-6000） by chemical precipitation method. The iron content of the FFs was determined by spectrophotometric method using o-phenanthroline. The FFs/PEG-6000 was characterized by transmission electron microscopy （TEM）, X-ray diffraction （XRD）, infrared spectrometry （IR）, and vibrating sample magnetometer （VSM）. Heating effects of the FFs was measured in an alternating magnetic field in vitro. The hyperthermia of FFs in a rabbit was performed. Results The FFs/PEG-6000 was proved to be composed of Fe3O4 by XRD and IR. TEM showed that the ferromagnetic particles appeared to be almost spherical and dispersed well The average particle size was 13.3 ± 3.8 nm by XRD. The saturation magnetization and residual magnetization of the FFs were 23.39 A/m （1.556 emu/g） and 0.56 A/m （0.02604 emu/g）, respectively. The coercive force was 12 Oe. The specific absorption rate （SAR） of FFs was 69 ± 10W/g [Fe]. After direct injection of FFs to hepatic VX2 carcinoma of a rabbit, the temperature in the core of the tumor was between 41 - 46 ℃ in an alternating magnetic field. Conclusion FFs/PEG-6000 was expected to be useful in hyperthermia of tumor.

Dynamic Supercritical Fluid Devolatilization of Polymers

A number of studies have been reported on the applications of supercritical fluids to polymeric processes. The presence of volatiles can affect the end-use properties of polymer materials. Therefore, these volatiles must be reduced to a level below the maximum permissible limit. Conventional heat-relevant techniques for polymer devolatilization sometimes have limited effectiveness. Devolatilization with supercritical fluids, however, can enhance removal of volatiles from polymers. A model for diffusion-limited extraction is used to characterize dynamic supercritical fluid devolatilization of spherical polymer particles. The rate of supercritical fluid devolailization for styrene/polystyrene system is measured at 343 K and 18 MPa and at CO2 flow rate of 1.93, 3.27 and 5.62 L·min^-1, respectively. The model analysis, which is consistent with experimental results, indicates that the supercritical fluid devolatilization is not solubility-limited but diffusion-limited when CO2 flow rate is above 4.00 L·min^-1.

Separation of Eu^3＋ Using a Novel Dispersion Combined Liquid Membrane with P507 in Kerosene as the Carrier

The separation of Eu^3 ＋is studied with a dispersion combined liquid membrane（DCLM）,in which polyvinylidene fluoride membrane（PVDF）is used as the liquid membrane support,dispersion solution containing HCl solution as the stripping solution,and 2-ethyl hexyl phosphonic acid-mono-2-ethyl hexyl ester（P507）dissolved in kerosene as the membrane solution.The effects of pH value,initial concentration of Eu3 ＋and different ionic strength in the feed phase,volume ratio of membrane solution to stripping solution,concentration of HCl solution, concentration of carrier,different stripping agents in the dispersion phase on the separation are investigated.The optimum condition for separation of Eu3 ＋is that concentration of HCl solution is 4.0 mol·L 1,concentration of carrier is 0.16 mol·L 1,and volume ratio of membrane solution to stripping solution is 30︰30 in the dispersion phase, and pH value is 4.2 in the feed phase.The ionic strength has no significant effect on separation of Eu3 ＋.Under the optimum condition,when the initial concentration of Eu3 ＋is 0.8×10 4mol·L 1,the separation percentage of Eu 3＋is 95.3%during the separation time of 130 min.The kinetic equation is developed in terms of the law of mass diffusion and the theory of interface chemistry.The diffusion coefficient of Eu3 ＋in the membrane and the thickness of diffusion layer between feed phase and membrane phase are obtained and their values are 1.48×10 7m 2·s 1and 36.6μm,respectively.The results obtained are in good agreement with literature data.